English 2 Workbook

Clauses
A clause is a group of related words that has both a subject and a predicate.
An independent clause presents a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence.
● Sparrows make nests in cattle barns. (Independent clause)
A dependent clause (also a subordinate clause) does not present a complete thought
and cannot stand alone as a sentence.
● Sparrows make nests in cattle barns because they need to stay warm during the
winter. (Dependent clause)
There are three types of dependent clauses: adverb clauses, adjective clauses, and
noun clauses.
An adverb clause is used like an adverb or modify a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.

All adverb clauses begin with a subordinating conjunction.
● If I study hard, I will pass.
● I will pass if I study hard.
An adjective clause is used like an adjective to modify a noun or a pronoun. Adjective

clauses begin with relative pronouns.
● Tomorrow’s test, which covers the entire book, is half essay and half short
answers. (The adjective clauses modifies the noun test. )
A noun clause is used in place of a noun. Noun clauses begin with relative pronouns and
can be replaced with “it” or “someone.”
● However, the teacher said that the essay questions are based only on the last
two chapters. (The noun clause functions as the direct object)
● That someone took the cookie is undeniable. (The noun clause functions as the
subject.
● I talked to whoever was on the other line. (The noun clause functions as the
object of the preposition to)
● That is what I want. (The noun clause functions as the predicate nominative)
Key to determine usage of noun clauses:

Before predicate = subject
After action verb = direct object
After being verb = predicate nominative
After preposition = object of the preposition
1
Clauses Worksheet #1
Directions: Identify the italicized clauses as independent or dependent in the blank

provided.
_______ 1. Because Bishop Jean Marie Latour had once lived in the room, he felt at
home there.
_______ 2. The room had changed remarkably little, even though many years had
passed.
_______ 3. The furnishing that he recalled so well still stood in the room.
_______ 4. The bishop awoke, began to shave, and reflected about the land and why
he felt so content there.
_______ 5. The bishop, who was now an old man, felt almost like a boy again in his
former surroundings.
_______ 6. He experienced a feeling of newness and vigor whenever he breathed the

light, dry morning air of New Mexico.
_______ 7. The source of the invigorating air was the country around him, which was
still untamed.
_______ 8. Other places had once produced this remarkable effect, but they no longer
did.
_______ 9. A sense of newness disappeared after an area was developed.
_______ 10. Although progress brought with it many civilized comforts and pleasures, it
also carried a high price.
_______ 11. Mahalia Jackson was an African American singer who became popular
worldwide as a performer of gospel music.
_______ 12. Although she was strongly associated with religious music, h er vocal style
was influenced by jazz.
_______ 13. Jackson grew up in New Orleans, where she sang in a church choir.
_______ 14. When she was sixteen years old, Jackson moved to Chicago.
_______ 15. She worked as a maid and a food packager during the first years that she
lived in the city.
2
Directions: Identify each italicized group of words by writing P f or a phrase and C for
clause.
______ 1. Overshoes were once called arctics since they were used in cold climates.
______ 2. The house fly has five eyes located on the upper part of its head.
______ 3. When the sun is close to the horizon, it looks larger.
______ 4. The king issued a proclamation against shooting bears in the region.
______ 5. The growth of a tree splits the bark vertically, producing ridges.
hite lights attract them.

______ 6. While red lights repel birds, w
______ 7. The poet Aeschylus was reportedly killed by a tortoise falling on his head.
______ 8. A full moon appears larger as it emerges from behind clouds.
______ 9. The computer needs to be fixed now.
______ 10. I get worried when other people are sick.
Directions: Identify italicized clauses by writing I (independent) and S (subordinate).
______ 1. When Peter changed his clothes for the party, he forgot to comb his hair.
______ 2. Coney Island once had a hotel that was built in the form of an elephant.
______ 3. Since the Romans were not mathematicians, they contributed little to science.
______ 4. Since Isaiah moved to New York, he has had three jobs.
______ 5. The surgeon was nervous, because the operation had never been done before.
______ 6. After Tony worked all summer, he bought a car.
______ 7. There were no newspapers in America until one was published in Boston.
______ 8. I like to do homework if it is relevant to the subject.
______ 9. I don’t know who did that.
3
______ 10. Why she bought a new coat is a mystery to me!
4
Directions: Identify each italicized group of words by writing P f or a phrase and I for
independent clause or S for subordinate clause.
_____ 1. In the far western Pacific, just north of the equator, lies a newly formed nation
of islands.
_____ 2. Actually, people have lived on the Micronesian islands for a long time.
_____ 3. Basalt temples on the island of Pohnpei show that there was a civilized society
there as far back as A.D. 1300.
_____ 4. Administered by Europeans and Americans for about 150 years, the islands
have only recently received their independence.
_____ 5. Spaniards claimed the islands in the 1500’s, although they did not interfere
with the islanders until the late 1800’s.
_____ 6. In 1899, Germany bought the islands to harvest the coconut oil there.
_____ 7. The Japanese took control of them around 1920, after which they settled the
islands heavily.
_____ 8. There are four main island chains, and by 1940 the Japanese made up
two-thirds of the population.
_____ 9. After World War II, Micronesia became a trust territory of the U.S.,
administered by the United States government.
_____ 10. When the Federated States of Micronesia formed its own constitution, t he
nation began its journey to self-rule.
_____ 11. If you have never snorkeled before, you are in for an exciting adventure.
_____ 12. Masks enable snorkelers to see clearly under water.
_____ 13. To enjoy this wonderful water sport you should seek instruction before you
begin.
_____ 14. Snorkeling is easy, but you should familiarize yourself with all the equipment.
_____ 15. Many snorkeling enthusiasts who travel to seas around the world insist that
snorkeling is the best way to discover the mysteries of underwater life.
5
Directions: Underline each of the main clauses once and each of the subordinate clauses
twice.
1. If you have solved that puzzle, I’ll give you a more difficult one.
2. Found only in the teeth, enamel is the hardest substance in the body.
3. Please tell me what is in the box.
4. We saw the superintendent climbing the stairs.
5. The person who is climbing the hill is my mother.
6. After making several comparisons, Greg was ready to buy a stereo.
7. This is the computer game that I sent for.
8. Striding down the hall, Mr. Simms looked neither right nor left.
9. When I came home, I found my brother had arrived there ahead of me.
10. Standing in the rain at the parade, Fred got drenched.
11. A massive rock tumbled down the hill, but it caused no damage.
12. After lunch is over, we should go back to work.
13. This green comforter will look nice in my bedroom.
14. Clarence studied hard, so he passed the test.
15. Tom felt an urge to call home when he became lonely.
16. The wind is blowing hard; the sky is a perfect blue.
17. Because the weather was so bad, we cancelled our fishing trip.
18. Although I was exhausted, I could not sleep well.
19. Today I talked to Ms. Gomez, whom I haven’t seen for weeks.
20. Mary called yesterday, and I took a message.
6
Directions: Underline the subordinate clause in each of the following sentences.
1. The capital state of the Federated States of Micronesia is Pohnpei Island, which is also
the largest island in the FSM.
2. Pohnpei’s green, rounded mountains rise gently out of the Pacific as if they were
pushed straight up by the waves.
3. Even though the temperature is high throughout the year, rain and the spring trade
winds cool the air.
4. There are frequent sudden downpours that nurture lush tropical vegetation.
5. Because their ancestors had built a city of temples, the islanders named their island
Pohnpei, meaning “on the alter.”
6. Who built the basalt temples at Nana Madol, Pohnpei, is a secret no one knows.
7. The temples, which are still used for religious ceremonies, are sacred to the
Pohnpeians.
8. Kosrae, which lies to the east of Pohnpei, is the smallest of the four states of the FSM
and is shaped like a sleeping woman.
9. In the nineteenth century, European whalers found that they could live comfortably on
Kosrae.
10. Truk State, which is a collection of volcanic islands to the west of Pohnpei, is home
to one of the largest barrier reefs in the world.
11. Truk is a popular diving spot because beautiful reef have grown around the World
War II ship and plane wrecks in Truk Lagoon.
12. That most of the people of the FSM live in the Truk islands is not surprising.
13. Yap State, where the people still grow taro and breadfruit in their gardens, is the
most traditional of all the Micronesian islands.
14. Yap is most famous for its money, since the coins are giant stones up to twelve feet
wide.
15. Since this money is so very heavy, it cannot be easily stolen.
7
Directions: Rewrite each sentence, adding a subordinate clause that begins with the word
in parentheses.
1. George Washington was commander-in-chief of the Continental Army (before)
2. We were just sitting down to dinner (when)
3. My mother does not approve of my watching TV (unless)
4. We would have won the game (if)
5. French is the language (that)
6. I wanted to go to the store (until)
7. Franklin made improvements (which)
8. I wanted to laugh (because)
9. She goes to work (whenever)
10. I found the remote (after)
11. The crop was bad (due to)
12. I could have hugged (whoever)
13. I love the rain (when)
14. I like to lie in the sun (where)
15. I don’t know (why)
16. I like cats better than dogs (even though)
17. I will go (as long as)
18. I didn’t do my homework (although)
19. I will take it (if)
20. I won’t do it (so that)
8
9
Clauses Worksheet # 7
Directions: Create 10 creative sentences of your own that combine main clauses.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Directions: Create 10 creative sentences of your own that combine main clauses with
subordinate clauses.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
10.
Adverb Clauses Worksheet #1
Directions: Underline the adverb clause in each of the following sentences, then double
underline the subordinating conjunction and circle the word that is modified.
1. I enjoy summer because I have so much time off.
2. As the days go by, I find myself becoming more and more tanned.
3. With not much to do, I usually sleep in later.
4. My friends run around as though they have urgent matters to attend to.
5. The pool is wonderful as long as the water is not too cold.
6. I liked the baby pool until I realized that it was suspiciously warm!
7. All of the children like to play when their friends are with them.
8. Whatever they do, they seem to have fun!
9. Since summer is short, I try to make the best of everything.
10. Even though I have fun, I do look forward to school.
11. I get excited when school starts since it is a new year.
12. As long as there are not too many papers, I am happy.
13. Whenever we have a quiz, I am nervous that I will make a mistake.
14. You don’t know how hard a class is until you have to take it.
15. Although I love summer, I enjoy school as well.
16. Some students don’t want summer to end because they love the weather.
17. My kids want summer to begin as soon as possible so that they can swim.
18. If there weren’t such horrible humidity, summer would be my favorite season.
19. I didn’t know that Kansas could get so hot until we moved here.
11
20. After I experienced a Kansas summer, I appreciated the temperate states.
12
Directions: Underline the adverb clause in each of the following sentences, then double
underline the subordinating conjunction and circle the word that is modified.
1. English is my favorite subject because it gives people a chance to be creative.
2. Although I love English now, there was a time I didn’t.
3. When I was in high school, I thought my teachers gave too much work.
4. I didn’t realize how difficult it was to teach English until I got a job as an English
teacher.
5. I don’t mind doing the paperwork as long as my students do their best.
6. Sometimes I get frustrated when I think no one is listening!
7. As the years go by, I become more and more comfortable with the language.
8. Whatever happens with teaching, at least it’s not boring!
9. I want all of my students to be successful even though some of them don’t seem to
care.
10. I wish everyone could love English as much as I do.
11. If I didn’t have to grade papers, this would be a perfect job!
12. As long as there is no extra talking, I am happy.
13. Whenever someone turns in a paper with “fringes,” I get upset.
14. You don’t know what it’s like to teach until you try.
15. Although many jobs pay better, I love to teach.
16. Unless my students are being very loud, I tend to like them.
17. I try not to fail any student until they prove they will not do any work.
18. If I didn’t like students, this would not be a very interesting job.
19. As far as I am concerned, most of my students are very trustworthy.
13
20. When I think of my students graduating, I begin to miss them already.
14
Directions: Underline the adverb clause once and the subordinating conjunction twice. If
the adverb clause begins the sentence add a comma after the clause.
1. After Labor Day weekend is over there are very few holidays.
2. I don’t think I have another holiday until Thanksgiving is here.
3. Because the festivities are wonderful Christmas is one of my favorite holidays.
4. Although it can be very cold Christmas is exciting.
5. I love it when my family gets together.
6. We play until the sun comes up!
7. As long as no one gets mad fun is had by all of us.
8. Even though I never know what I’m going to get I always know it will be good!
9. Alyssa and Jenni can never wait until we open gifts.
10. Although Jenni is much older than Alyssa I think she is as anxious as any kid!
11. When Jenni and I were little we used to fight over who got to put the angel on the
tree.
12. As the years go by Christmas means more and more to me.
13. I love to watch my children open their gifts after we get home.
14. They can hardly wait until they get to rip into the paper!
15. As much as I like my own gifts, I like to watch other people more.
16. If my kids didn’t like their presents, I would be so disappointed.
17. I think that my kids act even happier because they want to make me happy.
18. When Christmas is over, I can’t wait for Easter.
19. I like it when my family can get together.
20. As long as everyone is gathered, it feels like a wonderful holiday!
15
16
Adverb Clauses Worksheet # 4
Directions: Underline the adverb clause in each sentence.
1. Whenever teacher Diane Gillson says “Rei!” to her students, they stand, bow slightly,
and respond, “Konnichiwa.”
2. This daily ritual occurs as they begin their class in Japanese.
3. They work hard at it until they have learned the forty-six basic katakana characters.
4. As if that weren’t enough to learn, the language also includes Chinese characters.
5. If learning English as a foreign language seems difficult, picture Japanese characters.
6. American students taking Japanese more than doubled in the 1980’s, even though
teachers of Japanese were scarce.
7. Although Japanese is studied by under 25,000 people, it is now the seventh most
popular language in the United States.
8. Though you might expect students to show interest, many adults are learning.
9. Wherever Japanese is taught, people are learning to read and speak the language.
10. If you decide to learn Japanese, find a good school and be prepared to study hard.
11. Even though it seems difficult or impossible, humans have long tried to make rain.
12. When an ancient rainmaker cast a spell, people could not always count on rain.
13. Recent “pluviologists” have proved no better than the ancient rainmakers were.
14. One rainmaker was almost lynched because he “caused” a twenty-inch rain.
15. Until Vincent Schaefer had a happy accident, rainmaking remained a hoax.
16. Seeding clouds so that drops of water would form had been tried by scientists.
17. Would seeding work if the temperature of the clouds was below freezing?
18. After Schaefer tried out this idea, he succeeded.
19. One day, as he was putting a block of dry ice into the freezer, Schaefer exhaled.
17
20. Soon his improvised laboratory looked as if a miniature snowstorm was in progress.
18
Directions: Underline the adverb clause in each sentence. Put an “S” over the subject
and a “V” over the verb of the adverb clause.
1. Maurice Prendergast enjoyed drawing when he was still a child.
2. Although he was born in Canada and grew up in Boston, he studied art in Paris.
3. When he was in France, Prendergast admired the work of James Whistler.
4. Since he carved picture frames for a living, his interest in painting grew.
5. Prendergast is considered a postimpressionist because he used broad areas of color.
6. Watercolor was his preferred medium when he was young.
7. Afternoon, Pincian Hill is a watercolor he painted at age thirty-nine while he was in
Europe.
8. Although Prendergast used oils for his later works, these had the same mosaic-like
effect as his watercolors.
9. While this talented painter’s early works were lively, his later paintings were wistful.
10. Because the artist exhibited in unpopular shows, his following was never great.
11. Many people build their own house, even though the task can be time-consuming.
12. They usually opt for energy-saving features although the initial cost can be high.
13. They also incorporate solar panels into the roof design whenever they can.
14. After the construction crews excavated the building site, they pour concrete.
15. As soon as the concrete sets, the carpenters arrive and start laying the joists.
16. Then they frame the walls, working steadily until the roofline is completed.
17. Then they install fiberglass in the walls so that the interior is protected from wind.
18. They install all windows and doors before they finish the outside shell.
19. While the carpenters are busy outside, the electricians and plumbers arrive.
19
20. Many owners elect to complete the interior themselves as they get the house ready.
20
Directions: Expand each sentence by adding an adverb clauses that expresses the
relationship described in parentheses.
1. Some foreign language teachers are finding that more is learned and retention is better
(Condition: They use a technique called Total Physical Response.)
2. Using TPR, students respond physically to commands. (Time: The teacher presents
new material.)
3. Students respond with movements, not with words. (Cause: Understanding the
spoken word is stressed before speaking.)
4. No student is forced to speak. (Time: He or she is ready.)
5. Experts feel that students are learning a new language. (Manner: They were learning
their native language.)
6. First, the teacher models an action. (Purpose: The student can relate the command to
the needed response.)
7. The teacher continues to participate. (Time: The students’ responses come naturally.)
8. Test show that students learn more vocabulary. (Comparison: Thy learn with
conventional techniques.)
9. In fact, they can recall large numbers of words learned the previous year. (Time:
They return from summer vacation.)
10. It seems that moving the body while learning improves memory. (Cause:
Movement forces the learner to concentrate.)
21
Directions: Underline the adverb clause once and the subordinate conjunction twice.
Label the subject with an “S” and the verb with a “V” in each adverb clause.
1. If I had married an ax murderer, I would have been very upset at my wedding!
2. I wonder if most people know about homicidal spouses before they get married.
3. I don’t think that I would get married to a person who had been married and widowed
several times before we met.
4. Considering that the woman’s husbands were murdered, I would be suspicious of her.
5. Even if my family wanted me to give this woman a chance, I would be quite skeptical.
6. I thought the man would run when the police began to implicate his wife.
7. I might have felt okay so long as other people were around to witness any foul play.
8. I would probably start to get a little anxious as night fell.
9. I don’t think being nervous about murder is bad when you are married to a murderer.
10. Since her husband didn’t object, I suppose they will have a happy, if short, marriage.
11. Ax murderers are pretty scary people as far as I am concerned.
12. I think I would want to keep a weapon under my pillow while I was sleeping.
13. I might not be too worried about being married to an ax murderer if I was certain that
there were no sharp objects in the house.
14. I think that I would remove all objects in the house so that I could be sure I was safe.
15. Although I know the husband loves his wife, I think that he should be more careful.
16. He continues to let her out of his sight as if there were no reason to suspect her.
17. Whenever he leaves her side, I get nervous that she may jump out of the corner.
18. I would be much more careful than he is so that I would stay alive.
19. If I became an ax murder, I wouldn’t have to deal with annoying people.
22
20. I think if I became an ax murderer, the blood and gore would probably bother me.
1. I really don’t like violence because I am a little squeamish.
2. Considering that I hate blood, I think that life as an ax murderer is probably not for
me.
3. Even if I wanted to hurt someone, I am not sure that I could actually do it.
4. The wife in So I Married an Ax Murderer is actually not a murderer at all since her
sister is the one doing the killing.
5. I really like Mike Myers character in this movie because he’s funny and paranoid.
6. Even though the sister is chasing him around the roof with an ax, I doubt that he will
actually die.
7. WOW! He slipped and nearly fell off the roof when she swung at him with the ax.
8. This character is really psycho though she’s kind of funny too!
9. If she doesn’t watch out, she’s going to be the one that gets hurt.
10. I told you! She’s about to fall off the roof and onto the ax because she isn’t paying
attention!
11. Oh no. I think she’s dead unless I am being fooled by one of those horror movie
tricks.
12. Unless I’m mistaken, the psycho killer really is dead.
13. If this movie wasn’t so funny, it would be a bit disturbing.
14. I don’t know if I really liked this movie or not.
15. Although it was really quite entertaining, I was also unsure of the appropriateness.
16. I like to watch movies after I finish making and eating supper.
17. I wonder if my watching this will make me stupid?
18. I hope I can sleep before I become too scared.
19. I think I shouldn’t be as scared as I am!
23
20. Maybe I should leave on the light so that I can sleep!
24
Directions: Underline the adverb clause in each of the following sentences. Add
commas if the adverb clause comes before the independent clause.
1. After I finished doing the dishes I helped my dad mow the lawn.
2. The little girl was upset because her puppy was lost.
3. That old house looked spookier than a haunted house in a nightmare would look.
4. Jeremy left for the football game before I could offer him a ride.
5. Jennifer will go on the retreat unless it rains.
6. Dino ran the 100-yard dash much faster than I did.
7. Because the sweaters were on sale Stuart bought three.
8. Eve was more interested in geography than her brother was.
9. Will you wait in the car until it’s time to leave for school?
10. Alex waxed the car until it looked brand new.
11. We met where his street intersects mine.
12. I heard a strange noise when I turned on the computer.
13. While it was snowing outside Simon was daydreaming about sunny beaches.
14. The band began a food drive so that we could help the hungry.
15. Because she couldn’t find an opener Sandy didn’t open the can.
16. Whenever I go to that restaurant I run into someone from the old days.
17. I dropped my wallet as I was crossing the street.
18. You will see a gas station wherever you look in that city.
19. The crowd roared as the team ran onto the field.
20. We sat in the dark and shivered because the power was out.
25
Directions: Underline the adverb clause in each of the following sentences. Add
commas if the adverb clause comes before the independent clause.
1. The charity event would be a success as long as it didn’t rain.
2. Whenever we ice-skate we put on our mittens.
3. He will go away unless you apologize.
4. Wherever we went we put up flyers announcing the play.
5. If we understood the rules we would be able to play the game.
6. We walked slowly away from the barking dog because we weren’t sure of its
intentions.
7. Because he is a fine athlete Terry will compete for a scholarship.
8. Tim has been driving everywhere since he got his driver’s license.
9. Rosa grew taller than her older sister.
10. While we were on the plane to Hawaii I dreamed of flying.
11. We rode the bus because the car was being serviced.
12. After Sabine went back to France we promised to write letters every week.
13. Dean is a better cook than I.
14. You will do well on the essay questions as long as you answer each question
completely.
15. Grandpa bought the telescope because my brother loves to look at the stars.
16. I like to exercise soon after I get up each morning.
17. Those chemicals are not dangerous unless they are combined.
18. After they left the theater John and Kim went out to dinner.
26
19. Whenever I get a cold I feel miserable.
20. We will stick to the schedule as long as there are no objections.
27
Adjective Clauses Worksheet #1
Directions: Underline the adjective clauses in each of the following sentences.
1. Willy Higinbotham is the scientist who invented the first computer game.
2. It was he who developed computer tennis.
3. Have you seen the computer that Higinbotham used?
4. Have you seen the desk where Higinbotham sat?
5. Tourists can visit the laboratory that employed Higinbotham.
6. Brookhaven National Laboratory, which employed Higinbotham, is in Upton, New

York.
7. I loved the dress that sparked in the sunlight.
8. I don’t know why Susan, who never gets upset, wasn’t smiling.
9. I have visited the place where Anne Frank hid to escape the Nazis.
10. It was my aunt who told my mom that I came in late.
11. Have you seen the mountain of work that the teacher wants us to do?
12. Mulvane High School, which is located in Mulvane, Kansas, is where I go to

school.
13. Wisconsin, where I met my husband, is beautiful, but cold!
14. Have you seen the room where I can put my copies?
15. It was my aide who misspelled that word!
16. My daughter, whose name is Alyssa, is a very sweet little girl.
17. Her brother, Tyler, who is a little angel, loves to play with her.
18. Emporia State University, where my mother works, is a fine institution!
19. Washburn University is the school where my father got his Law degree.
20. Shy is the dog that is a Dalmatian.
28
29
Directions: Underline the adjective clauses in the sentences below. Identify whether
each of the clauses is essential or non-essential. If the clause is non-essential, add
commas where necessary. Then circle the word that each adjective clause modifies.
1. Students who do their homework are most often successful.
2. Success a word not spoken in schools nearly enough is the satisfaction that results
from a job well done.
3. Students who represent approximately ten percent of the countries’ population often
do not receive much-deserved respect.
4. Students are one of the least respected groups who are still productive to society.
5. Teachers who dislike students are generally very unhappy.
6. Room 405 which is in Mulvane High School is a “student-friendly” zone.
7. Teachers who do not like students should seriously consider a different occupation.
8. Cheerleading and pom-pons which are generally overlooked sports are two of the
most popular sports in high schools.
9. Teachers who spend a minimum of four years in college are among the lowest paid
workers in this country.
10. Mulvane which is a city in Kansas tries very hard to support both its teachers and
students.
11. The school board which is made up of hard working individuals is very dedicated to
student success.
12. Students who appreciate the efforts so many people put out are often the most
successful adults.
13. Parents who support the schools are greatly appreciated.
14. I can’t think of a teacher who doesn’t like to hear that they made a difference.
15. People who don’t support education should think about the future.
30
Directions: Underline the adjective clause in each sentence. Then double underline the
relative pronoun or relative adverb that introduces the clause. If the introductory word
has been omitted, write None. Circle the word that each clause modifies.
1. Edgar Heap of Birds is a contemporary artist whose work has been displayed all over
the world.
2. He is a Cheyenne tribal member who expresses the Native American experience in his
art.
3. This artist created a multimedia exhibit he called “Sharp Rocks.”
4. He explained the reason why he gave the exhibit this name.
5. It refers to arrowheads that the Cheyenne used for defense.
6. Sharp rocks were also weapons the tribesmen used in hunting animals for food.
7. Today, Native Americans live in a world where destructive forces are at work against
their culture.
8. The danger comes not from weapons but from a larger culture whose “weapons” are
television, radio, and other media.
9. This is not an enemy that can be fought with arrowheads.
10. Edgar Heap of Birds’s exhibit “Sharp Rocks” appeared at a time when many artistic
works actively promoted cross-cultural understanding.
11. Castroville which is a city in northern California is the artichoke capital

of the world.
12. People who dislike warm weather should not vacation in Florida.
13. Children who do not complete homework assignments will not learn as
quickly.
14. My daughter whose name is Alyssa rides the bus to and from the Primary
School.
15. African American cowboys who represented approximately one quarter of

all cattle herders in the United States after the Civil War flocked to Texas
to work during the cattle boom.
31
32
Adjective Clauses Worksheets #4
Directions: Underline the adjective clause in the sentences below. If it is essential add
commas where necessary. Then circle the word that each adjective clause modifies.
1. I saw the movie that starred Mel Gibson.
2. The setting which was shot in Australia was beautiful.
3. Australia is a country that is known for kangaroos.
4. The plot which was exhilarating captured my interest from the first moment.
5. Mel Gibson was playing the part of Mad Max who was an outlaw hero.
6. Mad Max encountered the character played by Tina Turner who was somewhat evil.
7. Mel Gibson who is an extraordinary actor also played the part of Hamlet.
hich deals with issues of loyalty, sanity, and forgiveness is famous.

8. Hamlet w
9. When the king is murdered, Hamlet the king’s son becomes bent on revenge.
10. The king’s ghost who cannot rest because a priest was not present at his death asks
Hamlet to avenge him.
11. The king’s brother who is now married to Hamlet’s mother murdered the king.
12. Hamlet loves Ophelia who returns his love with hopes to marry.
13. With Hamlet’s growing insanity, it is Ophelia who eventually becomes hurt.
15. Ophelia throws herself into the river which causes her to drown.
16. Hamlet feels he must exact revenge that will avenge his father and save his mother.
17. The major characters die, and the audience who has been anticipating a happy ending
is saddened.
hich is one of my favorite plays may have been named after Shakespeare’s
18. Hamlet w
son.
19. Shakespeare’s only son who was named Hamnet died at the age of nine.
20. Shakespeare’s plays which are long and involved are cornerstones on which much
33
literature written in the English language is based.
Directions: Underline the adjective clause in each of the following sentences. Double
underline the subject. Circle the verb. After each sentence write the word modified in
the blank.
1. Sparta was the city-state where physical strength and skill were most highly admired.
2. In Athens, which was Sparta’s rival, intellectual achievement was greatly valued.
3. All Spartan youths who were the sons of citizens were raised to be soldiers.
4. Spartans lived under government supervision from the time when they were born.
5. Weak children, who would not become citizens, were left on a mountain to die.
6. At age seven, all Spartan boys went to live in government barracks, where they began
their education.
7. This education was mostly physical training, which included sports.
8. Even children who were obedient were whipped occasionally.
9. A man did not complete training, which was required for citizenship, until thirty.
10. Even men who had wives continued to eat in the mess hall with the other soldiers.
11. The horse that Danny owns is a well-trained Tennessee walking horse.
12. Tell everyone whom you see about Tara’s surprise party.
13. There is no one whose cooking tastes better than Mom’s.
14. For his science project, Jeff collected many specimens.
15. I don’t like driving in traffic where vehicles are bumper to bumper.
16. Lana often goes to the mall, where she shops with her friends.
17. At the fashion show, Paula saw many outfits that she liked.
18. The boy whose face is red fell down the stairs.
19. The house, which was made of brick, stayed cool in the summer.
34
20. I finally saw the TV series you recommended.
Directions: Combine the pairs into one sentence with an adjective clause.
1. The pentathlon is one of the oldest Olympic events/ It is still part of Olympic games.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. A pentathlete had to run, jump, and throw well/He was the most admired athlete in the
ancient Greek games.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. All children learned these skills/The children lived in Athens or Sparta.

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. Aristotle praised pentathletes/ Pentathletes were the most well-rounded athletes.
5. The pentathlon had of five events/ It required both upper- and lower-body strength.
6. One event required throwing the discus/ The discus is a heavy, rounded stone.
7. The pentahlete faced the stade (track) races/ Stade races demand sprinting speed.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
8. A competitor might eventually become a soldier/ The Spartans rewarded competitors.

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
9. The pentathlon reflected the culture of Sparta/ The Spartans highly valued war.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
10. The modern Olympic pentathlon includes riding a horse, fencing, shooting,
35
swimming, and running/ The modern Olympic pentathlon is also based on military skills.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
36
Directions: Expand each of the following sentences with an adjective clause. Be sure to
use commas where necessary.
1. My sister got a new car.
2. My dog is black.
3. Our cat needed to go to the vet clinic.
4. Janie’s sweater had a hole in it.
5. The computer wouldn’t work.
6. I go to school.
7. The athletes ran around the field.
8. The lasagna was delicious!
9. The birds flew south for the winter.
10. Alyssa loved to swim.
11. Tyler wanted to be Spiderman.
12. Mr. Jones taught us math.
13. Aberdeen was not a cultural mecca!
14. Chadron was an interesting place to go to high school.
15. I loved Wisconsin’s scenery!
16. Winters in Florida were beautiful!
17. The Flint Hills of Kansas are incredible!
18. I love to ski in Colorado!
19. The new van is white.
20. I almost hit a car.
37
Directions: Create 20 of your own creative sentences combining main clauses with
adjective clauses.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
38
Noun Clauses Worksheet #1
Directions: Underline the noun clause in each of the following sentences, then identify
whether it works as a subject (S), direct object (DO), predicate noun (PN), or object of
the preposition (OP).
1. Whoever gets to the door first must answer it.
2. I don’t know who did it, but I’ll find out soon!
3. It is what makes me happy.
4. Do you know anything about why whales sing?
5. I ran where she told me to run.
6. Wherever you go is where you are.
7. The book is what she had been looking for.
8. If I talk too long, remind me about why I am up here.
9. Whichever one you want is the one we will buy.
10. The radio show is why she moved to Las Vegas.
11. I stopped when the sirens blared.
12. She wanted to know about which student was chosen.
13. Why the baby was crying is unknown.
14. I need to know why I’m in trouble.
15. The homework assignment is what is driving her crazy!
16. I don’t know about how students are chosen.
17. Why dogs think I want to hear them bark is a mystery to me.
18. I need to know about why you are angry.
19. The reason for crime was what we were looking for.
20. Wherever the cat goes is where I will be.
39
Directions: Underline each noun clause.
1. Our choice will have to be whatever is the least expensive.
2. That we heard the weather report was lucky for us!
3. Joan discovered where I hid her keys.
4. Whatever the lady at the next table is eating is what I’ll have, too.
5. I don’t know what she expects of me.
6. Why he does that is a mystery to me.
7. I wonder when news of Marcus will arrive.
8. I’ll do whatever you say.
9. However much you plan in advance makes the overall job that much easier.
10. Whoever wrote that essay should be very proud.
11. What this story lacks is a strong ending.
12. The report explains how Gem Lake became polluted.
13. What makes a great hamburger is the right seasoning and lots of onions.
14. The principal announced that Friday would be a teacher in-service day.
15. Can you tell me where the new restaurant is?
16. When the whistle blows is the signal to begin.
17. How you can eat that is beyond me!
18. Mary realized that she would never have solved the mystery without Jack’s help.
19. This is where we came in.
20. Kim shouted that we were headed in the wrong direction.
40
Directions: Place a check next to each sentence that contains a noun clause.
1. The note she left tells me why Kate drove to Kentucky.
2. Please choose whichever seat you find most comfortable.
3. Mrs. Matthews, who taught history for thirty years, will be honored at the banquet.
4. Who the winner is remains a mystery until the envelope is opened.
5. Miki made a cake that had a race car made of icing on top.
6. Where do you keep the extra plates?
7. I screamed when everyone jumped up and yelled, “Surprise!”
8. The horse is kept where Billy can see him.
9. How a bill becomes a law was the topic of Mr. Rodriguez’s lecture.
10. Several valuable jewels were missing from the safe where they had been stored.
11. A newscaster explained that the president would be arriving momentarily.
12. The perfume that Celeste bought smelled enchanting to me.
13. Whatever the jury decides will satisfy the judge.
14. Kylee wrote an interesting article for YP Magazine.
15. Dr. Courter knew when the test results would be ready.
16. Giorgio paints what others can only look at.
17. The puppy who frolicked in the window wagged his tail at me.
18. Whichever hole I play best is my favorite hole at the miniature golf course.
19. Charlie will vote however everyone else votes.
20. You will find the treasure where the road meets the sea.
41
Noun Clause Worksheet #4
Directions: Write three noun clauses used as each part of speech.

A. Subject
1. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
A. Object of the Preposition
1. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
A. Direct Object
1. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
A. Predicate Noun
1. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
42
3. _____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Directions: Underline each noun clause. In the blank, indicate its function in the
sentence: S (subject), DO (direct object), OP (object of a preposition), or PN (predicate
noun).
______ 1. The assumption is that we will reach the coast before Friday.
______ 2. Whatever you want is fine with me.
______ 3. Will someone please tell me why the basement light is on?
______ 4. We were worried about what would happen after the senior center closed.
______ 5. That the team will make it to the state finals is the hope of all the players.
______ 6. Luanne wondered aloud why the car was so muddy.
______ 7. This open window must be where the burglar entered.
______ 8. What we wished for came true after all.
______ 9. Why she had chosen that college was never even discussed.
______ 10. Marnie asked the author why he wrote the story in the present tense.
______ 11. This covered bridge is where my mother proposed to my father.
______ 12. Whichever route you want to take is fine with me.
______ 13. We talked about what she would do if the road was closed.
______ 14. Please save the stones for when we build the path from the cabin to the creek.
______ 15. Birthdays are when I really appreciate having a big family.
______ 16. I can’t remember why I chose the morbid poem.
______ 17. Aunt Carol told me all about where she grew up.
______ 18. That they will hear a world-class orchestra is the expectation of the audience.
43
______ 19. No one can tell me what to do about this problem.
______ 20. Holidays are when I miss my grandfather the most.
Directions: Underline each noun clause. In the blank, indicate its function in the
sentence: S (subject), DO (direct object), OP (object of a preposition), or PN (predicate
noun).
______ 1. Some days it seems whatever I do is wrong.
______ 2. Whoever wrote this perfume ad needs a good editor.
______ 3. I had a dream about when we were in Canada.
______ 4. Does anyone here know how to change a tire?
______ 5. Theo’s advice was for whoever would listen.
______ 6. When we leave the party is up to you.
______ 7. Which flight to take was a real dilemma.
______ 8. She’ll give me whatever is left of the cake.
______ 9. College is whatever you make of it.
______ 10. Save this sample for whoever is in charge of printing the brochures.
______ 11. March drew whatever we asked her to.
______ 12. This deserted exit is where we ran out of gas.
______ 13. That Daniel missed his sister was apparent.
______ 14. The police officer talked about how his dog had saved his life.
______ 15. Jimmy could hit whatever I pitched him
______ 16. Whenever I get upset is bad.
______ 17. I go where you tell me to go.
______ 18. Whoever talks first is it.
44
______ 19. Remind me why I do this?
______ 20. How you feel is a matter of great concern to me.
45
Noun Clause Worksheet #7
Directions: Underline the noun clause in each of the following sentences and identify
whether it is used as the subject, the direct object, the predicate noun, or the object of the
preposition.
1. Did you know that a column called “Straight Dope” appears in many newspapers?
2. Many readers wonder who the author of the column really is.
3. Editor Ed Zotti swears someone named Cecil Adams writes “”Straight Dope.”
4. The editorial office of the Chicago Reader is where Cecil writes the popular column.
5. However, Ed Zotti cannot explain why Cecil is never there.
6. People are suspicious about why no one has ever seen or talked to Cecil.
7. That Zotti denies authorship of “Straight Dope” suggests a solution to the mystery.
8. Whoever writes the column claims to be “the world’s smartest human being.”
9. Readers send questions about all kinds of subjects to whoever the columnist is.
10. Cecil tells readers whether cats are smarter than dogs and countless other “facts.”
11. “Genius does what it must, and talent does what it can.”
12. “I regret that I have but one life to give for my country.”
13. “Don’t invent with your mouth what you don’t see with a smile.”
14. “Whoever gossips to you will gossip about you.”
15. “The best way to be thankful is to make use of what the gods have given you.”
16. “What is wanted is not more law, but a better public opinion.”
17. “A Bill of Rights is what the people are entitled to.”
18. “Paradise is where I am.”
19. “Remember that time is money.”
20. “Whoever does not ride early will never do any good.”
46
47
Directions: Underline the noun clauses in each of the following sentences, then tell if it
is used as the subject, direct object, predicate noun, or object of the preposition.
1. What concerns scientists is the chance of a collision between the earth and a meteor.
2. When such a global collision might take place is, of course, unpredictable.
3. The scientists’ question, though, is whether life could survive such a disaster.
4. They know that small meteors have already hurtled through our atmosphere.
5. From what observers deduce from past occurrences, a major collision could occur.
6. Archaeologists have suggested that this type of catastrophe resulted in the extinction
of the dinosaurs.
7. Evidence gives whoever studies it an idea of problems following a massive collision.
8. The next issue is how any vegetation can grow under vapor clouds blocking the sun.
9. Whether such collisions may have affected the planet is a fascinating question.
10. There is irony in the question of whether such collisions may destroy our planet.
11. We know that the appearance of magazines followed the invention of the printing
press.
12. Historians even have some information about when the first magazine was printed.
13. The first periodical gave whoever was interested articles on politics and
religyfyfgion.
yyg
14. European magazines published what was considered light entertainment.
Gf
15. A curious finding is that magazines had a limited market in the American colonies.
16. That, for a very long time, no magazine lasted even one year is not easy to explain.
17. Publishers thought people would object to paying for a monthly subscription.
18. Certainly, another contributing factor was that the mail system was poor.
19. S. S. McClure provided a magazine for what became a following of devoted readers.
48
20. That other subscriptions cost more gave the magazine an advantage.
Clauses Review Worksheet #1
Directions: Identify the type of clause illustrated by the underlined group of words in the
sentences below.
1. Everyone should be aware that the food industry routinely adds vitamin supplements
to products such as milk and bread, artificial coloring to butter and hot dogs, and
chemical preservatives to all manner of products.
2. Some people make it a point to avoid eating foods with any type of additive, even
though the Food and Drug Administration vouches for their safety.
3. They buy organically produced foods that are completely free of chemical additives of
any kind.
4. You will have to decide for yourself where you stand on the issue.
5. If you are purchasing good nutrition, you must learn how to read food labels.
6. The government requires label information that specifies ingredients and nutritional
value for most food products.
7. All the ingredients, which are listed in the order of amount used, must be clearly
printed.
8. If food shoppers read labels carefully, they can go home with bags full of chemical-fee
foods.
9. The Food and Drug Administration determines what constitutes the “minimum daily
requirement: of a nutritional element such as vitamin C or protein.
10. The manufacturer must tell what amount of each of these elements is in the product
and then list the proportion of the daily requirement.
11. This information, which is called “percent of minimum daily requirements,” is on the
labels of all domestic foods.
12. You can make good food choices if you take the time to become familiar with
food-label information.
13. If you ask Americans to name their favorite dish, they might say hamburger or apple
pie.
49
14. There are some people, however, who consider pizza the most popular American
food.
15. The year 1984 marked the first time when pizzerias outnumbered hamburger
restaurants in the United States.
16. Pizza is inexpensive.
17. This is no doubt one reason why it is so popular.
18. Also, it contains most of the basic nutrients that are listed on food labels.
19. Pizza was invented in 1889, when a baker from Naples prepared a special pie for the
queen of Italy.
20. Using tomato, basil, and mozzerella cheese, he produced a pie that incorporated the
red, green and white of the Italian flag.
21. If the baker saw some modern pizzas, he would discover that they are stuffed or
topped with everything from artichokes to zucchini.
22. In the Pacific Northwest, they are even stuffed with pineapple.
23. The baker didn’t know how good his pizzas would become, but it didn’t matter.
24. I’d like to meet the baker who thought of pizzas!
25. Pizza is the food I like best.
26. I like pizza, but I do like hamburgers too!
27. Jack is the one I picked.
28. In the summer, I need a pizza that won’t make me greasy.
29. This pizza place, which is located on Rock Road, has the most extraordinary pies!
30. I love the pizza that has tons of sauce and cheese!
50
Clauses Review Worksheet #2
Directions: Write ten of each type of clause in the spaces below. Underline each main
clause once and each subordinate clause twice.
Independent:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Adverb:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
51
9.
10.
Adjective:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Noun:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
52
10.
Clauses Performance Assessment
Directions: Demonstrate your ability to effectively use independent and subordinate

clauses by writing a four paragraph letter requesting that a change be made concerning a
policy of your school. Be sure to use each of the types of clauses at least five times.
Underline and label five main clauses and double underline and label each of the three
types of subordinate clauses (adverb, adjective, and noun).
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
53
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
54
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
55
Types of Sentences

A sentence may be simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex. It all depends on
the relationship between independent and dependent clauses.
A simple sentence may have a singe subject or a compound subject. It may have a single
predicate or a compound predicate. But a simple sentence may have ONLY one
independent clause, and it may have NO dependent clauses.
● My back aches.
● My teeth and my eyes hurt.
● My throat and nose feel sore and look red.
A compound sentence consists of TWO OR MORE independent clauses and NO

dependent clauses. The clauses must be joined by a semicolon, by a comma and a
coordinating conjunction, or by a semicolon/conjunctive adverb/comma combination.
● I usually don’t mind going to school, but this isn’t fun.
● I feel too sick to watch TV; I feel too sick to eat.
● I don’t want to miss going to the zoo; however, I don’t want to finish eating
either.
A complex sentence consists of ONE independent clause and ONE OR MORE

dependent clauses.
● When I get back to school, I’m actually going to appreciate it.
● I won’t even complain about classes although I might be talking out of my head
because I’m feverish.
A compound-complex sentence contains TWO OR MORE independent clauses and

ONE OR MORE dependent clauses.
● Yes, I have a bad flu, and because I need to get well soon, I won’t think about
school just yet.
● I need to do my homework; however, I am quite ill because I have contracted the
flu.
56
Types of Sentences Worksheet #1
Directions: On your paper write simple sentence o r compound sentence t o identify each
type of sentence.
_________________ 1. Nineteenth-century American scenes and customs were recorded

and preserved by the firm of Currier and Ives.
_________________ 2. Nathaniel Currier was a printer, and James Ives was an

executive.
_________________ 3. The two men produced “prints for the people.”
_________________ 4. Currier favored current events; he produced prints of ships,

battles, and news events.
_________________ 5. Ives had broader interests and generally favored country scenes.
_________________ 6. Together they published color lithographs depicting every facet

of American life.
_________________ 7. Currier and Ives produced thousands of lithographs, and each

print was rich in color and detail.
_________________ 8. Many prints showed city life, but others depicted life in the
country.
_________________ 9. In the last century most Americans lived in the country, and
many events took place outdoors.
_________________ 10. Currier and Ives’s prints show Americans at work and at play
in the nineteenth century.
_________________ 11. The art shows are wonderful, but I enjoy the musicals even
more.
_________________ 12. I love to watch the singers and dancers on the stage.
_________________ 13. The ballet is wonderful; the story lines are enthralling!
_________________ 14. The art museums and the professional exhibits are enchanting
and somewhat overwhelming.
_________________ 15. The ballet is also overwhelming and enchanting, but the
dancers are so magnificent.
57
58
Directions: Write in the blank provided whether the sentence is simple or compound.
________________ 1. A trained dog’s help could make independent living possible for a
disabled person.
________________ 2. Someone in a wheelchair can’t reach a light switch, and a deaf

person can’t hear a smoke alarm.
________________ 3. Dogs can help in many everyday situations.
________________ 4. Labrador retrievers open refrigerators, and Border collies nudge

people awake.
________________ 5. Assistance dogs push elevator buttons and pick up telephones.
________________ 6. An assistance dog performs many duties, and these duties could
change from one day to the next.
________________ 7. Some dogs go to work or school, and others help with child care
and house work.
________________ 8. One dog might signal the whistle of a teakettle or the beep of a
microwave oven.
________________ 9. Assistance dogs serve as eyes, ears, legs, or arms; they empower
people.
________________ 10. Many breeds become assistance dogs, but a few seem
particularly well suited to the role.
________________ 11. Labrador retrievers, golden retrievers, Welsh corgis, and Border
collies generally respond well to training.
_________________12. These dogs are eager to please; praise and affection are their
primary rewards.
_________________ 13. Assistance dogs face unfamiliar situations daily; thus, the single
most important job qualification is a calm disposition.
_________________ 14. A dog might have to navigate a crowded bus or a noisy

restaurant.
_________________ 15. Assistance dogs regularly encounter strangers; therefore, they
59
should not be apprehensive.
Directions: Write in the blank whether the sentence is simple or compound.
____________ 1. Valery ran her fingers through her long, straight hair.
____________ 2. I may seem calm to you, but I’m really quite nervous.
____________ 3. That song always melts my heart!
____________ 4. Get used to hearing a racket; Glenna’s moving next door.
____________ 5. I was nervous about asking Marcia to dance; therefore, I stumbled.
____________ 6. The grandfather clock chimed the hour.
____________ 7. Darkness descended on the countryside, and many stars shown.
____________ 8. Jan and Steve walked to the grocery store.
____________ 9. Last year we took a trip to Iowa; this year we’re going to Vermont.
____________ 10. The old car’s engine sputtered and died.
____________ 11. Suzanne practices acrobatics every night after school.
____________ 12. Bring me the videotape, or you can put it in the VCR.
____________ 13. The marching band won a top rating at the state band contest.
____________ 14. The ski club members are raising money for a trip to Aspen.
____________ 15. Wildflowers grew in the back corner of the abandoned lot.
____________ 16. Either Jacques will meet us here, or he will meet us at the mall.
____________ 17. Tiffany is bringing decorations, and Wilson is supplying food.
____________ 18. Magenta is Claire’s favorite color, but Nora prefers turquoise.
____________ 19. Place the painting on the wall above the couch.
____________ 20. Dr. Calis may speak about atoms, or Dr. Yee may give a presentation.
60
Directions: On the line provided combine each pair of idea below into a simple sentence.
1. Grandma Moses was born in 1860.

She was an American painter.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. She embroidered all her life.

She didn’t take up painting until the age of 76.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Moses had no formal art training.

She possessed great natural talent.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. Farm scenes and old-fashioned farm activities are her subjects.

Her paintings are simple and colorful.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. Moses’s talent flourished.

She died at the age of 101.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
61
62
Directions: Underline each main clause. If there is more than one main clause in a
sentence, add a comma or a semicolon as needed.
1. Books lined the shelves but no one noticed them.
2. Our school colors are black and white.
3. Wait for the bus or you will have to walk several miles.
4. Jason cleaned the garage and cut the grass.
5. Tina is redecorating her half of the room but Tammy is keeping her half the same.
6. The trees swayed with the breeze the birds twittered and fluttered as they tried to hang
on.
7. Crimson silk was Joanna’s choice for her prom dress.
8. The school newspaper printed my story but they omitted the picture.
9. Quentin’s journal has never been read by anyone.
10. Lisa bought three CDs and one poster at the music store.
11. Dad is cooking pasta for dinner and I can’t wait to eat it!
12. George and Martha were main characters in the play.
13. Three players hit home runs in during the baseball game.
14. Muriel will hand out the yearbooks or you pick up one in the student government
office.
15. I am eager to learn the solution to this mystery.
16. I need to do my homework but I can’t find my book.
17. The lesson was interesting it was about molecular functions.
18. I wanted lasagna but Jennifer wants pizza.
19. Daniel plays football now but he might play soccer next year.
63
20. I thought the game went well the coach had different ideas.
64
Directions: Draw one line under each main clause and two lines under each subordinate
clause. Identify each sentence as either compound or complex and provide any necessary
punctuation.
_____________1. The little girl was not a very good student but she was very sweet.
_____________2. Who do we want to come with us they are both good travelers.
_____________3. Before you go to the store make a list.
_____________4. Lisa who is a very good babysitter is watching Alyssa and Tyler.
_____________5. I don’t want you to leave this house until you’ve cleaned your room.
_____________6. The cat did not like the tuna but she loved the chicken.
_____________7. Our dog likes to play before breakfast but he wants to sleep after
supper.
_____________8. If you don’t clean your room you can’t go out tomorrow night.
_____________9. The place where the meeting was held was closed after nine.
_____________10. “Give me liberty or give me death!”
_____________11. The girl down the street is sweet but she is very shy.
_____________12. If you don’t want to talk to her you should at least bring her a gift.
_____________13. The boy whose hair is red fell down the stairs.
_____________14. The person didn’t guess the answer so she won’t win the prize.
_____________15. The bike race will begin on Thanksgiving Day which is Thursday.
_____________16. I don’t know if I go with you.
_____________17. My mom would let me but my dad will probably say no.
_____________18. Lisa wanted to go with us if she could find a ride.
_____________19. Daniel wanted to go to the store but he couldn’t find his wallet.
65
_____________20. Andrew played the guitar but Kyle played the drums.
66
Types of Sentences #7
clause. Identify each sentence as either compound or complex and provide any necessary
punctuation.
_____________1. Emily breaks out in hives whenever she eats strawberries.
_____________2. I like strawberries but I do not like grapes.
_____________3. After I heard Sylvia McNair I bought one of her CDs.
_____________4. Jim is going with us Wednesday if he can take time off from work.
_____________5. As long as Rick is going to the store could he buy me some nachos?
_____________6. I didn’t want to do my homework however I managed to get it done

anyway.
_____________7. Although I didn’t do the note cards I did get my paper done.
_____________8. Unless I’ve misunderstood you cannot make up a quiz after

Wednesday.
_____________9. We requested mini-blinds but they won’t be in until Tuesday.
_____________10. Until you go to the store you cannot have any milk.
_____________11. He decided he should have hired a professional painter.
_____________12. If we get home soon we’ll have pizza for supper.
_____________13. I’m still hesitant to show anyone else before I proofread a paper.
_____________14. Are you going to the dance or will we all go?
_____________15. The girl who spilled the soda is very inattentive.
_____________16. Either you will go to the game or you won’t.
_____________17. Neither Sam nor Eric wanted to go because they were sick.
_____________18. I need new skates and I need a new dress for the recital.
_____________19. She wants a new doll and a new blanket because she lost them both.
67
_____________20. If you don’t tell her I won’t.
clause. Identify each sentence as either compound or complex.
_____________1. The play was very good, but I needed a longer intermission.
_____________2. Patty doesn’t like Eric, and Eric doesn’t like her.
_____________3. The package should arrive next Thursday, but I won’t be here to
retrieve it.
_____________4. Because you are not a senior, you cannot participate in graduation.
_____________5. The seniors are conceited, and the freshmen are silly.
_____________6. Alyssa is in kindergarten, but Tyler is only a baby.
_____________7. If I cannot go home for Thanksgiving, will you all please come here?
_____________8. Zack explained the mix-up, and he apologized for it.
_____________9. The bus that Sheila rides is very old.
_____________10. Shelly sold tickets to the people who live down the block.
_____________11. If you don’t want to go with us, stay home.
_____________12. The girl who has the big brown eyes is named Alyssa.
_____________13. The little boy is so cute, and his name is Tyler.
_____________14. If I didn’t know better, I’d think you were going away.
_____________15. Jeff collected every specimen that he could find.
_____________16. Jason wanted to go if Martin would go with him.
_____________17. Abby didn’t know what to do, but Janie did.
_____________18. Kyle wanted to go to the dance, but Kayla didn’t want to go.
_____________19. Andrew watched football while Becky talked on the phone.
68
_____________20. Cheryl had to baby sit after the game was over.
69
clause. Identify each sentence as either or complex or compound-complex.
_________ 1. Corey, who drives a hearse, is really funny, and his friend Mike makes
me laugh too!
_________ 2. Corey used to sit in the front row because he and Brandon made me laugh.
_________ 3. Although their stories were long, and usually inappropriate to a “school
environment,” we all loved to hear them.
_________ 4. Even though T.J. wasn’t in their class, he was usually a part of one of their
stories, and I told him about it second period.
_________ 5. While they were telling stories about the weekend or seventh grade, my
first period used to make me roll with laughter.
_________ 6. Ashley usually had really good stories too, and Brandon would add in
details although we were never sure that they were actually true.
_________ 7. One time I got really mad, and they knew that I meant business.
_________ 8. I guess if you throw a book and slam it, people know you’re upset!
_________ 9. No one really did anything wrong, but Kim wasn’t listening, and Jordan
was writing a note as though I was reading for fun!
_________ 10. The class said that I had left the room the year before while I was having
a temper tantrum, but I don’t believe them.
_________ 11. Even if I had been walking the hall and pulling my hair, I don’t think I
was swearing, because I really try had not to swear if I can help it.
_________ 12. My third period was not a good class, but I loved them anyway because I
had taught them their sophomore year as well.
_________ 13. They were pretty funny, even if most of them has extensive criminal
records.
_________ 14. I really miss my old juniors because they often forget about me since the
senior teacher is so cool!
_________ 15. Hopefully the law enforcement officials found my old students as funny
70
as I did, though I doubt that they did!
71
Directions: Underline the subordinate clause from each of the following sentences.
Indicate whether each sentence is a complex sentence or a compound-complex sentence.
________1. When people in Mexico build their homes, they sometimes use adobe.
________2. Adobe is the Spanish name for sun-dried bricks, which are made according
to an ancient process.
________3. Workers who manufactured adobe mix sandy clay with water and a small
amount of straw.
________4. After the clay, water, and straw are thoroughly mixed together, the adobe is
shoveled into wooden forms and molded into rectangular bricks.
________5. The blocks bake in the sun for about two weeks, and the result is strong
adobe bricks that can be used for construction.
________6. Once the bricks are dry, workers remove the forms.
________7. Traditional adobe houses are covered with mud, but modern adobe homes
are sometimes covered with a plaster-like material that is called stucco.
________8. Many people prefer adobe houses, since they remain cool in hot weather.
________9. Although adobe is a popular building material in Mexico and the southern
United States, it is not good for very damp or cold areas.
________10. If adobe is exposed to frequent rains, the bricks will eventually crumble.
________11. Adobe brick will not crumble when they are left out in the sun.
________12. Since Adobe brick are made from the earth, they have been used for
centuries.
________13. Whenever people visit New Mexico for the first time, they are shocked at
the number of adobe homes.
________14. The adobe is usually a red-like color because the earth in that part of the
country is toned a deep rust.
________15. I don’t like adobe houses much unless they have Spanish-tile roofs.
72
Directions: Draw one line under the main clause and two lines under the subordinate
clause. Write C in the blank if the sentence is complex and CC if it is
compound-complex.
______ 1. After searching everywhere, I found my ring, and I put it in my jewelry box.
______ 2. Julia cooked the lasagna yesterday because she would have time today.
______ 3. As long as you’re driving that way, could you stop at the post office for me?
______ 4. While thinking of an answer, Jason stared at his feet.
______ 5. Tillie paused for a moment when she reached the landing.
______ 6. Terese apologized because she had lost her temper and she had yelled.
______ 7. I gave him a pen so that he could write down the phone number.
______ 8. I wrote a letter because the café was filthy; I’m waiting for a response.
______ 9. She didn’t have the shoes that I wanted to buy; however, she is ordering them.
______ 10. The kite didn’t fly because there wasn’t enough wind.
______ 11. I met Dr. Wolfe while I was attending college, and now I work in her office.
______ 12. Mary never called because she got home too late.
______ 13. When the weather is hot, gardening can be drudgery.
______ 14. He didn’t raise his voice, but we knew he was mad, and we got to work!
______ 15. As long as you’re calling, ask for her salsa recipe.
______ 16. Lee is worried, and I agree that we should take the cat to the vet.
______ 17. Because it was directed at toddlers, the program had to be brief.
______ 18. As he described his trip to sunny Puerto Rico, the rain continued to fall.
______ 19. Even though I was scheduled to leave early, I’ll stay until closing.
______ 20. Small children become short-tempered when they don’t get enough sleep.
73
Directions: Use the independent clauses or phrases to create five of each type of sentence:
simple, compound, complex, compound-complex.
1. Mobile homes are easily moved.
2. One quarter of a single-family
3. Some people travel in them.
4. dwellings are mobile homes.
5. Some people live in them.
6. Their length varies from 12 to 30 feet.
7. They are pulled by cars or trucks.
8. Communities regulate their placement.
9. They became popular during a war- time housing shortage.
10. They were once called trailers or caravans.
11. Sites in trailer parks are usually rented.
12. They can be connected to utilities.
13. Some people use mobile homes as campers.
14. Campers are sometimes cost-effective housing.
15. Some mobile homes are very spacious.
16. Occasionally the walls of mobile homes can be moved to create different-sized
rooms.
17. Skirting around the bottoms of mobile homes creates an aura of permanence.
18. Manufactured homes can sometimes be put on foundations.
19. Some people like to have basements dug for manufactured homes.
20. Basements provide extra storage as well as security.
74
75
Directions: Underline all main clauses once and subordinate clauses twice, then identify
whether the sentence is simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.
______1. That song always reminds me of you.
______2. Mary may seem nervous during rehearsals, but she becomes quite calm.
______3. Glenna will arrive today, but Carl won’t be here until Saturday.
______4. Link is leaving next Wednesday if he can take off time from work.
______5. After I had typed the paper, I found some mistakes, so I looked them up.
______6. Unless I am mistaken, the first door on the left is the entrance to the art room;
however, it may be another door farther along.
______7. Lisa hung pictures of Beatrix Potter characters in her little sister’s bedroom.
______8. Parker edited the yearbooks, and they will be available in a few weeks.
______9. The local cable station aired my story, but they mispronounced my name.
______10. Although June is a long month, its sunny days can never be long enough.
______11. If you hold the door open too long, the alarm will sound.
______12. The Lincoln High School Bobcats won the state finals.
______13. Brad Pitt is Claire’s favorite actor, but Barbie prefers Michael J. Fox.
______14. We were sailing on the lake when the storm hit, so we immediately headed
for shore.
______15. We read stories by candlelight when the lights went out after the storm hit.
______16. If there is not a new swimming pool, I think my son will cry.
______17. The car is new, and I love it because it is mine!
______18. Dale ate the apple and he got sick since it was poisoned.
______19. Wade played the piano, but Matt danced ballet.
76
______20. Brandon and Jody went to dinner and then to the dance.
whether the sentence is simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex and add
necessary punctuation.
________ 1. My sister is moving because she got a new job.
________ 2. Although I promised I’d be there I couldn’t make it because my car

wouldn’t start.
________ 3. Even if you mail the card today it won’t arrive until after her birthday and
you will have to call anyway.
________ 4. If this snow continues school will be canceled.
________ 5. The snack bar is behind the boathouse.
________ 6. Angela called but she didn’t leave a message.
________ 7. Even though Carey is gone the cat sleeps on her bed.
________ 8. Unless it rains she will take her binoculars and go bird watching.
________ 9. Will the person with the pearl necklace please come to the counter?
________ 10. If you paint over them the cracks will still return.
________ 11. Ms. King needed two people and the brothers needed work.
________ 12. We may drive to Zion National Park during spring break.
________ 13. I remember that summer when you fell into the swimming pool.
________ 14. The two rivers met where the fork occurred and the boat crashed.
________ 15. I can’t recall her name nor do I know where she lives.
________ 16. They waited and watched by the water hole for the lion to return.
________ 17. I just met the new student who went to Paris last year!
________ 18. Crocodiles usually live in remote places but greedy hunters find them.
77
________ 19. If they know this manufactures can reduce output when it is necessary.
________ 20. Richard Wagner wrote a cycle of newspapers they were well-received.
whether the sentence is simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex and add any
necessary punctuation
______ 1. People demand that crocodile skin be banned from being made into things.
______ 2. Crocodiles can be 25 feet and can sometimes weigh more than 2000 pounds.
______ 3. If prices drop too low, money may be lost and people may lose jobs.
______ 4. Consumers buy fewer goods when prices rise.
______ 5. If production increases prices may drop and people may buy more.
______ 6. You can see one of the platforms of the Aztec temples a church and offices.
______ 7. Cities were built when Aztecs filled in Lake Texcoco during the 14th century.
______ 8. Periodicals that inform and entertain make good reading.
______ 9. There is just one store in our town that sells magazines and periodicals.
______ 10. Several writers whom I admire contribute to excellent magazines.
______ 11. The store sponsors readings by contributors and sells magazines.
______ 12. Aztecs founded two different cities Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco.
______ 13. The Mexican government has preserved the ancient Aztec ruins for everyone.
______ 14. The Spanish constructed their own buildings and worshipped their own God.
______ 15. Though Tenochtitlan became a capital Tlatelolco gained it’s independence.
______ 16. Wherever I go I bring a magazine with me.
______ 17. The owner greeted me immediately and I’m just an ordinary shopper.
______ 18. As long as I have a book with me I’m happy.
78
______ 19. You might want to subscribe but you might not want to.
______ 20. Some don’t like to read and some simply cannot read enough!
79
Types of Sentences Review Worksheet #1
Directions: Underline main clauses once, subordinate clauses twice, and identify whether
the sentence is simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.
1. Many people wait on the bus.
2. Many people wait on the bus while the driver repairs it.
3. Alyssa and Tyler love to run and play.
4. Many people love to swing and dance.
5. People who love to play are usually very nice.
6. Shad loves to fish and Curt does too.
7. Mike plays the guitar, but Shad and Curt ski because it is what they love.
8. If you do not you you’re homework, you will most certainly fail.
9. I don’t care if you do it because it isn’t my business, but you’ll only hurt yourself.
10. Why don’t you imagine the possibilities of the experiment?
11. The comedians bravely acted on while the audience booed their efforts.
12. The review sessions the chemistry teacher provided made a big difference.
13. That old house looked spookier than a haunted house in a nightmare would look!
14. Whenever I go to that restaurant, I run into someone from the old days.
15. The teacher predicted how the chemicals might react.
16. I like swimming, but Kay likes to golf.
17. I want a slushy and some ice cream.
18. Grandpa bought me the telescope and Grandma bought the chemistry set.
19. The rest of the group arrived later.
20. You may take whichever puppy you want.
80
Directions: Write ten of each type of sentence in the spaces below. Underline each main
Simple:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Compound:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
81
9.
10.
Complex:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Compound-Complex:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
82
10.
Types of Sentences Performance Assessment
Directions: Demonstrate your ability to effectively use simple, compound, complex, and
compound-complex sentences by writing a four-paragraph essay addressing your biggest
pet peeve. Be sure to use each of the types of sentences at least five times. Highlight
compound sentences in yellow, complex sentences in pink, and compound-complex
sentences in blue. Underline five simple sentences.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
83
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
84
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
85
Phrases

A verb phrase consists of a main verb preceded by one or more helping verbs.
● The snow has been falling for three straight days.

A verbal phrase is a phrase based on one of the three types of verbals: gerund,
infinitive, or participle.

• A gerund phrase consists of a gerund and its modifiers. The whole phrase
functions as a noun. Gerund phrases always begin with –ing words.
● Spotting the tiny mouse was easy for the hawk. (It was easy for the hawk.)
● Dinner escaped by ducking under a rock. (Dinner escaped by it.)

• An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive and its modifiers. The whole phrase
functions as either a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Infinitive phrases always
being with “to” plus a verb.
● To shake every voter’s hand was the candidate’s goal.
● Your efforts to clean the chalkboard are appreciated.
● Please watch carefully to see the difference.

• A participle phrase consists of a past or present participle and it’s modifiers.
The whole phrase functions as an adjective. A participle phrase always begins
with a verb, but cannot be replaced with “it” or “someone.”
● Following his nose, the beagle took off like a jackrabbit.
● The raccoons, warned by the rustling, took cover.

• A prepositional phrase is a group of words beginning with a preposition and
ending with a noun or pronoun. Prepositional phrases are used mainly as
adjectives and adverbs.
● Zack won the wheelchair race in record time.
● Reach for that catnip ball behind the couch.

• An appositive phrase, which follows a noun or a pronoun and renames it,
consists of a noun and its modifiers. An appositive adds new information about
the noun or pronoun it follows.
● The Trans-Siberian Railroad, the world’s largest highway, stretches from
Moscow to Vladivostok.

86
Commonly Used Prepositions
aboard beside into through
about besides like throughout
above between near to
across beyond of toward
after but* off under
against by on underneath
along concerning onto until
amid despite opposite unto
among down out up
around during outside upon
as except over with
at excepting past within
before for pending within
behind from regarding without
below in respecting
beneath inside since
*meaning “except”
Compound Prepositions
according to because of next to

ahead of by means of on account of
along with in addition to on top of
apart from in front of out of
aside from in spite of owing to
as to instead of
87
Prepositional Phrases Worksheet #1
Directions: Underline the prepositional phrase in each of the following sentences.

Circle the preposition.
1. I voted against the idea.
2. The elevator is necessary for us.
3. The poet Nikki Giovanni was born in 1943.
4. The elevator goes to the cool, dark basement.
5. The elevator goes to the basement and the penthouse.
6. Take the elevator on the right.
7. Which of these elevators is working?
8. After the meeting you should take this elevator to the lobby.
9. The elevator is helpful to us.
10. We sometimes work late at night.
11. Great environmental art is alive on the Great Plains.
12. From an airplane the vast cultivated fields resemble monumental works of abstract
art.
13. The varied designs are the result of modern farming methods.
14. The plowed fields are basically rectangular or square in shape.
15. Farmers plow along the natural contours of the land.
16. Red, brown, and black patterns with a variety of textures result from the plowing.
17. Modern irrigation equipment pivots around a central water source.
18. This technique produces huge circular areas of bright green.
19. No one on the Great Plains has consciously planned these designs.
20. They are the bonus of an unplanned collaboration between the farmer and nature.
88
89

1. “Get Fuzzy” contains a character, Bucky Katt who is usually hiding in his closet.
2. Bucky Katt is in a feud with a ferret named Fungo Squiggly.
3. Bucky is usually friends with a dog, named Satchel.
4. Satchel is really nice to Bucky.
5. Bucky loves his little bear named Smacky and keeps him in a holster on his hip.
6. One time Bucky lost Smacky after he got kicked out of the sandbox in the park.
7. Satchel found Smacky by himself, but Bucky wouldn’t thank Satchel or apologize to
him.
8. Bucky is one of the funniest cartoon characters I have ever seen.
9. When questioned by Rob, the pets’ owner, Bucky usually responds with distain.
10. During freak-out sessions, Bucky runs wildly through the house.
11. Bucky has flattened ears and one fang that he almost lost to Fungo Squiggly.
12. Next to Bucky Katt, Fungo Squiggly is my next favorite character.
13. Because of his cantankerous nature, Fungo Squiggly would probably beat up Bucky
Katt.
14. In spite of the sweetness, Satchel is still very funny.
15. Since I love Bucky Katt, I like to have a comic book near me at all times.

16. I often look for Bucky Katt comics on the Internet.

17. Bucky Katt is the funniest cartoon character in existence.

18. I look for Get Fuzzy in the newspaper.

19. Every upset animal reminds me of Bucky Katt.

90
20. I think I need to buy "Get Fuzzy" books in bulk.

91

1. I will be aboard the airplane within an hour.
2. Since I am afraid of flying, I’m not excited about it.
3. I am afraid I will get sacred aboard the airplane.
4. I really don’t like flying above large bodies of water.
5. Before I flew to Taiwan, I had to be sedated.
6. I did not have fun during the trip.
7. Except for the movies, the flight was miserable.
8. I was also bothered when I had to sit between two annoying people.
9. I was so excited to get off that plane!
10. I didn’t know then how I would feel about the food.
11. During the trip I was introduced to interesting cuisine.
12. I found out that “squid on a stick” is not on my favorite food list.
13. I’m apparently not fond of fried duck either.
14. In spite of my pickiness, I did like the dumplings.
15. Respecting their culture, I had to learn how to eat with chopsticks.
16. The streets were really crowded in Taipei, and I didn’t like to be near that many
people.
17. I loved sitting by the pond in the morning and watching the goldfish.
18. I could not go onto the roof of the famous “101 building.”
19. I did have fun with my mother on that trip.
20. I would go across the ocean for her any day!
92
93

Directions: Underline the prepositional phrases.
1. Architects design buildings and other structures for their clients.
2. Architecture is considered a form of art.
3. It is one of the oldest of the fine arts.
4. More is known about the structures of ancient times than about the builders.
5. Before the invention of construction equipment, architects relied on huge labor forces.
6. Examples of early architecture include the Egyptian pyramids and tombs of stone.
7. Mesopotamians used clay bricks in ziggurats at Uruk.
8. Ancient Greeks built magnificent palaces and the huge complex of Knossos.
9. Greeks used masonry and decorated the walls of their structures.
10. Columns and beams were also among the Grecian trademarks.
11. Marble was widely used as a construction material during this classical period.
12. The Acropolis and the Parthenon are examples of the fine techniques of the Greeks.
13. The Romans later added their expertise to the Greek technology.
14. During the second century, Romans built structures made from concrete, terra cotta,
and bricks.
15. Architectural refinement by the Romans included the arch, the vault, and the dome.
16. Romans were also very interested in decorative value.
17. They made objects from many valuable materials.
18. The decorations varied in size and shape.
19. During the fifth century, many artisans developed alternate styles of decorating.
20. Time and weather have destroyed and altered many of the artifacts.
94
1. Aqueducts, the Coliseum, and the Pantheon are examples of Roman structures.
2. Gothic architecture originated in Northern Europe.
3. The use of buttresses, arches and vaults characterizes this style.
4. Gothic architecture is seen in many cathedrals in Paris.
5. Many of the traditions of the past are reflected in modern architecture.
6. American architect Frank Lloyd Wright was a key figure in modern architecture.
7. Wright produced designs for residences and commercial buildings.
8. His designs are known for their originality.
9. With a style based on natural forms, Wright’s work is unique.
10. Though he studied engineering for a time, Wright worked in a design department.
11. On the side Wright designed houses for clients of the firm.
12. The homes have low roofs and walls of windows.
13. Huge stone fireplaces are a central part of his home designs.
14. His commercial buildings have heavy walls with skylights for the primary light
source.
15. At Robie House in Chicago, Wright blended the architecture with the surrounding
landscape.
16. After 1893, Wright went out on his own.
17. He would become one of the most famous architects in the United States.
18. Taliesin West is a complex near Phoenix that became Wright’s home, workshop, and
school.
19. It is a series of structures with roofs of canvas and wood resting on walls of boulders.
95
20. The Guggenheim Museum in New York is another of Wright’s creations.
Directions: Underline each preposition and circle the object of the preposition.
1. In Kay County, Oklahoma, fifteen miles south of the Kansas line is where I live.
2. My house is about twelve miles northeast of Ponca City.
3. The house is on a hilltop.
4. In the distance the dammed and inundated valley of the Arkansas River looms.
5. It turns into a reservoir called Kaw Lake.
6. I am sitting in a maintenance shed.
7. I am talking with the grandson of a Kansa chief.
8. There is a broad shaft of sunlight sloping through the open door.
9. It warms us in the cool wind.
10. From time to time he removes his hat and strokes his hair.
11. His hands are big, darkened as if oxidized.
12. Except for the weathered-in networks of white, the fingernails are thick and broken.
13. In a paper sack is his lunch.
14. He does not eat because he forgets about food and the passing hours.
15. His words are soft with a slight rasp at the edges as if they were old, frayed cotton.
16. His pronunciation is that of the southwest hill country.
17. A few yards north of the shed stands the old Kaw council house.
18. South of it is the dance ground with a high view of the former reservation.
19. It is east, across the river.
20. I listen until the man grows silent and then walks away across the field.
96
97
1. At most lumberyards protection for the employee’s health is simply a matter of hard
hats, work gloves, and steel-toed shoes.
2. Lincoln Lumber Company in Minneapolis, Minnesota pays attention to its staff.
3. In 1979 the company set up a “wellness” program.
4. Cigarette and candy machines were banished from the company premises.
5. The firm provides low-fat, low-salt meals to its office staff.
6. The no-smoking signs in the yard and in the showroom are for health reasons.
7. These signs also restrict the use of tobacco to certain areas.
8. Sedentary office workers do a few minutes of exercises at their typewriters.
9. Voluntary exercise is recommended for workers in the yard.
10. Lincoln Lumber Company has received rebates from its insurance company.
11. During the storm the tree fell.
12. Each of the dancers won an award.
13. Lauren is extremely angry about the accident.
14. The young man in the blue sweatshirt is Luis.
15. Mail the letter to my mother.
16. Alfred will go back to the park later.
17. Who needs a ride to the airport?
18. They jogged from Utah to California.
19. I used to love to ride the boat through the waves.
20. The gardener’s secret was to water the lawn in the morning.
98
Infinitive Phrases Worksheet #1
Directions: Underline the infinitive phrase in each of the following sentences.
1. The mason used a level to determine whether the wall was straight.
2. The gardener’s secret was to mow the lawn in the late afternoon.
3. Use this code to send the message.
4. Lily went to see her best friend, Debbie.
5. The governor decided to run again.
6. Her goal, to fly a spaceship, is admirable.
7. If we pause to consider, we realize how important plants are to our wild.
8. Jamal is interested in plant structure and how plants are equipped to fight disease.
9. Kara’s interest seems to be the role of plants in the food chain.
10. She hopes to expand her knowledge of nutrition and agronomy.
11. Su Lin’s desire to enter the Service often takes her to the woods to indulge her
interest in wild plants.
12. She asked me to notice the difference in the growth patterns of trees.
13. Maple trees, to name one example, do not usually grow in mountainous areas.
14. Many pines tend to thrive in the mountains, for they are anchored by a tap root.
15. Willow trees may send roots several hundred feet to find water and will not flourish.
16. Ancient people knew that many plants growing in the United States are good to eat.
17. They were forced to depend on nature to supply their food.
18. William has a contract to write a book about edible wild plants.
20. One thing he wants to point out to his readers is the importance of learning to
identify properly any plant included in your diet.
99
Directions: Underline the infinitive phrase.
1. Two sure ways to tell the difference are that the stalks of Queen Anne’s lace are hairy
and the roots are certain to smell like carrots.
2. We searched the woods for the common morel that my mother loved to sauté in butter.
3. Queen Anne’s lace has also come to be known as wild carrot.
4. A mushroom that is convoluted instead of pitted is known to have a skirt on stem.
5. Some plants can be found when we go to the wild to find seeds to eat as cereal.
6. My cousin is able to serve fresh herbs because he grows them in a flower box.
7. His sister gathers herbs to send to a company that will use them to make medicines.
8. People have spent millions of dollars to destroy the dandelion.
9. Early colonists were eager to bring this little flowering plant to North America.
10. Dandelions, able to bloom for a long season, provided a good food source for the
honey bees that the colonists wanted to keep.
11. Native Americans came to see the dandelions as a healing herb.
12. The Mohicans used to make a tonic, and they used the roots to relieve heartburn.
13. My cousin uses the leaves to create gourmet salads, which are also quite nutritious.
14. I like to keep a variety of plants in my house.
15. Many plants tend to keep the air cleaner and the environment cleaner.
16. I use many of my plants to make medicines for minor illnesses.
17. Many ancient people used to use plants in their religious practices.
18. Some liked to steep the dried leaves of plants to use in medicinal teas.
19. Others preferred to mash the roots to make into a decoction.
100
20. Plants can be used to do many things.
Directions: Circle the infinitive or infinitive phrase in each sentence.
1. To delay the game would have angered the fans.
2 Gina helped me to solve my geometry problems.
3. The politician was ready to admit defeat.
4. The doctor gave me something to take for my stomachache.
5. Emilio was content to settle for the second-place award.
6. To build a new home will take a long time.
7. I am not ready to go to the park yet.
8. The teacher showed us how to diagram the sentence.
9. Jill wanted to march in the Thanksgiving Day parade.
10. Holly had a heavy backpack to carry.
11. Mr. Foltz encouraged us to try harder.
12. Some of the words on the test were hard to define.
13. To improve my tennis game, I began taking lessons.
14. Jamie began to develop symptoms of the flu.
15. Dad refined our diets to reduce the chance of heart disease.
16. Ben refused to watch the violent movie.
17. Allen was anxious to tell the story of the fire alarm at school.
18. The detective needed more evidence to prove his theory.
19. My aunt would like to run for office.
101
20. Rachel searched for a quarter to phone home.
Directions: Underline each infinitive and infinitive phrase.
1. It is large enough to carry as many as eight astronauts and over 50,000 pounds of
cargo.
2. The shuttle was designed to allow humans and equipment access to space on a regular
basis.
3. Within the first ten years of its flight history, the shuttle manages to fly over forty
missions.
4. The shuttle has many uses; it is often used to deploy satellites.
5. In a few cases the shuttle has been used to capture wandering spacecraft.
6. In a recovery mission in December of 1993, the shuttle Endeavor a nd its crew were
sent to repair the Hubble Space Telescope.
7. Instruments aboard the shuttle are able to collect data on a variety of phenomena.
8. Mission to Planet Earth is a program geared to observe the effects that humans have
on this planet.
9. A laboratory program called ATLAS has been created to study Earth’s upper
atmosphere and to collect data on the sun’s environment and energy output.
10. The UARS satellite, carried by shuttle to Earth’s orbit, was set up to examine the
levels of life-sustaining gases above Earth.
11. Some scientists believe that data from this satellite reveals that the ozone layer is
continuing to get thinner.
12. A variety of telescopic instruments use the shuttle as a platform from which to
observe the universe beyond Earth.
13. The Galileo probe, heading to Jupiter to observe the giant planet, was launched from
the shuttle Atlantis in 1989.
14. Ulysses, launched from Discovery i n 1990 and heading toward the sun, is
102
programmed to collect information on the sun’s poles starting in 1995.
15. Scientists think we will learn things about Earth and our environment that we cannot
begin to imagine today.
Directions: Underline each to functioning as an infinitive and circle each to

functioning as a preposition.
1. She is the only member of that organization to fly the space shuttle flights to Earth’s
orbit.
2. Jernigan has served as mission specialist on two shuttle flights, where she was able to
test physical conditioning in space.
3. She notes that while all athletes have a duty to keep in shape, there are different things
to deal with is space.
4. For example, few athletes ever have to adjust to micro gravity.
5. The human experiment in space has taught astronauts that they have to counteract
anti-gravity effects on the body by exercising while they are actually flying.
6. Jernigan uses the Russian space station to point out the necessity of conditioning, both
before and during flights.
7. She says the Russians exercise regularly because they do not want to get
de-conditioned to Earth’s gravitational forces.
8. Jernigan herself runs and tries to work out with a high school volleyball team, all in
addition to her work with the USVA.
9. She describes the exercise equipment that the astronauts are able to take into space.
10. The orometer is a bicycle-like device, and she discovered it was fine way to exercise.
11. I personally prefer reading to exercising.
12. I think that my sister is crazy since she likes to run, to jog, and to hike up very tall
and treacherous mountains!
13. I always have good intentions of exercising, but as soon as it gets too difficult, I’m
perfectly content to admit defeat.
103
14. Although I do not want to become overweight, strenuous exercise is something that I
do not find enjoyable.
15. I am anxious to go out and buy the next new model of treadmill, however!
104
Directions: Underline the infinitive or infinitive phrase in each of the following

sentences.
1. With her father in the military, Charlotte learned to adjust to new situations.
2. Rudy learned to ride a bike when he was very young.
3. Pedro refused to play by our rules.
4. Sharon’s understudy was prepared to take her place in the play.
5. To save time in the morning, Danny laid his clothes out each night.
6. Nicky hoped to learn French to study abroad.
7. Mother tried to limit the amount of fat in our meals.
8. Winter is the best time for some families to go on vacation.
9. Gabe’s dream is to become a lawyer.
10. Joel was eager to save money for a new stereo.
11. Dan always tries to remain calm in emergencies.
12. We decided to order pizza.
13. Several police officers were dispatched to control the traffic flow.
14. I was happy to help Dad wash the car.
15. To act on Broadway is Chip’s wish.
16. We walked several blocks until we found something to eat.
17. Sheila always tries to be prepared for class.
18. It was difficult to identify the type of bacteria under the microscope.
19. Kim was anxious to leave for the concert.
20. It was fun to learn stained glass technique.
105
Directions: Underline each infinitive or infinitive phase.
1. To cackle wickedly was the queen’s only response to their pleas.
2. The salmon have gone to find the open water.
3. Almost everyone needs to exercise regularly.
4. Our country’s founders had the vision to ensure the right of personal property.
5. Her performance was son moving that the audience wanted to applaud only her.
6. Because he was so late, he needed to dash to the shop before it closed.
7. The ability of the trees to bend in the wind kept them from breaking in the storm.
8. We were distressed to remember that we had left the keys to the house on the table.
9. To protect the population from morbid diseases was the reason a program for
complete immunization was implemented.
10. She taught us to use the software more quickly and efficiently.
11. I have not yet begun to fight.
12. To err is human.
13. Our love is here to stay.
14. The question is “to be or not to be.”
15. I want to hold your hand.
16. It is time to come home.
17. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field.
18. To spend one hour with you in our old rendezvous is my desire.
19. You’re lovely to look at.
20. The main thing is to use your mind well.
106
Directions: Create sentences that answer the questions using the infinitive phrases
in parentheses.
1. What was Gervasio’s great desire? (to perform deeds of courage)
________________________________________________________________________
2. What did he hope to do? (to battle the enemy)
________________________________________________________________________
3. What did these ambitions only manage to do? (to give him goose flesh)
________________________________________________________________________
4. What did Gervasio’s fervor make his classmates want to do? (to laugh at his zeal)
________________________________________________________________________
5. When rebels attacked, what was Gervasio’s plan? (to use his slingshot against them)
________________________________________________________________________
6. What did Gervasio have to do to become a hero in his own eyes? (to fight the battle)
________________________________________________________________________
7. What was Gervasio able to do because he was a hero? (to feel triumphant)
________________________________________________________________________
8. When civil war broke out, what did Gervasio volunteer to do? (to join the navy)
________________________________________________________________________
9. According to Damaso, what was the greatest honor? (to die for the cause)
________________________________________________________________________
10. What did a torpedo attack force Gervasio to do? (to confront paralyzing fear)
________________________________________________________________________
107
11. What would Gervasio be able to do if he was courageous? (to fulfill a goal)
________________________________________________________________________
12. What was Gervasio’s personal goal? (to prove to himself that he was brave)
________________________________________________________________________
13. What did his thought of bravery continue to do? (to show him he was afraid)
________________________________________________________________________
14. What did Gervasio’s classmates continue to do? (to ridicule his enthusiasm)
________________________________________________________________________
15. When he used his slingshot, what was his hope? (to have accurate aim)
________________________________________________________________________
16. What did Gervasio have to do to gain self-respect? (to fight bravely)
________________________________________________________________________
17. As a hero, what would Gervasio have to do? (to take on more responsibility)
________________________________________________________________________
18. What did Gervasio want to do during the civil war? (to become sailors)
________________________________________________________________________
19. What was necessary to fighting for the cause? (to sacrifice oneself for one’s beliefs)
________________________________________________________________________
20. What would Gervasio be able to do by engaging in armed conflict? (to meet his fear)
________________________________________________________________________
108
Appositive Phrases Worksheet #1
Directions: Underline the appositive or the appositive phrase. Circle the noun or
pronoun that is modified or expanded.
1. The teacher assigned a final project, a term paper.
2. Moussaka, a Greek dish, is my favorite food.
3. Every Friday after school we meet at the same place, the restaurant on the corner.
4. The test, a mixture of essay and multiple-choice questions, was easy.
5. Cairo, the capital of Egypt, has a hot dry climate.
6. Janet’s uncle Jake is a teacher at the middle school.
7. That book, a mystery novel, is suspenseful.
8. Edison’s experiments led to an important discovery, the electric-light power station.
9. Samuel de Champlain, a French explorer was the founder of Quebec.
10. The poet Robert Browning had an innovative style.
11. My cousin Tim came to watch me in the play.
12. Mr. Dixon, the new mayor, has been a politician for many years.
13. Daniel, our relief pitcher, finished the game.
14. Sarah is from Springfield, the capital of Illinois.
15. Mr. Ortega, our soccer coach, encourages us in our academic work.
16. Our favorite spot is Camp Lightfoot, a peaceful retreat.
17. Pegasus, a winged horse, is a mythical creature.
18. Lake Ontario, the smallest of the five Great Lakes, borders Canada and New York.
19. The boy over there is Luis, the fullback of the team.
20. Your breakfast, eggs and bacon, was easy to make.
109
Directions: Underline the appositive or appositive phrase. Circle the noun or

pronoun that is modified or expanded.
1. Venus, the second planet from the sun, resembles Earth.
2. Some people prefer soft pretzels, large pretzels that are warmed, to ordinary pretzels.
3. My sister Pam marches in the band.
4. The rattlesnake, one of the most poisonous types of snake, is feared by many people.
5. My favorite comedians, Abbot and Costello, are in that movie.
6. The winner, the first runner to cross the finish line, will win a trophy.
7. My best friend Roberto is the treasurer of the Drama Club.
8. Asthma, a disease of the respiratory system, is sometimes controllable with medicine.
9. The new boy in school, Derek Peterson, is from Montana.
10. My father, a former trumpet player, encouraged me to take lessons.
11. The chorus, a group made up of choir members, will perform tonight.
12. Beowulf, our assignment for English class, is about a hero of the middle ages.
13. That recliner, a lumpy old chair, is my uncle’s favorite.
14. Our house, the two-story on the corner, is more than one hundred years old.
15. Her intelligence, a powerful asset, led her to a career in medicine.
16. Cindy and I always order the same dinner, a burrito and refried beans.
17. My neighbor Diane gives me a ride to school every morning.
18. In chemistry we worked on a chemical solution, a combination of two acids.
19. Only Mother, a very patient person, can tolerate Tommy’s tantrums.
20. Davy Crockett, an American folk hero, was a pioneer who became a U.S.
representative.
110
111
Directions: Underline the appositive phrases. Some sentences do not contain an

appositive phrase. Circle the noun or pronoun that is modified or expanded.
1. The plane arrived on time at Mexico City, our final destination.
2. The huge animal, a black bear, lumbered toward my car.
3. Moe, one of the Three Stooges, was often hilarious.
4. My uncle was born in 1945, the year that World War II ended.
5. The Color Purple, which tells the story of Celie, was written by Alice Walker.
6. While driving to work, Rachel saw an abandoned vehicle, a convertible with a flat tire.
7. The tulip, one kind of lily, has lance-shaped leaves and a bell-shaped flower.
8. Today I received a bill from my dentist, who drives a convertible.
9. Gary called his boss, Ms. Lopez, to say he would be late.
10. The opposing team, the Pirates, managed to beat us in overtime.
11. The lemur, a relative of the monkey, has large eyes and a long tail.
12. Prairie dogs, small burrowing rodents, live in large colonies.
13. Ursa Minor, the Little Bear or Little Dipper, contains the North Star, Polaris.
14. One city named for an American president in Lincoln, the capital of Nebraska.
15. The slide rule, an instrument for calculations, has been virtually replaced.
16. In hieroglyphics, an ancient form of script, symbols represent words and syllables.
17. The symbol of the medical profession is the caduceus, Mercury's staff of two
serpents.
18. In a double-blind experiment, a common type of research, researchers do not know

the identity of subjects.
19. Phaethon, the Greek sun god's son, tried to drive his father's chariot across the sky.
112
20. My friend Jonelle rode a brindle horse, one with a gray coat with darker streaks.
Directions: Underline the appositive or appositive phrases in each of the following

sentences. Circle the noun or pronoun that is modified or expanded.

1. Sandra Day O’Connor, the first female justice on the United States Supreme Court,
was appointed by President Regan.

2. A familiar figure on the evening news was Connie Chung, a Chinese American.

3. The Native American Maria Tallchief became a highly accomplished ballerina.

4. Ntozake Shange, an African American professor, wrote a wonderful novel.

5. The U.S. representative to the U.N. from 1981-1985 was Kirkpatrick, a teacher.

6. The anthropologist Margaret Meade made her reputation by studying the South.

7. Anna Moses, a farm wife untrained in art, became the painter Grandma Moses.

8. The tennis player Althea Gibson won a national tournament.

9. Chita Rivera, an American actress, has starred in many movies and musicals.

10. Pearl Buck, who received a Nobel Prize in literature, is know for her novel.

11. 1945 to 1951, the Post-World War II era, were significant in the growth of theater.

12. Some of the most respected plays of O’Neill, Williams, and Miller, American theater
giants, opened on the Broadway stage.

13. During this time span, Miller had a major success, Death of a Salesman..

14. The themes of Miller’s plays issues of responsibility appealed strongly to the public.

15. The Eugene O’Neill play, The Iceman Cometh, opened with great critical acclaim.

16. Williams, a most prolific and poetic writer, contributed The Glass Menagerie.

17. These playwrights were joined by a newcomer, McCullers, author of The Member.

18. The legendary actors Brando, Harrison, and Tandy also appeared on Broadway.

19. In these years, a happier time, the musical theater flourished.
113

20. This time, a brief half-dozen years, reflected grown in the American theater.

Directions: Underline the appositive or appositive phrases in each of the following
sentences. Circle the noun or pronoun that is modified or expanded.
1. “Her Royal Deepness,” Dr. Sylvia Earle, an intrepid adventurer and an eminent
scientist, was appointed in 1990 to head the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, a branch of the Department of Commerce.
2. Dr. Earle, the first woman head of NOAA, has published two books and more than
seventy articles on environmental subjects.
3. The first explorer of the ocean 1,250 feet underwater without a tether to the surface,
she has set many records for deep-sea dives.
4. One of three children, Dr. Earle was raised in New Jersey on a farm with many
animals.
5. Then her family moved to Dunedin, a small town in Florida.
6. There the teenager, an excellent student, studied hard and examined the plants and
animals in the warm waters of the nearby Gulf of Mexico.
7. In the sixties, Earle, then a graduate student at Duke University, was one of the first
users of the new invention, scuba equipment.
8. Dr. Earle’s first expedition, a major one, was to the India Ocean with the National
Science Foundation.
9. Since then, Dr. Earle, a veteran of nearly six thousand hours underwater, has taken
many more research trips to remote spots in all of the world’s oceans.
10. According to Dr. Earle, human beings, people like you and me, are destroying the
ecosystem and are its only possible saviors.
11. People need to help save the oceans of the planet, the last refuge of many species of
animals.
12. Marine mammals, species of whales and dolphins, are dying in increasing numbers.
13. The blue whale, a plant-feeder, is often poisoned by poor water conditions.
14. Seals and otters, marine mammals, are also affected when land conditions are poor.
114
15. Oceans may be saved by organizations like Green Peace, a group that saves the
environment.
Directions: Write original sentences using the prompts given below.
1. Use a new office building as an appositive phrase.
________________________________________________________________________
2. Add an appositive to the first president of the United States.
________________________________________________________________________
3. Use a local newspaper as a nonessential appositive phrase.
________________________________________________________________________
4. Add an essential appositive phrase to my friends.
________________________________________________________________________
5. Add a small, congenial man as the appositive to the object of a preposition.
________________________________________________________________________
6. Add an appositive to my favorite teacher.
________________________________________________________________________
7. Add my sister as an appositive phrase.
________________________________________________________________________
8. Add the school building a s a nonessential appositive phrase.
________________________________________________________________________
9. Add an appositive phrase to the swim team.
________________________________________________________________________
10. Use my new puppy as an appositive phrase.
115
________________________________________________________________________
116
Directions: Create sentences using the appositives or appositive phrases listed

below. Be sure to use commas where necessary.
1. a strong runner
________________________________________________________________________
2. a poet
________________________________________________________________________
3. the surgeon
________________________________________________________________________
4. Stephen Spielberg
________________________________________________________________________
5. Sylvia
________________________________________________________________________
6. my favorite movie
________________________________________________________________________
7. a sophomore
________________________________________________________________________
8. a respected author
________________________________________________________________________
9. my dog
________________________________________________________________________
10. Meg Ryan
________________________________________________________________________
117
Directions: Expand each of the following sentences by adding an appositive or an

appositive phrase to each one. Be sure to use commas where necessary.
1. My sister’s dog is a champion.
________________________________________________________________________
2. My grandfather is my idol.
________________________________________________________________________
3. For my birthday my cousin gave me a compact disc.
________________________________________________________________________
4. Sasha’s friends look almost like twins.
________________________________________________________________________
5. On Sundays we always have the same dessert.
________________________________________________________________________
6. The film is my favorite.
________________________________________________________________________
7. My brother volunteered to read to Elizabeth.
________________________________________________________________________
8. Mary preferred to take the old road.
________________________________________________________________________
9. My favorite singer is going on tour this month.
________________________________________________________________________
10. Mike will help Mrs. Scott shovel her sidewalk.
________________________________________________________________________
118
119
Gerund Phrases Worksheet #1
Directions: If the underlined –ing word or phrase acts as a noun, rewrite the
sentence replacing the –ing word or phrase with “it.”
1. The sharks circling around us are dangerous.
________________________________________________________________________
2. Skiing down the slope, Paul wondered whether he knew how to stop.
________________________________________________________________________
3. Visiting the moon is a dream of mine.
________________________________________________________________________
4. Tanya thought about reading a mystery story.
________________________________________________________________________
5. Sara will begin keeping a journal.
________________________________________________________________________
6. The students, writing quickly, tried to finish the exercise on time.
________________________________________________________________________
7. Jeff thought about arriving on time for once.
________________________________________________________________________
8. Do you know much about biking in the wilderness?
________________________________________________________________________
9. The mouse running across the floor will escape.
________________________________________________________________________
10. I dislike moving to a new city.
________________________________________________________________________
120
11. My favorite chore is doing the dishes.
________________________________________________________________________
12. The pilot controlling the plane circled the airport.
________________________________________________________________________
13. Parking is no problem if you drive a small car.
________________________________________________________________________
14. Do you enjoy writing letters?
________________________________________________________________________
15. Did you see the puppy running toward you?
________________________________________________________________________
16. The tail of the sleeping coyote twitched nervously.
________________________________________________________________________
17. Hunting for antiques takes a great deal of time.
________________________________________________________________________
18. Fill the pot with enough water for cooking macaroni.
________________________________________________________________________
19. I saw John singing into a microphone.
________________________________________________________________________
20. Most young children relish playing in a sandbox.
________________________________________________________________________
121
Directions: Underline each gerund or gerund phrase.
1. I love walking in the moonlight and looking for nocturnal animals.
2. Rushing for the bus caused me to fall and scrape my knee.
3. Our class is committed to recycling, as well as to reducing the amount of package

waste.
4. My sister’s whining is her least appealing trait.
5. Shoving people aside, the thief leapt over the counter and fled the scene.
6. Chad’s best track events are broad jumping and sprinting.
7. We all hate cleaning our rooms, but no one seems to be giving us any choice.
8. Do we get any credit for guessing?
9. Eating the dog’s food is our cat’s favorite activity.
10. Almost totaling the car last week really frightened my brother.
11. Returning to the campsite, the campers saw bear tracks.
12. I love waking up to the singing of the birds and the rising of the sun.
13. Bringing in the hay and storing it in the barn was exhausting work.
14. Hovering over the mouse, the hawk plunged to Earth.
15. Painting the garage every summer is Gary’s way to relieve stress.
16. We debated driving, but because of the distance decided on flying.
17. Skating is my favorite sport.
18. Running in marathons is my mother’s constant passion.
19. Standing in the rain, we wished we had brought umbrellas.
20. Her success is due to quality training.
122
123
Directions: Underline the gerunds or gerund phrases in each sentence.
1. Logging is the process of harvesting trees and delivering them to manufacturing

facilities.
2. Writing papers for English is something Jay enjoys.
3. Charlie complained of hearing noises outside.
4. My sister and I helped Mom with her fall planting.
5. Doctors are constantly finding new cures for diseases.
6. Flying is our first choice of vacation transportation.
7. I told Laura that she should consider acting as a career.
8. Mrs. Baker’s unique teaching made her class popular.
9. Being in enclosed places makes Tonya nervous.
10. My brother plans on returning home after a year in Spain.
11. Dividing the chores made life easier at our house.
12. After waiting for an hour, we gave up and went home.
13. Coloring is a popular activity with most children.
14. We enjoyed seeing videotapes of our childhood.
15. Carmen would like to try skydiving.
16. Practicing constantly helped Mike with his basketball layups.
17. Singing the fight song is a tradition before each football game.
18. Jessica’s snoring keeps everyone awake.
19. Did Lena give a reason for refusing to go to class?
20. My sister studies toward a degree in accounting.
124
Directions: In the spaces below list the gerunds and gerund phrases that appear in
the following sentences.
1. Surviving is a challenge for the Yanomamo, a Stone Age people from the Amazon
Basin of South America.
2. For centuries the Yanomamo have lived by raising crops, gathering fruits and nuts,
and hunting.
3. The social activities of the Yanomamo include celebrating feasts and exchanging gifts
with people in nearby villages.
4. Living in remote jungle areas has prevented the Yanomamo from having contact with
modern civilization.
5. The Yanomamo have found no way of protecting themselves from the outside world.
6. Brazilians who practice mining and ranching have begun to intrude on the ancestral
lands of the Yanomamo.
7. Contact with outsiders has endangered the Yanomamo by exposing them to diseases.
8. Contracting unfamiliar illnesses is becoming all too common among the Yanomamo.
9. Coping with culture shock is another challenge for them.
10. Nowadays seeing an airplane or a motorboat is no longer cause for wonderment.
1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________________
7. _____________________________________________________________________
8. _____________________________________________________________________
9. _____________________________________________________________________
125
10. ____________________________________________________________________
126
Part A: Underline the infinitive or infinitive phrase in each sentence.
1. Most people know that in moments a computer can solve problems that a human
would take years to solve.
2. Indeed, to make certain mathematical computations was impossible before the

development of computers.
3. However, people often do not realize that there area many mental tasks a computer
can’t begin to do.
4. In fact, some things that a child can do quickly would take the fastest computer
several days to complete.
5. To understand the difference between human thought and computer “thinking,” one
must understand algorithms.
6. An algorithm is, quite simply, a method used to solve a problem.
7. To work on a problem, a computer always needs a method; it can’t accomplish

anything without one.
8. Humans, however thy to work things out by using trial and error.
9. Thee way this trial and error process works to narrow options quickly is one of the
mysterious aspects of human intelligence.
10. A computer might need to try millions of solutions to a problem that a human brain
could solve after a dozen trials.
Part B: Underline the infinitives or infinitive phrases in each of the following

quotations. Then write noun, adjective, or adverb i n the space provided to show how
each infinitive or infinitive phrase is used.
__________________ 1. As a species, we have everything in the world to learn about

living.
__________________ 2. To err is human, to forgive divine.
__________________ 3. Oh! They’re too beautiful to live, much too beautiful.
__________________ 4. To have great poets, there must be great audiences, too.
127
__________________ 5. To endure is greater than to dare; to tire out hostile fortune; to
be daunted by no difficulty; to keep heart when all have lost it;
to go through intrigue spotless; to forgo even ambition when the
end is gained—who can say this is not greatness?
__________________ 6. The truth is found when men are free to pursue it.
__________________ 7. A story with a moral appended is like the bill of a mosquito. It

bores you, and then injects a stinging drop to irritate your
conscience.
__________________ 8. Let sleeping dogs lie—who wants to rouse them.
__________________ 9. To be, or not to be: that is the question.
__________________ 10. Fortunately, [psychoanalysis] is not the only way to resolve

inner conflicts. Life itself remains a very effective therapist.
Part C: Underline the gerund or gerund phrase in the following sentences.
1. Retelling the legend of Billy the Kid is a favorite occupation for writers of stories,
novels, and films.
2. Behind all the killing, everyone seems to believe, there must surely be a human drama
of pathos and dignity.
3. As a result, most writing about the events of his life has been highly romanticized.
4. Born William Henry McCarthy in Manhattan, Billy began living a life of crime at the
age of twelve.
5. He fell in with a gang of troublemakers whose major activities in the Southwest were
shooting and cattle rustling.
6. It wasn’t long before killing became a habit with Billy.
7. He was credited with shooting more than twenty men.
8. Remarkably, people back East in the cities loved reading about the small man with the
fast gun.
9. Portraying Billy as the “Robin Hood” of the frontier became common with
128
dime-novel authors of the day.
10. By covering his exploits with glamour, writers turned the story of a vicious murderer
into a Wild West legend.
Part D: Underline the prepositional phrases and identify it as an adjective phrase

or an adverb phrase in the blank next to each of the sentences below.
__________________ 1. Three years ago, the Kearny dump, whit its ten tons of garbage,
was closed to landfill use.
__________________ 2. The 110-foot mound of New Jersey garbage now plays host to
grasshoppers, field mice, and other insects and small rodents.
__________________ 3. Soon, those fifty-seven acres of garbage in the Hackensack

Meadowlands will become a work of art.
__________________ 4. Artist Nancy Holt and a team of landscape architects will

supervise this unusual transformation of a common landfill into
Sky Mound.
__________________ 5. The result of their work will be a modern version of

Stonehenge.
__________________ 6. Huge steel structures will align with the sun, moon, and stars as
a frame for solstices and equinoxes.
__________________ 7. Features of Sky Mound will include grassy knolls, gravel

paths, and a pond stocked with fish.
__________________ 8. In one year, over 100 million commuters will get a good view
of Sky Mound from highways and commuter trains.
__________________ 9. Development of the site into a wildlife refuge and a methane-

recovery system is a by-product of the Sky Mound project.
__________________ 10. Before long, raccoons, cottontail rabbits, grasshoppers, and

field mice will be breeding in the wildlife refuge.
129
Directions: Identify whether the underlined phrase is a prepositional, infinitive, or

gerund phrase.
____________ 1. With her father in the military, Charlotte learned to adjust to new
situations.
____________ 2. The ancients had no way of knowing the weather ahead of time.
____________ 3. To go the store is a wonderful experience.
____________ 4. Zack is good at conveying information.
____________ 5. The actors in the play were busy with learning their lines.
____________ 6. I looked above the stove and found my paper.
____________ 7. She had to sell her bicycle.
____________ 8. Mother tried to limit the amount of fat in our diets.
____________ 9. Gaining the trust of his friends is important to Len.
____________ 10. Meagan took pride in designing the homecoming float.
____________ 11. Nicky hoped to learn French and to study abroad.
____________ 12. The bear went over the mountain.
____________ 13. The deer looked across the highway before crossing it.
____________ 14. The little girl was good at getting her way.
____________ 15. I need to buy milk while I am at the store.
____________ 16. To save time in the mornings, Nick laid his clothes out each night.
____________ 17. Winter can be a nice time to go on vacation.
____________ 18. I wanted to go with my mother on vacation.
____________ 19. In some areas it is not easy to find a job.
____________ 20. Olivia devotes her time to helping others.
130
131
Directions: Underline the gerunds and gerund phrases in the following sentences.
Above each write whether it functions as a subject (S), direct object (DO), indirect
object (IO), object of a preposition (OP), or predicate nominative (PN).
1. Frederick Douglass considered abolishing slavery the primary goal of his life.
2. Because he was a great orator, audiences enjoyed his speaking.
3. Lecturing about his own experiences helped Douglass convince many people that
slavery was wrong.
4. One of the most dangerous things Douglass did in his fight against slavery was
publishing his autobiography in 1845.
5. Knowing that his autobiography would identify him as a runaway slave prompted
Douglass to move to England.
6. After buying his freedom, Douglass returned to the United States in 1847.
7. Throughout his adult life, Douglass gave writing and speaking against slavery and
segregation a great deal of his time and energy.
8. During the Civil War, Douglass participated in recruiting African Americans for the
Union Army.
9. Discussing the problems of slavery with Abraham Lincoln helped the abolitionist
cause.
10. Douglass served as Recorder of Deeds in Washington, D.C., and as United States
Minister to Haiti before dying in 1895.
11. Marrying a European American woman was only one of the things Douglass did that
surprised those who knew him.
12. He enjoyed traveling to Europe and learning about other cultures and people.
13. He also cared about working for women’s rights in the form of suffrage.
14. His wife had several children with Douglass before dying.
15. Douglass was instrumental in ending slavery and freeing his fellow
African-American people.
132
133
Directions: Directions: Underline the gerunds and gerund phrases in the following
sentences. Above each write whether it functions as a subject (S), direct object
(DO), indirect object (IO), object of a preposition (OP), or predicate nominative
(PN).
1. At the age of five, Pam began learning French.
2. My little brother’s latest skill is counting to ten.
3. Training long hours is not unusual for an athlete.
4. Wilma kept changing her mind about the color for the walls.
5. Working for the mayor’s re-election has been a learning experience.
6. Mom appreciated our working so hard.
7. The guard prevented us from entering the house.
8. The hardest part was choosing a good topic.
9. We still have hope of finding the buried treasure.
10. Marci became a superb pianist by practicing hard.
11. Helping us out made the job easier.
12. The team celebrated winning the championship.
13. The audience applauded signing of the duet.
14. Crying so long became annoying.
15. Rising so early surprised my roommates.
16. Becoming a dentist was a goal for many years.
17. Decorating the gym was a bad idea.
18. We were amaze at his diving off the high board.
19. The guests impatiently awaited carving the turkey.
134
20. Buying the same outfit is a strange coincidence.
135
Participle Phrases Worksheet #1
Directions: Underline the participle phrase in each of the sentences below. Then
circle the word that is modified.
1. Having concluded my speech, I stepped away from the podium.
2. Dressed as a pirate, my little brother had a cardboard sword.
3. The runners, tired from the race, rest on a nearby bench.
4. Having received her letter, I wrote back right away.
5. Searching the room for my jacket, I found my hat instead.
6. Tracked by the hunters, the deer ran swiftly.
7. Those arriving after the bell will be marked tardy.
8. The city’s authorities felt a growing concern about the high crime rate.
9. Everyone came to the pep rally wearing the school colors.
10. That juice, derived from the leaves of the aloe plant, is used to treat burns.
11. Disturbed by the lack of cooperation, the coach dismissed us early.
12. Rescued by the firefighters, the kitten was shaking.
13. Promising he’d be home on time, Jeff left for the movies.
14. The insects, attracted by the food, ruined our picnic.
15. Yelling from across the field, Russ reminded us to bring our uniforms.
16. The tin can uncovered by my metal detector was worthless.
17. We chose the line by the field house as our starting point.
18. Covered with ice and snow, the car would not start.
19. Ty was confused by the note lying on the counter.
20. The dripping faucet got on everyone’s nerves.
136
Directions: Underline each of the participle phrases and circle the word that is
modified.
1. Yelling with all our might, we sat in the cheering section.
2. Did anyone ever tell you that you have a winning smile?
3. Feeling like a fool, I appeared from behind the curtain in a checkered costume.
4. Blushing, Estella accepted the praise of her cycling buddies.
5. What should we do with this picked fruit?
6. The leaning buildings were knocked down by the wrecking ball.
7. Breathing hard, the runners crossed the finish line.
8. The dog, caught between the two fierce cats, fled the yard.
9. Badly injured, the accident victims were helicoptered to the trauma center.
10. Holding our breaths, we watched the scene of the hero being stalked by the villain.
11. The crumpled shipment of dishes contained many cracked items.
12. Tires screaming, the racing car rounded the track.
13. The photographer shooting the wedding focused several pictures on the parents.
14. The speaker at the museum was a respected environmentalist.
15. My typing rate changed drastically due to my broken wrist.
16. Hoping for the best, we opened the basement door after the raging flood.
17. The team has finally broken its losing streak!
18. Don’t forget your backpack lying behind the sofa.
19. Clutching her mother’s hand, the child skated slowly over the frozen rink.
20. Slashing the vegetation ahead, the explorers ploughed through the jungle.
137
138
Directions: Underline the participle or participial phrase in each sentence below.

Then circle the noun or pronoun the participle or participial phrase modifies. Add
commas if necessary.
1. Safety in the workplace is usually associated with industry, but the painting profession
carries its share of occupational hazards.
2. Lead and other compounds used in paints have long posed a threat to the working
artist.
3. For example, having studied the life of Francisco de Goya carefully, experts have
concluded that he suffered from illnesses related to his work.
4. Striking suddenly and leaving him partially blind and deaf, Goya’s illness was a
mystery at the time.
5. The ailing painter was forced to stop work for two years.
6. Reduced exposure to paints alleviated the symptoms.
7. Studies of Goya’s working habits indicate that he used enormous amounts of lead
white and a mercury compound.
8. In addition, the grinding process he used to produce his own pigments added to the
toxic lead levels.
9. Looking at the evidence in the light of today’s medical knowledge, historians of both
art and medicine believe that Goya suffered extensive nerve damage from his work
materials.
10. They also believe that this damage was a major factor in the changing mood and
character of his painting.
11. Moving into other areas of human life, it later became a form of recreation.
12. The magnificent spectacle resulting from this royal request lasted for six hours.
13. Lacking a stage, the performers danced in a great hall, surrounded by their audience.
14. I saw them fluttering around.
15. Laughing heartily, the man picked up the child and swung him around.
139
Directions: Write a sentence for each of the participle phrases below. Be sure the
participle phrase is being used to modify a noun or a pronoun.
1. impressed
2. soaring
3. waiting
4. had been elected
5. answering
6. struggling
7. had looked
8. has spoken
9. had gone
10. has been baked
11. handwritten
12. driving
13. blooming
14. used
15. charging with all his might
16. sporting the number 12
17. playing for the home team
18. has studied
19. have investigated
20. having concluded
140
Directions: Use each of the following phrases in a sentence. Be sure to use the
phrase as a participle and not as part of a verb phrase.
1. painting in the midday heat-
________________________________________________________________________
2. whining and whimpering with pain-
________________________________________________________________________
3. frozen in his tracks-
________________________________________________________________________
4. carrying him home on my shoulders-
_______________________________________________________________________
5. broken in two pieces-
________________________________________________________________________
6. reaching our front porch-
________________________________________________________________________
7. yelling for someone’s help-
________________________________________________________________________
8. hearing my call-
________________________________________________________________________
9. sprawled helplessly on the porch floor-
________________________________________________________________________
10. gathering up the dog in her arms-
141
11. grabbing two soft blankets-
________________________________________________________________________
12. comforted by our tender care-
________________________________________________________________________
13. arriving at the veterinarian’s office-
________________________________________________________________________
14. known for his skill with animals-
________________________________________________________________________
15. wagging his tail with glee-
________________________________________________________________________
16. walking in the moonlight-
________________________________________________________________________
17. totaling the car-
________________________________________________________________________
18. bringing in the groceries-
________________________________________________________________________
19. painting the house-
________________________________________________________________________
20. giving me detention-
________________________________________________________________________
142
Directions: Underline each participle, participial phrase, or verb phrase. Write adj.
if it functions as an adjective or V if it functions as a verb.
___________ 1. We collected used clothing for the local American Red Cross drive.
___________ 2. She said the concert had impressed her.
___________ 3. My aunt had gone before I arrived at my mother’s house.
___________ 4. An embarrassed Mrs. Gonzel apologized for the intrusion.
___________ 5. Her new coat was made of dyed wool.
___________ 6. The waiting room in the doctor’s office was full of sick people.
___________ 7. The attorney had been elected to the town council.
___________ 8. My answering machine does not record long messages.
___________ 9. He has spoken to exceptionally large groups on the subject of

environmental protection.
___________ 10. I had looked everywhere for my baseball glove.
___________ 11. The struggling artist cheerfully sold her painting.
___________ 12. The advertised price is higher than my limit.
___________ 13. Mr. Munson has studied the stock market for several years.
___________ 14. The written word is a powerful tool.
___________ 15. At your request, I have investigated possible locations for our party.
___________ 16. I don’t know where I could have caught a cold.
___________ 17. I didn’t receive your letter.
___________ 18. The recorded song is better than the other one.
___________ 19. Mr. Mayor had studied biology for years.
___________ 20. They advertised the price of gasoline.
143
144
Directions: Underline the participle or participle phrase that acts as an adjective in

each of the following sentences. Then circle the word or words each one modifies.
1. Americans looking for more variety often adopt the fashions of other countries.
2. The demand for goods imported from other lands is often great.
3. Chinese textile mills export silk decorated by hand.
4. A wool scarf woven in Ecuador is warm and colorful.
5. Brides prize lace veils made by French nuns.
6. Fine cotton fabrics used for men’s shirts come from Egypt.
7. Batik cloths made in Malaysia make beautiful warm-weather dresses, shirts, and
shawls.
8. Freshwater pearls imported from Japan are used for necklaces and earrings.
9. Eastern European garnets glittering in gold rings are prized by American men and
women.
10. India exports gold hoops for pierced ears.
11. Embroidered blouses from Mexico contain intricate floral designs.
12. Leather processed in Italy is used in elegant shoes and purses.
13. Aquamarines and topaz mined in Brazil make beautiful jewelry.
14. Sweaters crafted by Irish workers are heavy and durable.
15. Shoppers can find interesting fashions from just about anywhere in the world.
16. Looking around we saw many friends.
17. The winding road led to a large house on a hill.
18. Knowing the answer, I raised my hand.
19. Alonzo’s shaking hands gave away the fact that he was nervous.
145
20. Guided by a strong sense of direction, I found my way out of the forest.
21. The locked cage contained a Bengal tiger.
22. Playing major league hockey, Rafael fulfilled his dream.
23. We see Jenny racing to the curb for the mail every day.
24. Having discussed the matter at length, my father took the job out of state.
25. Paying attention, I heard a lovely ringing in the distant bell tower.
26. Disappointed by the loss, the fans quietly left the stadium.
27. We saw Junko courteously tanking everyone.
28. I listened to the willow’s sad, creaking branches.
29. Finding the assignments difficult, Isabelle sought help from a tutor.
30. During the performance everyone could probably hear my pounding heart.
31. Having done my homework, I left for hockey practice.
32. Valerie finds her after-school job challenging.
33. The winning steer at the fair came from Springfield.
34. The sad film left many moviegoers sobbing gently.
35. Startled by the noise, we jumped from our chairs.
36. Protected by his seat belt, Sean walked away from the accident.
37. Listening to the music, Janie swayed gently.
38. The teacher conducting the lesson listened to the students’ answers.
39. The feet of the sleeping dog twitched as he dreamt.
40. Environmentalists are experimenting with controlled fires all across North America.
146
Directions: Underline the participles or participle phrases.
1. Environmentalists are beginning to use processed products to fight fires.
2. Changing attitudes toward these fires are leading to renewed practice of an old skill.
3. Native Americans living throughout the continent once used regulated fires to control
their environment.
4. They set fires in the early spring, when frozen soil could protect the root systems
buried underground.
5. Spring fires promote early growth of grasses on flourishing prairies, and they also
enrich the soil.
6. Recently burnt grasslands were especially attractive to buffalo, moose, and elk
searching for tender plants and grasses.
7. Pioneers looking for homesteads built their cabins on prairies already cleared by
Native Americans.
8. Fires set systematically in the spring also reduce the risk of damaging natural fires in
the summer.
9. Realizing what starts fires is important in learning how to control them effectively
with as few side effects as possible.
10. Finding the task difficult, firefighters often realize that they must take additional
measures to ensure the safety of all present.
11. Charred remains must be searched quickly and efficiently.
12. Rescue workers searching for survivors often become tired and hungry.
13. They are always in danger of spreading winds.
14. They drive themselves to perfection, producing results that save both lives and
property.
15. They are the ones often called heroes by the rest of us.
147
148
Phrases Review Worksheet #1
Directions: Write ten of each type of sentence in the spaces below. Underline each main
Simple:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Compound:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
149
8.
9.
10.
Complex:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Compound-Complex:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
150
9.
10.
Types of Sentences Performance Assessment
Directions: Demonstrate your ability to effectively use simple, compound, complex, and
compound-complex sentences by writing a four-paragraph essay addressing your biggest
pet peeve. Be sure to use each of the types of sentences at least five times. Underline
and label five of each of the four types of sentences.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
151
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
152
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
153
Part A: Add a prepositional phrase to each of the following sentences.
1. Atlas was walking home
2. He wore gray overalls and a dirty red kerchief
3. Soot had blackened his face
4. It was seven o’clock
5. The streets were empty
6. Atlas’s fatigue was apparent
7. Atlas dragged his feet
8. His mind churned
9. He vividly recalled the strike
10. The foundry workers had protested
Part B: Rewrite each sentence, incorporating the words in parentheses so that they
form an appositive phrase. Use a comma or commas to set off the appositive phrase.
1. The April wind lashed Winston’s face. (a harsh reminder of winter)
2. He hurried to his flat. (a cheerless room in Victory Mansions)
3. From the telescreen he heard the broadcaster’s voice. (a falsely sweet drone)
4. Unable to shut off the telescreen, he tried his best to ignore it. (a constant presence)
5. He looked out the window at the Ministry of Truth. (his workplace)
6. The war had drastically altered London. (a nightmare of bomb attacks)
7. Rows of crumbling houses surrounded his flat. (ramshackle relics of the past)
8. Had the city always been so gloomy? (his lifelong home)
9. Winston tried to recall the former city. (a bustling cheerful place)
154
Directions: Write ten sentences in the spaces below using the indicated phrase.
Underline the phrase you are using.
Prepositional:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Infinitive:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
155
9.
10.
Appositive:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Gerund:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
156
9.
10.
Participle:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
157
Phrases Performance Assessment
Directions: Demonstrate your ability to effectively use prepositional, infinitive,

appositive, gerund, and participle by writing a four-paragraph essay addressing the
opposite sex. Be sure to use each of the types of phrases at least five times. Underline
and label five of each of the four types of sentences.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
158
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
159
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
160
Quotation Marks and Underlining

• Use quotation marks to enclose a direct quotation.
• Place quotation marks around the quoted material only, not around introductory or
explanatory remarks. Such remarks are generally separated from the actual quotation
with a comma.
• When a quotation is interrupted by explanatory words such as he said or she wrote,
use separate sets of quotation marks.
• Two marks of punctuation, such as two commas or a comma and a period, should be
used to separate each part of the quotation from the interrupting phrase. If the second
part of the quotation is a complete sentence, it should begin with a capital letter.
• You should not use quotation marks in an indirect quotation (a quotation that does
not repeat a person’s exact words.
• Use single quotation marks around a quotation within a quotation.
• In writing dialogue, begin a new paragraph and use a new set of quotation marks
every time the speaker changes.
• Use quotation marks to enclose titles of short works, such as short stories, short
poems, essays, newspaper and magazine articles, book chapters, songs, and single
episodes of a television series.
• Use quotation marks to enclose unfamiliar slang and other unusual or original
expressions.
• Use quotation marks to enclose a definition that is stated directly.
• Always place a comma or a period inside closing quotation marks.
• Always place a semicolon or a colon outside closing quotation marks.
• Place the question mark or exclamation point inside the closing quotation marks when
it is part of the quotation.
• Place the question mark or exclamation point outside the closing quotation marks
when it is part of the entire sentence.
• When the sentence, as well as the quotation at the end of the sentence, needs a
question mark (or an exclamation point), use only one question mark (or exclamation
point), and place it inside the closing quotation marks.
• Underline or italicize titles of books, lengthy poems, plays, films, and television
series, paintings and sculptures, long musical compositions, and court cases. Also
italicize the names of newspapers and magazines, ships, trains, airplanes, and
spacecraft.
• Italicize or underline and capitalize articles (a, an, the) written at the beginning of a
title only when they are part of the title itself. It is common practice not to underline
the article preceding the title of a newspaper or a magazine. Do not underline the
word magazine unless it is part of the title of a periodical.
• Do not underline the apostrophe and -s in the possessive of underlined titles.
• Underline foreign words and expressions that are not used frequently in English.
• Underline words, letters, and numerals used to represent themselves.
161
Quotation Marks and Underlining Worksheet #1
Directions: Add quotation marks to the direct quotations below. If a quotation is

indirect, rewrite the sentence to make the quotations direct.
1. Mary says that we should test our smoke alarms to make sure they work.
________________________________________________________________________
2. The state of Vermont, the travel agent said, is breathtaking in October.
________________________________________________________________________
3. If you want to try out for the play, she reminded them pick up a copy of the script.
________________________________________________________________________
4. The vet explained that dogs and cats raised in the same household usually get along.
________________________________________________________________________
5. I don't want to bother you, Pete whispered, but could I borrow a pencil?
________________________________________________________________________
6. When Emily got a flat tire, she told her father she could fix it herself.
________________________________________________________________________
7. What in the world are you doing here? she asked.
________________________________________________________________________
8. It's the children said Mrs. Parsons, casting a half-apprehensive glance at the door.
________________________________________________________________________
9. He said Don't tell anyone our secret. I nodded my head, but I wanted to scream.
________________________________________________________________________
10. How long can you hold him? asks Bill. I am not as strong as I used to be.
162
________________________________________________________________________
163
Quotations and Underlining Worksheet #2
Directions: Add quotation marks and underlining where necessary.
1. Welty loved listening to music: first, lullabies like Rock-a-Bye Baby and, later,
selections from the opera Carmen.
2. Using today’s slang, someone might call Eudora’s mother’s avid reading totally
awesome; she read everything from novels such as Jane Eyre to scientific works.
3. Eudora is going to be a writer; her teachers say, because she loves fine literature.
4. Welty learned the meaning of words such as somnambulist by watching The Cabinet.
5. Welty relates that the first book she ever bought was in April Once by William.
6. One of Tom Clancy’s most popular novels is The Hunt for Red October.
7. Nature, my father’s favorite television show, begins at seven o’clock on Sunday.
8. Barging though the crowd, the king’s herald shouted, Make way for the king!
9. Jara said, Robert Frost’s poem Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening is good.
10. After the beautifully prepared dinner, we sang Happy Birthday to my mom.
11. Dr. Andrea Musher wrote an essay on step-parenting entitled ApPARENTly not.
12. We read the novelette Of Mice and Men in English 2 as well as Julius Caesar.
13. We read stories such as The Story of an Hour as well as Miller’s play The Crucible.
14. The book The Scarlet Letter is another novel I would enjoy teaching.
15. Moby Dick is an interesting book to read, but it is too long for the school year.
16. I read several articles by a former teacher of mine in Times Magazine.
17. I get Parenting magazine to help me stay tuned with the latest educational toys.
18. The Young Miss magazine used to be quite popular when I was young.
19. Alyssa’s favorite magazine is Sesame Street, although she likes Highlights as well.
20. My favorite episode of The Wonder Years was entitled Sweet Dreams.
164
Directions: Add punctuation marks where needed. Underline words or phrases

that should be in italics.
1. What is the name of that song youre singing; Humpty Dumpty?
2. In January 1966 Montgomery Alabama had a record low temperature which was
shown in the movie Freezing.
3. The tree house is full of birds this year Im surprised you haven’t noticed said Jack.
4. My little brothers favorite television show is Sesame Street.
5. What in world happened to Mr. Harriss new car? asked Liz.
6. Don’t tell me you don’t like Much Ado About Nothing, Lisa said.
7. Mr. Chen said Raise your hand when you know the answer.
8. The Wind in the Willows is an interesting book, even for older readers.
9. Melissa loves roller coasters, Farris wheels, and bumper cars, said Jack.
10. Unlike Helen Jackson said I like to swim lapas.
11. Jeremy said I will take you on the merry-go-round, and Heather will try to break
balloons with darts.
12. Her favorite movie as a child was Sleeping Beauty.
13. There will a total eclipse of the sun shown in the movie Darkness.
14. The Children’s Hour is a short poem my mom reads often.
15. Oh, he was so disappointed about his mistakes, she said.
16. Did he really say What book?
17. Beware the Ides of March! Was spoken by the soothsayer in the play Julius Caesar.
18. Mary Challans wrote historical novels about Athens and Sparta, including The King
Must Die.
165
19. William Kennedy wrote the novel Ironweed that became a film and also wrote the
script for Francis Ford.
20. Francis Ford also produced the film The Cotton Club.
21. Jack Kerouac wrote the novel On the Road, which has become synonymous with the
period of American writing known as the beat movement.
22. Can there be a movie called Alien 4 if the heroine you know, Sigourney Weaver’s
Ripley—died in Alien 3?
23. Aren’t you confusing Francis Scott Key, who wrote The Star Spangled Banner, with
Francis Parkinson Keyes, who wrote the novel Dinner at Antoines’?
24. When the writer Thoreau was arrested for refusing to pay taxes to support the
Mexican War, his friend Emerson visited and said Henry, what are you doing in here?
25. Supposedly they are making Star Wars movies that predate the current ones; for
example, I guess we’ll get to know the ancestors of Luke Skywalker and Hans Solo.
26. American humorist James Thurber, who was a cartoonist for The New Yorker, is
often identified with his short story The Secret Life of Walter Mitty.
27. Bill Haley and His Comets were the first famous rock band, and their recording of
Rock Around the Clock from the film Blackboard Jungle was a major hit.
28. Do you know if its Jim or Tim (the one with the beard) who published a story in The
Anitoch Review?
29. Have you ever read the short story To Build a Fire or the book Call of the Wild?
They were both written by Jack London.
30. My favorite song from the musical Oliver is Where is Love?
31. Smorgasbord is the Swedish word meaning sandwich table.
32. When she was little, my sister wouldn’t go anywhere without her Bunkie, a
dreadfully ratty old blanket that she loved dearly.
33. Can’t Explain, I Can See for Miles, and Happy Jack were three of the songs on the
Who’s Greatest Hits album.
34. Mom pointed out why I should read the article Organizing Your Life: my room is a
total mess.
35. Who called up and asked Would you like to go to the soccer game?
166
167
Directions: Underline each word or phrase that should be italicized. If the sentence
is correct, write C in the blank.
______ 1. The spacecraft Viking I was launched on August 20, 1975, and landed on
Mars exactly 11 months later.
______ 2. In art class we saw a slide of Brancusi’s fascinating abstract sculpture, The
Kiss.
______ 3. Megan got most of the information for her report from a long Washington
Post newspaper article.
______ 4. Did you know that Chearles Lindbergh’s plane, in which he flew from New
York to Paris in 1927, was called the Spirit of St. Louis?
______ 5. We have been receiving sketchy reports on TV about the coup d’etat in
Nigeria.
______ 6. If you’re looking for an exciting train ride, I suggest you take the Bergen
Express from Oslo, Norway, to Bergen on the North Sea.
______ 7. The reporters took down the witness’s statement verbatim.
______ 8. A submarine called the U.S.S Nautilus was the first to be powered by atomic
energy.
______ 9. I agree that Martin Chuzzlewit’s plot is complicated, unbelievable, and

manipulative, but I loved the book anyway!
______ 10. With my pasta the waitress brought me what the menu called ensalada verde,
which turned out to be a tossed green salad.
______ 11. My brother checks the baseball statistics every week in The Sporting News.
______ 12. The name they gave to their summer cottage was Tiocfaidh An Samhradh,
Irish for summer will come.
______ 13. The story about the breakdown of the peace talks was originally published in
the Los Angeles Times.
______ 14. After the game, we all went over to Melissa’s house to play with her mom’s
karaoke machine.
168
______ 15. What did you think of the New York Time’s coverage of the inauguration?
169
Directions: Underline the parts of each sentence that should be italicized.
1. Lorene Cary’s book Black Ice is a memoir of the author’s experiences as one of the
first African American students at St. Paul’s, a boarding school in New Hampshire.
2. When Will I See You Again, painted by Martin Wong, realistically depicts an image
from the artist’s neighborhood.
3. Americo Paredes, a professor who has also served as editor of the Journal of American
Folklore, has written about Mexican proverbs, or dichos.
4. Paredes points out that although the formal word for proverb in Spanish is refran,
many Mexican Americans use the word dichos, meaning “sayings.”
5. Mary Tyler Moore has been successful on television in her highly popular comedy
series The Mary Tyler Moore Show and later in movies as the star of such films as
Ordinary People.
6. A short-lived magazine of the late 1980s was Lear’s, created by Frances Lear for
women age forty and older.
7. Novelist N. Scott Momaday won a Pulizer Prize for his book House Made of Dawn in
1969, but he is perhaps best known for The Way to Rainy Mountain, a collection of
stories and legends of the Kiowa people.
8. The well-known American composer Aaron Copland was awarded the Pulitzer Prize
for his ballet score Appalachian Spring and later received an Academy Award.
9. Mark Harris once wrote an entire comic novel that consisted of correspondence
supposedly composed on a defective typewriter; the work lacked the letter f throughout.
10. The Puerto Rican artist Arnaldo Roche Rabell’s emotional and expressionistic style
is evident in such paintings as Blind Dreams and You Tell Me If This is Not an Omen.
11. It bothers my uncle that this magazine spells out the word percent instead of using
the % symbol.
12. Michela’s favorite opera by Mozart is The Marriage of Figaro.
13. Our panel discussion is going to be about Mikhail Gorbachev’s revolutionary policy
perestroika in the Soviet Union of the 1980’s.
14. My grandfather sent me a postcard of Rembrandt’s Man in the Golden Helmet.
170
15. The name of the interesting Swedish casserole with potatoes, onion, and anchovies.
171
Directions: Place quotation marks around or underline (to indicate italics) the titles
or special words that require either quotation marks or italics.
1. Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? (short story)
2. Introduction to French Literature (book)
3. Paris’s Left Bank (magazine article)
4. Laurie Makes Mischief and Jo Makes Peace (chapter title)
5. Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (full-length play)
6. Sleep Better, Starting Tonight (magazine article)
7. Dawson’s Creek (TV program)
8. Legion of Merit (video)
9. How to Choose a College (pamphlet)
10. Rom at the Top of the World (song)
11. Little Miss Muffet (nursery rhyme)
12. Robert E. Lee’s One Mistake (lecture)
13. Fibber McGee and Molly (radio program)
14. Enola Gay (specific name of an airplane)
15. Hartford’s Free Press (newspaper)
16. Annabel Lee (poem)
17. Clueless (film)
18. lemmus (scientific classification of lemming)
19. Chicago Tribune (newspaper)
20. Pride and Prejudice (book)
172

English 2 Workbook

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

English 2 Workbook

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Clauses

An ​adverb clause​ is used like an adverb or modify a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.

An ​adjective clause​ is used like an adjective to modify a noun or a pronoun. Adjective

Key to determine usage of noun clauses:

Directions​: Identify the italicized clauses as independent or dependent in the blank

_______ 6. He experienced a feeling of newness and vigor ​whenever he breathed the

_______ 9. A sense of newness disappeared ​after an area was developed.

​ hite lights attract them.

______ 9. The computer needs ​to be fixed now.

______ 10. I get worried ​when other people are sick.

Directions:​ Identify italicized clauses by writing ​I ​(independent) and ​S​ (subordinate).

______ ​8. I like to do homework ​if it is relevant to the subject.

______ 9. I don’t know ​who did that.

3. Please tell me what is in the box.

4. We saw the superintendent climbing the stairs.

5. The person who is climbing the hill is my mother.

6. After making several comparisons, Greg was ready to buy a stereo.

7. This is the computer game that I sent for.

10. Standing in the rain at the parade, Fred got drenched.

12. After lunch is over, we should go back to work.

13. This green comforter will look nice in my bedroom.

14. Clarence studied hard, so he passed the test.

15. Tom felt an urge to call home when he became lonely.

16. The wind is blowing hard; the sky is a perfect blue.

18. Although I was exhausted, I could not sleep well.

20. Mary called yesterday, and I took a message.

Directions​: Underline the subordinate clause in each of the following sentences.

15. Since this money is so very heavy, it cannot be easily stolen.

1. George Washington was commander-in-chief of the Continental Army (before)

2. We were just sitting down to dinner (when)

3. My mother does not approve of my watching TV (unless)

4. We would have won the game (if)

5. French is the language (that)

6. I wanted to go to the store (until)

7. Franklin made improvements (which)

8. I wanted to laugh (because)

9. She goes to work (whenever)

10. I found the remote (after)

11. The crop was bad (due to)

12. I could have hugged (whoever)

13. I love the rain (when)

14. I like to lie in the sun (where)

15. I don’t know (why)

16. I like cats better than dogs (even though)

17. I will go (as long as)

18. I didn’t do my homework (although)

19. I will take it (if)

20. I won’t do it (so that)

Adverb Clauses Worksheet #1

1. I enjoy summer because I have so much time off.

3. With not much to do, I usually sleep in later.

5. The pool is wonderful as long as the water is not too cold.

8. Whatever they do, they seem to have fun!

9. Since summer is short, I try to make the best of everything.

10. Even though I have fun, I do look forward to school.

11. I get excited when school starts since it is a new year.

12. As long as there are not too many papers, I am happy.

13. Whenever we have a quiz, I am nervous that I will make a mistake.

15. Although I love summer, I enjoy school as well.

1. English is my favorite subject because it gives people a chance to be creative.

2. Although I love English now, there was a time I didn’t.

5. I don’t mind doing the paperwork as long as my students do their best.

An adverb clause is used like an adverb or modify a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.

An adjective clause is used like an adjective to modify a noun or a pronoun. Adjective

Directions: Identify the italicized clauses as independent or dependent in the blank

_______ 6. He experienced a feeling of newness and vigor whenever he breathed the

_______ 9. A sense of newness disappeared after an area was developed.

hite lights attract them.

______ 9. The computer needs to be fixed now.

______ 10. I get worried when other people are sick.

Directions: Identify italicized clauses by writing I (independent) and S (subordinate).

______ 8. I like to do homework if it is relevant to the subject.

______ 9. I don’t know who did that.

Directions: Underline the subordinate clause in each of the following sentences.

12. As the years go by Christmas means more and more to me.

Directions: Underline the adverb clause in each sentence.

Directions: Underline the adjective clauses in each of the following sentences.