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Recent Advances in 2D MXene Integrated Smart-Textile Interfaces

for Multifunctional Applications
Abbas Ahmed, Md Milon Hossain,* Bapan Adak, and Samrat Mukhopadhyay

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ABSTRACT: Coupled with the advances in the Internet of Things (IoT), virtual reality, and
soft robotics, wearable smart textiles have emerged as a unique platform for next-generation
Downloaded via KAROLINSKA INST on December 12, 2020 at 12:25:29 (UTC).

electronics. Nanofabrication of textiles with electroactive materials has significantly

augmented wearable smart textile systems offering health monitoring, self-powered energy
management, and portable sensing. The emergence of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal
carbide and nitride called “MXene” has revolutionized material chemistry research due to its
unique properties such as metallic conductivity, rich surface chemistry, tunable terminations,
and excellent processability. These excellent properties of MXene-based materials have
attracted huge attention of the research community. This review summarizes the current
progress in MXene-based textile, fibers, yarns, fabrics, and composites for various
applications. Initially, the unique surface chemistry and processing techniques of MXenes
are discussed, followed by the preparation of MXene for textiles functionalization.
Subsequently, different MXene−textile fabrication techniques, performance matrices, and
textile functionalization approaches that are beneficial to enhance the compatibility between
MXene and textiles have also been discussed. The current development of MXene−textiles in various fields such as smart
thermotherapy, sensing, flexible energy-storage systems, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, etc. are delineated. Finally,
the existing challenges within the field are presented, and the future opportunities of MXene enabled smart textiles research are
elaborated.

1. INTRODUCTION (M) are interleaved with n layers of carbon or nitrogen (X).

With the current demand for portable and smart devices in
modern daily lives, research on skin mountable and wearable
electronic devices has seen intense growth.1−9 Smart textile-
based devices are playing a vital role in wearable electronics,
contributing in the areas of energy harvesting to energy
storage,10−20 sensors,21−25 real-time monitoring of health-
care,26−34 personal thermal management,35−38 and even
aerospace-grade smart textiles.39,40 Wearable electronic devices
often have close contact with the human body that is soft and
movable, and hence, stretchability and mechanical deform-
ability are the key aspects required when developing smart
textile-based wearable devices.41−43 Many electroactive materi-
als, for instance, graphene, carbon nanotube (CNT), boron
nitride, metallic nanoparticles, conducting polymer, etc. have
been utilized to develop smart interactive textiles to be used as
wearables.44−59 Such electronic textile devices found excep-
tional application domains and are rapidly expanding. There-
fore, emphasis on the creation of more novel functional
materials is of great importance.
The novel 2D materials, transition metal carbides, and
nitrides (known as MXene) have gained tremendous attention
by the research community since the first development of
Ti3C2 by Naguib et al.60 The general formula of MXene flakes
is Mn+1XnTx (n = 1−3) where n + 1 layers of transition metals
The Tx in the formula stands for the various surface terminated
functionalities, such as (−O, −OH, −F, −Cl), obtained
through different synthetic approaches.61,62 As the interest in
these materials grew,63−66 and due to the variety of M
elements and three types of atomic structures, more than 30
stoichiometric MXenes with different chemical compositions
have been experimentally synthesized, while several more
possible MXenes have been theoretically predicted.61,67−71
Besides, the properties of MXenes can be tuned by varying
ratios of M or X elements and the surface termination groups
as desired.72−75
The enriched chemistry, tunable surface termination,
metallic conductivity, and electrochemical, optoelectronic,
and surface hydrophilicity properties of MXene render them
as a promising material for numerous applications including
wearable electronics,76−78 energy storage,79−82 conductive
Received: August 20, 2020
Revised: November 22, 2020

© XXXX American Chemical Society https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c03392

A Chem. Mater. XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX
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electrodes,83,84 EMI shielding,85−88 biomedicine,89,90 and so
on. Besides, the large specific area and ample surface
functionalities make MXene as an effective adsorbent for
various molecules and ionic species, permitting applications in
ion sieving, sensor, and catalyst.91,92 Lately, the research on
smart and electronic textiles is expanding rapidly, and
fortunately, MXenes are highly equipped as suitable nanoma-
terials to convert the conventional textiles into high-end smart
textiles. Especially, the high electrical conductivity, mechanical
flexibility, solution processability, and ease of the fabrication
process of MXene assists the formation of various textile
structures and geometry. Moreover, MXene showed excellent
dispersibility in numerous solvents and, thus, can be processed
by different techniques such as spinning,93,81,94 coating,95−97
and printing.98,99 In general, these properties and ease of
processing led to a breakthrough in MXene-based functional
fiber and smart textile research.97,100 However, since MXene is
a new material, the research in MXene is still in the preliminary
stage and has several limitations.
The field of MXene-based textile research is enormously
growing. However, currently, there is no comprehensive work
on this material to understand the structural design for various
applications and the future scope of MXene. Levitt et al.101
recently reported an exciting study on MXene-based smart
textiles meant for supercapacitor applications. Some compre-
hensive reports are also available on MXene beyond the smart
textiles applications.102,70,103−108 Herein, this review intends to
discuss highlights and the potential of MXene-based smart
textiles for wearable applications for the first time. To begin
with, a brief overview of scalable MXene synthesis routes has
been presented, followed by a discussion on several parameters
of both MXene and textiles which directly influence the
development of functional fiber and smart textiles. Different
challenges and the scope of smart composites, fiber, yarn, or
fabric assembling techniques using MXene have been
subsequently highlighted. Finally, the state of the art is
summarized and compared with other materials, emphasizing
future areas of research. A schematic summarizing a few main
applications of MXene−textile interfaces is represented in
Figure 1. Challenges and opportunities regarding the
commercialization of smart textile-based electronics have also
been discussed and envisioned. This review aims to give the
researcher a better understanding of MXene-based electronic
textiles and explore their potential in the field of smart textiles.
2. SYNTHESIS OF MXENES AND SURFACE
CHEMISTRY
2.1. Selective Etching of MAX Phases by Hydrofluoric
Acid. MXene is comparatively a new member of the 2D family
of nanomaterials which showed tremendous potential for
different applications. Many MXene family members have been
synthesized, and there is a growing interest in newer products
being developed from these materials. Bottom-up (from M and
C atoms) and top-down (from the MAX phase) are two
methods of synthesizing MXenes, but the latter is dominant.
The MAX phase is layered ternary carbides and nitrides and
denser than MXene. The MAX phase precursors (more than
150 MAX available today) are presented in Figure 2a. The M−
X bond is comparatively less reactive to the chemical than the
M−A bond, resulting in selective etching of A-element layers
from the MAX phase.104,105,111 The removal of the A element
from the MAX phase produces a loosely stacked and multilayer
MXene. A stack of less than four MXene layers is known as
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Figure 1. Schematic illustrations showing emerging application fields
of MXene and textile-based smart systems. (a) Molecular structure of
2D MXene. Reprinted with permission from ref 101. Copyright 2020
John Wiley and Sons. Application of MXene in (b) thermotherapy
and (c) breath monitoring. Reprinted with permission from ref 109.
Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society. (d) Humidity/sweat
monitoring. Reprinted with permission from ref 110. Copyright 2019
John Wiley and Sons. (e) EMI shielding. Reprinted with permission
from ref 97. Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society. (f) Energy
storage. (g) Flexible sensing.
few-layered MXene and requires further delamination. The
first MXene (Ti3C2Tx) was synthesized in 2011 by hydro-
fluoric acid (HF) assisted selective etching of the Al layer from
the Ti3AlC2 MAX phase precursor.60 HF is commonly used for
carbide-based MXenes, and the properties of MXenes are
affected by the concentration and treatment time with HF
solution. The schematic of MAX phase exfoliation and MXene
formation are shown in Figure 2b, and the etching reactions
are as follows:112
Ti3AlC2 + 3HF = AlF3 + (3/2)H 2 + Ti3C2 (1)
Ti3C2 + H 2O = Ti3C2(OH)2 + H 2 (2)
Ti3C2 + 2HF = Ti3C2F2 + H 2 (3)
In the first reaction step (reaction 1), Al is etched off to form
Ti3C2, exposing highly reactive Ti atoms. The Ti atoms easily
react with the aqueous HF solution (reactions 2 and 3) which
results in OH, O, or F functional groups on the surface of
MXene. Modifications of the surface functional groups can
render MXenes with outstanding properties like tuned
bandgap, higher electron mobility at room temperature, half-
metallicity, 2D ferromagnetism, etc.113 Compared to the top-
down approach, the chemical vapor deposition-based bottom-
up approach demonstrated the potential of producing MXene
with few defects, and this process needs extensive study for a
better understanding of highly pure MXene synthesis.105
2.2. Etching in Fluoride Salts. HF is extremely
hazardous, and therefore, different alternative acidic etchants
were proposed by mixing hydrochloric acid (HCl) with
fluoride-containing compounds. The use of HCl and fluoride
salt mixture increases the conductivity and produces MXene
with fewer defects. This process replaces the direct use of
hazardous HF, and importantly, a large group of fluoride salts
are available such as NaF, KF, LiF, CaF2, CsF, FeF3, etc.115−118
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Figure 2. MAX Phase and MXene chemistry. (a) Periodic table of the
elements depicting the updated MAX phase compositions. (b)
Schematic showing the etching of the Ti3AlC2 MAX phase precursor
into Ti3C2Tx MXene. Reprinted with permission from ref104.
Copyright 2020 Elsevier. (c) Etching with molten salt. Reprinted
with permission from ref 114. Copyright 2016 Royal Society of
Chemistry.
Different difluoride solutions with NH4HF2, NaHF2, and
KHF2 as milder etching agents have also been explored by
various researchers.119,120 However, etching with HCl and
fluoride salts generates HF in situ via the following reactions108
and participates in reactions 1−3. This process is safer
compared to direct HF etching.
LiF + HCl = HF + LiCl
NH4F + H 2O = NH3·H 2O + HF
LiF with HCl is the most extensively used in situ HF etchant,
and the functional group endows MXene to be hydrophilic.121
2.3. Etching with Molten Salts. Production of nitride-
based MXene by an acidic solution is very challenging due to
the higher energy requirement for the formation of Tin+1Nn
from its MAX phase Tin+1AlNn. Moreover, the lower cohesive
energy of nitride endows nitrogen-containing MXene less
stable in HF solutions.122 The first nitride MXene Ti4N3 was
synthesized by Urbankowski et al. (Figure 2c) in 2016 using a
molten salt mixture (KF, NaF, and LiF) at 550 °C in Ar.114
Halide terminated MXene was synthesized using ZnCl2 salts as
the etchant from the MAX phase precursor based on Zn.118
Recently, molten salts have been developed to etch MAX
phases containing a wide range of A elements like Al, Si, Zn,
and Ga123 and are considered as the effective etchant for
nitride-based MXenes.124
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2.4. Synthesis of Single/Few Layered MXene by
Intercalation and Delamination. Production of single or
few layer MXene requires delamination and could be done by
intercalation of different polar organic and inorganic
molecules. No additional delamination agents are required
during etching with fluoride salts dissolved in HCl due to in
situ delamination by cations.125 The −NH3 and −NH4 could
be inserted into interlayers of MXenes by replacing Al layers to
delaminate MXene layers.118 Organic molecules such as
hydrazine, dimethyl sulfoxide, isopropylamine, urea, or large
organic base molecules could be preintercalated into the
interlayers of MXene followed by sonication/mechanical
vibration.105,111 The delamination can also be done by metal
cations, ionic compounds (halide salts/metal hydroxide), and
mild mechanical vibration at pH ∼ 7.105
3. MXENE PREPARATION FOR TEXTILE
FUNCTIONALIZATION: FLAKE SIZE, SOLVENT
SELECTIONS, AND DISPERSIONS
For materials with nanoscale thickness, such as for MXene, the
lateral flake size (the longest dimension of a flake) is important
for the processability and properties of the material into
different assembled structures. Various methods have been
used to control the MXene flake size, which largely differs
depending upon the synthesis conditions and MXene
precursors. For example, single-layer MXene flakes with a
large distribution of sizes, from 100 nm to ∼10 μm, were
synthesized by the minimally intensive layer delamination
(MILD) method.126 Using bath or probe sonication, small
flake sizes ranging from 0.1 to 5 μm with narrow distributions
can also be achieved.127 The effect of the MXene flakes size has
been explored, revealing the changes in both morphology and
final properties of the produced materials. As such, when the
small size MXene flakes were coated in cotton textiles, the
flakes penetrated into the yarn and interstices,96 while the use
of large MXene flake dispersions covered the surface of the
yarn but the core yarn was not infiltrated. These resulted in
increased conductivity in terms of cotton fibers coated with
large flakes compared to cotton fibers coated with small
flakes.96 A similar result was found in MXene films obtained
from small flakes (∼130 nm on average) with lower electrical
conductivity (∼1000 S cm−1) than films achieved from larger
flakes (∼4.4 μm on average, ∼5000 S cm−1). These are due to
higher interfacial resistance and defect concentrations of small
(4) flakes.127 Further investigation revealed that the MXene flake
size is also important in electrochemical performances of the
(5)
MXene-based electrode system.127
In addition to coating, the aqueous dispersion of MXene is
required for the MXene-based film or membrane formation.
Recent works demonstrated that MXenes are also highly
dispersible in a wide range of common solvents such as water,
ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylformamide
(DMF), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), etc. Among these,
DMSO and DMF are found to be the better dispersing agents
for Ti3C2Tx, which is likely due to the termination groups with
similar polarities. Besides, low concentration dispersions can be
achieved in a solvent such as ethanol via centrifugation or
sonication.128 Furthermore, for large scale textile processing,
the stability of MXene in both aqueous and organic solvents is
also essential. In this regard, the stability of aqueous
dispersions of MXene was evaluated at different pH values
and NaCl concentrations.129 The variation of the pH due to
the addition of either acid or alkali or salts to an aqueous
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Figure 3. Schematic of various fabrication procedures of MXene enabled smart textiles. (a) Vacuum filtration. Reprinted with permission from ref
132. Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society. (b) Coating. (c) Electrospinning. (d) Wet spinning. (e) Biscrolling. Reprinted with permission
from ref 148. Copyright 2018 John Wiley and Sons.
dispersion of MXene caused aggregation that led to
sedimentation.130 Although MXene dispersions prepared in
DMF showed more stability than aqueous dispersions, less
electrical conductivity was found in MXene films processed in
DMF dispersions, as well as DMSO dispersions.101 Therefore,
proper selection of solvents for particular applications is a
crucial factor to obtain materials with the desired property.
4. IMPROVING THE ADHESION BETWEEN MXENE
AND TEXTILES
As discussed in the previous section, the processability of
MXene in the solution route is assisted by the presence of
hydrophilic groups on the surface. This permits them to be
processed as a thin film by spray coating,97 composite paper, or
membrane devices by the vacuum filtration technique.131,132
However, challenges remain to coat MXene directly onto the
fiber due to the small sheet size and weak interlayer interaction
between MXene sheets.133 It was found that fiber coated with
large flakes and a higher loading percentage has a higher
conductivity but causes a reduction in flexibility and adhesion,
which is indispensable for wearable applications.96 Therefore,
MXene has been functionalized with conducting binders like
poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrenesulfonate (PE-
DOT:PSS) to overcome the adhesion issue. PEDOT:PSS
acts as a binder and glues the MXene sheets together and
enhances the MXene adhesion to the fiber surface.134
Moreover, the addition of PEDOT:PSS prevents MXene to
wash off from carbon fiber substrates, thereby improving the
coating efficiency.135 Another strategy to improve the MXene
adhesion to the fiber surface is plasma treatment which
functionalizes the fiber surface with oxygen-containing
groups.82 Taking carbonized silk fibers as an example, it was
observed that exposure to oxygen plasma led to a hydrophilic
fiber surface that further facilitated MXene’s adhesion onto the
fiber surface.136 Furthermore, the interaction between MXene
and hydrophobic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) threads
can also be imparted by modifying the PET surface through
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functionalization with 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES).
As such, PET textiles were immersed in a 2% (v/v) APTES for
half an hour to induce amine functional groups. After that, the
as-functionalized textiles were dipped into the MXene
dispersion, leading to improved absorption of MXene flakes
onto the fiber surface.137 Due to the electrostatic interaction
between the negatively charged Ti3C2Tx and the positively
charged APTES-functionalized PET, MXene flakes self-
assembled on the individual PET fibers, making a closely
packed PET surface.
5. PREPARATION OF MXENE-BASED TEXTILE
ASSEMBLIES
5.1. Fabrication of MXene/Textile Composite Mem-
branes. 5.1.1. Vacuum-Assisted Filtration (VAF). MXene has
been assembled into polymer matrices to form MXene/
polymer composites via a vacuum-assisted filtration (VAF)
method, Figure 3a. Numerous efforts have been made to form
MXene/cellulose membranes using the VAF method which
includes Ti3C2/polyfluorene derivatives (PFDs),138 Ti3C2/
PEDOT:PSS,139 and so on. In the context of MXene/cellulose
composite membrane formation, the desired amounts of
cellulose and MXenes are mixed in a polar solvent and then
vigorously stirred or sonicated followed by vacuum filtration.
For instance, tempo-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCNF)
were utilized to fabricate TOCNF/MXene composite papers
through the VAF process. Here, TOCNF provided interactive
sites to bind with Ti3C2Tx flakes through hydrogen bonding
and produced a highly flexible and nacre-like conductive
composite paper. The as-obtained paper exhibited the highest
conductivity among other MXene functionalized polymer
composites as well as functioned as an excellent EMI shielding
material.140 It is interesting to note that, using the VAF
process, several nacre-like MXene/cellulose composites have
been prepared for various applications.132,131 Especially, these
nacre inspired structures facilitate the design and fabrication of
the integrated and flexible MXene/cellulose composite, which
Chem. Mater. XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX
Chemistry of Materials
possess excellent mechanical strength as well as promote
electromagnetic wave reflection and absorption.131
Despite these merits of the VAF method, controlling the
weight percentage of polymer in the as-obtained MXene/
cellulose membrane could be challenging because the water-
soluble polymer might be washed off, which compromises the
final composition and properties of the MXene/cellulose
membrane. Moreover, staking or agglomeration of MXene
flakes in the membrane is a crucial issue in the fabrication of
polymer-based composites. Hence, more efforts are required to
ensure effective dispersion of MXenes and also to improve the
interaction between the MXene nanofiller and the cellulose
substrate. In this context, surface modification of MXenes can
be highly advantageous and may improve dispersibility into
solvents. Though VAF is being widely used for MXene/
cellulose membrane fabrication, other different methods
emerged to fabricate functional membranes. For example, a
layer-by-layer (LbL) approach has been adopted to fabricate
functionalized membranes with a controlled thickness. Taking
advantage of MXenes’ high thermal properties, the MXene/
cellulose composite membrane can also be prepared through
the hot-pressing method. Furthermore, the solvent evaporation
method can be used to produce an MXene/cellulose film by
casting the homogeneously dispersed solution of MXene/
cellulose.
5.2. Fabrication of MXene-Based Textile Fiber, Yarn,
and Fabrics. 5.2.1. Coating. One of the widely explored
techniques for making an electronic textile substrate is coating
it with conductive nanomaterials, due to the ease of processing,
scalability, and cost. A wide variety of nanomaterials such as
graphene, CNTs, metallic nanowires, and conductive polymers
including MXene have been used to coat textile fibers, yarns, or
fabrics. In this respect, several natural and synthetic textile
substrates which include fiber or yarns (cotton,141−143 nylon,82
polyamide,144 PET145) and fabrics110,146 have been coated
with MXene. Generally, a homogeneous MXene dispersion
was first prepared, and then the textile substrate was soaked,
sprayed, or drop-casted depending on the coating approach
and solvents were removed by evaporation, Figure 3b. As an
example, pristine cellulose yarns have been coated with
Ti3C2TxMXene to achieve an MXene loading of 77%. A
good degree of MXene adhesion into cotton yarns was evident
from the minimal changes in resistance after 45 h of washing
cycles at a temperature of 80 °C with continuous stirring.
Moreover, the MXene coated cellulose yarns demonstrated
excellent knittability with different stitch patterns without
losing the electrical conductivity.96
In another study, MXene was drop-casted on silver-plated
nylon fibers, and the scanning electron microscope (SEM)
micrograph performed by the authors revealed that MXene
flakes coated on the surface of the individual fibers;82 such
morphology can also be observed in MXene coated
fabrics.97,147 While coating facilitated fabrication of elastic
and electroactive fibers without disrupting the stretchable
network of the host polymer, obtaining high mass loading
requires a repeated number of coating cycles that resulted in
the staking of flakes on the surface of yarns instead of
throughout the cross-section.81 These necessitate other novel
fabrication techniques to be explored to increase MXene
loading without affecting the characteristics of textile
substrates.
5.2.2. Electrospinning. To produce fibers with nanoscale
diameters from a polymer-based composite solution, electro-
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spinning is regarded as an efficient technique. A large number
of composite fibers have been spun, adding the various types of
nanomaterials in spinning dope, which includes gra-
phene,149,150 conducting polymer,151 and metallic nano-
particles.152 However, the addition of electroactive particles
increases the net charge density of the solution which largely
affects the spinnability of the fibers. Although electrospinning
is regarded as a scalable approach to manufacture stretchable
polymeric nanofiber yarns,153 it is relatively less explored for
wearable electronic applications. This could be due to the high
sensitivity of electrospinning to the agglomeration and
restacking of particles in solution, where hundreds of
nanofibers led to beading in fiber formation at high loadings
of the electroactive material.
The general strategy to fabricate nanofibers through
electrospinning requires a syringe to be filled with a polymer
solution capped with a needle tip and a grounded metal
collector. The needle tip is induced by a high voltage, and
when the electrostatic force overcomes the surface tension of
the solution, a polymer jet is extruded from the needle tip, and
fibers collected across the metal plate, Figure 3c. To
electrospin MXene-based polymer composite fibers, homoge-
neous dispersions of MXene in the various solvent systems
have been developed. To this end, many researchers have
produced nanofibers by incorporating MXene into fiber
spinning solutions, including poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/
Ti3C2Tx fibers,154 MXene/CNT@polycaprolactone (PCL)
fiber mats,155 and PET/Ti3C2Tx fibers.145 For instance,
polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/MXene has been electrospun fol-
lowed by carbonization to achieve nanofibers with MXene
loading of 35%, which was the highest among the MXene
loading electrospun fibers reported.94 However, very recently,
utilizing a one-step bath electrospinning process, Levitt et al.81
have developed MXene infiltrated nanoyarns from nylon and
polyurethane with up to 90% MXene loading. To maximize the
interaction between nanofibers and MXene flakes, a unique
combination of electrospinning (current collector) and wet
spinning was developed. Nylon/MXene nanoyarns exhibited
the highest electronic conductivity so far up to 1195 S cm−1.
Such a fabrication technique allows excellent utilization of
MXene’s high electrical conductivity and inherent properties of
fibers.
5.2.3. Wet Spinning. Wet spinning has been adopted as an
efficient, scalable, and continuous long fiber production
technique. Several functional fibers based on the conductive
polymer to carbonaceous materials have already been
produced using this approach.156−158 In the wet spinning
approach, a spinning solution is injected through a spinneret
into a coagulation bath which causes the fiber to coagulate and
then solidify. Later, the fiber is removed from the bath, dried,
and continuously collected onto a winder, Figure 3d.
Benefiting from the excellent dispersion of MXene into many
polar solvents, to date, several materials have been incorpo-
rated in spinning dope as a combination of MXene to produce
hybrid fibers.133,134,159 He et al.159 fabricated a fiber-shaped
hybrid supercapacitor electrode adding rGO in an MXene fiber
spinning solution and assembled via wet spinning. A 60%
MXene loading resulted in high conductivity (743.1 S cm−1)
and electrochemical performance. Utilizing this technique, the
high loading of MXene (10−98%) can be achieved in the
hybrid fiber assembly. Moreover, having excellent liquid
crystalline behavior and pseudoplastic rheological properties,
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Table 1. Summary of Mechanical and Electrical Properties of MXene/Textile Interfaces Assembled via Various Techniques
tensile breaking
type of MXene composite processing strength elongation electrical
textiles materialsa b
electroactive materials techniquesc (MPa) (%) conductivity ref
CNF MXene VAF 135.4 - 739.4 S m−1 131
CNF MXene VAF 112.5 3.1−4.5% - 132
MXene/cellulose cellulose MXene, CNT VAF 98 - 2506.6 S m−1 169
composite
nanofibrils
cellulose MXene coating - - 2756 S m−1 87
TOCNF MXene VAF 212 - 2837 S m−1 140
CNF MXene, Ag VAF 32.1 - 588.2 S m−1 88
MXene spun fiber MXene/rGO MXene, rGO (90% MXene) wet spinning 12.9 3.75 2.9 × 104 S m−1 133
fiber
MXene/rGO MXene, rGO (60% MXene) wet spinning 110.7 - 743.1 S m−1 159
fiber
MXene/rGO MXene, rGO (88 wt % MXene) wet spinning 132.5 2.9 72.3 S m−1 168
fiber
MXene/ MXene, PEDOT:PSS (70 wt % MXene) wet spinning 58.7 <2 1489 S m−1 134
PEDOT:PSS
fiber
MXene/CNT@ MXene, CNT (21.5 wt % MXene/ electrospinning 3 - - 155
PCL fiber mat CNT)
MXene, nylon MXene, Nylon (90 wt % of MXene) electrospinning - - 1195 × 102 S m−1 81
MXene/CNT MXene, CNT (90 wt % of MXene) biscrolling 38.4 270 S m−1 163
fiber
biscrolled MXene, CNT (∼97 wt % MXene) biscrolling 26.6 15 - 148
MXene/CNT
yarn
MXene coated fiber/ cellulose yarns MXene 78 wt % coating 468 10 199 × 102 S m−1 96
yarn
MXene coated fabric silk fabric MXene, AgNW (3 mg ML−1) coating - - 0.8 Ω sq−1 110
cotton fabric MXene 6 wt % (0.78 mg cm−2) spray coating - - 5 Ω sq−1 97
PET fabric MXene, polypyrrole (PPy) (12.5 wt % coating - - ∼1000 S m−1 146
MXene/PPy) (6 mg ML−1 MXene) (2.33 Ω sq−1)
a
CNF, cellulose nanofiber; TOCNF, tempo-oxidized cellulose nanofiber; rGO, reduced graphene oxide; CNT, carbon nanotube; PCL,
polycaprolactone; PEDOT:PSS, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrenesulfonate; PET, polyethylene terephthalate. bAgNW, silver
nanowire. cMethod: VAF, vacuum-assisted filtration.

as well as dispersibility in various solvents, pure MXene fibers
can be spun by the wet spinning process.
5.2.4. Biscrolling. MXene-based yarn can also be produced
by a relatively unconventional technique called biscrolling. In
this process, MXene is introduced as a guest material into a
spinnable substrate, and after scrolling both guests and the host
material together, yarn is produced. However, only CNT has
been utilized as a host for producing biscrolled MXene yarn.160
In this process, MXenes are introduced onto drawn CNT
sheets in various ways such as drop-casting,148 in situ
deposition,161 or dip coating,162 before inserting a twist,
Figure 3e. This method offers high active material loading of
more than 90 wt % with controlled yarn diameter and porosity.
Wang et al.148 drop casted MXene onto the stacks of CNT
arrays and subsequently twisted them into a yarn. MXene
flakes were trapped within helical yarn corridors, creating voids
of different sizes to infiltrate aqueous electrolytes. In a similar
study, Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets were hosted in the corridor
of a scrolled CNT scaffold to fabricate MXene/CNT fiber with
a helical structure. These endowed excellent fast ion diffusions
and electron transport.163
6. ELECTROMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MXENE
INTEGRATED TEXTILES
6.1. Mechanical Performance. MXenes has been
introduced into many polymer matrices to reinforce the
mechanical properties of composite materials. The high elastic
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moduli (500 GPa) of various MXene materials render them as
an effective reinforcement agent for polymer composites.164 In
the case of cellulose-based MXene nanocomposites, the
addition of the unique nanostructured MXene acted as an
effective nanofiller, thereby improving the tensile strength and
moduli of the composites.132,88 It was found that the addition
of a very low loading of MXene could yield a synergistic
reinforcement effect, outperforming the bare materials. To
date, several MXene/cellulose composites have been prepared
to explore the required mechanical properties of materials for
defined applications. For example, using a vacuum-assisted
filtration technique, Cao et al.131 fabricated a composite paper
introducing 2D Ti3C2Tx into a 1D cellulose nanofiber (CNF)
matrix for EMI shielding. At optimized MXene content (50 wt
%), the composite paper with size 40 mm × 15 mm exhibited
significant improvement in tensile strength (135.4 ± 6.9 MPa)
and Young’s modulus (3.8 ± 0.3 GPa), almost 2.5 and 2 times
higher than those of pure CNF paper, respectively. The SEM
investigation performed by authors on the fracture surface
morphologies of the MXene/CNF paper also revealed that
fracture surfaces enabled retention of a closely staked layered
structure, which can be ascribed from the formation of a strong
interconnection between MXene nanosheets and CNFs in the
composite assembly. Interestingly, such improvement in the
mechanical property was superior to those of its 2D
counterpart graphene and so on for the same applica-
tions.165−167 In another example, Zhan et al.140 reported a
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Chemistry of Materials
Figure 4. Schematic of flexible and wearable MXene-based smart fabrics illustrating possible applications in (a) breath monitoring, (b) smart
thermotherapy, and (c) wound dressing with effective bacterial ablation. Reprinted with permission from ref 109. Copyright 2020 American
Chemical Society.
hierarchically aligned MXene/CNF composite film. As
revealed from the XRD spectra by the authors, the effective
intercalation of CNF into Ti3C2Tx layers was attributed to the
shifting and broadening of the peak (002), resulting in an
ultrastrong composite film with excellent tensile properties.
The outstanding tensile strength (212 MPa) and Young’s
modulus (7 GPa) achieved in this study were reported as the
highest ever among other MXene functionalized materials.
Although MXene/cellulose membranes showed improvement
in the tensile strength and modulus, such reinforcement is
often dictated by several factors such as the flake size of
MXenes, filler−matrix interactions, degree of filler dispersion
in the matrix, and filler aggregation tendency and orientation of
the fibril modulus.
On the other hand, wet spun MXene composite fibers have
also demonstrated excellent mechanical properties owing to
the interaction between the host and the MXene flakes. A
recent study revealed that, at 15 wt % MXene loading, the wet
spun MXene/GO fiber achieved an excellent improvement in
tensile strength (132.5 MPa), Young’s modulus (11.3 GPa),
and strain at break (2.9%) when compared to the pristine rGO
fibers produced at the same conditions.168 However, the spun
fiber demonstrated a slight decrease in the strain at the break at
a high MXene content of 88 wt %. Generally, the MXene
composite fiber at a high MXene loading (>70 wt %) exhibits a
failure to strain of less than 5%,133,134,168 which could be due to
the lower intersheet sliding of the smaller MXene flakes.168
Therefore, it is essential to ensure mechanical integrity to
further process these fibers into textiles either by knitting or by
weaving. It was found that the addition of a small content of
active materials like rGO or PEDOT:PSS in the MXene
spinning solution reinforced the tensile strength significantly
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compared to neat spun MXene fibers.133,134 MXene coated
cellulose yarns demonstrated an excellent tensile strength of
∼468 MPa at ∼79 wt % loading of MXene, much higher than
the pristine cotton yarn (334 MPa). Enhanced mechanical
properties were also achieved when MXene was applied to coat
bamboo and linen fibers.96 A summary of the mechanical
properties of MXene-based materials can be found in Table 1.
6.2. Electrical Performance. The remarkable electrical
property of MXene makes it one of the attractive materials for
electronic applications. Interestingly, MXene possesses the
highest conductivity among other solution-processable 2D
materials170 and is regarded as a promising nanomaterial to
process MXene-based functional films, membranes, fibers, and
other textile products. Table 1 summarizes the electrical
properties of MXene-based textile materials.
It was found that the addition of a small mass loading of
MXene into the textile substrate results in a remarkable
improvement of electrical properties. It has been seen that
incorporation of 50 wt % of Ti3C2Tx MXene into cellulose
composite papers by vacuum-assisted assembly demonstrated a
high electrical conductivity of 2837 S m−1 which is due to the
facilitation of an efficient electrical conductance pathway and
oriented alignment provided by Ti3C2Tx nanoflakes.140 Almost
similar conductivity was obtained when 1.89 vol % MXene was
dip-coated on cellulose-based filter paper.87 Furthermore,
using a vacuum-assisted filtration method Xin et al. fabricated
MXene-CNFs-silver composite membranes exploiting MXene
reduced silver particles.88 It was observed that the addition of
MXene reduced silver nanoparticles increased electrical
conductivity by 43 times compared to the composite
membrane prepared from only MXene and cellulose. This is
probably because of the enhanced interfacial affinity between
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Figure 5. Schematic of an MXene functionalized PET textiles for thermotherapy application showing (a) the photograph of a PET fiber treated
with MXene flakes; SEM morphology of PET (b) before and (c) after MXene coating; (d) resistance and temperature curves for the MXene thread
heater as a function of the coating time; (e) photograph of a cotton glove sewn with the MXene thread heater and its (f) thermal images at the
respective applied voltages; and (g) photographs of the weaved MXene fabric heater and (h) thermal images of the MXene fabric heater worn on
the arm heating in a freezing condition. Reprinted with permission from ref 137. Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society.

MXene and silver nanoparticles that promotes better electron
transfer routes.
In terms of MXene spun fibers, the neat wet spun MXene
fibers showed the highest electrical conductivity up to 7748 S
cm−1, to date.171 However, the conductivity of these fibers is
largely affected by the MXene flake size. As such, the small
flake size processed neat MXene fibers exhibited half of the
electrical conductivity than the fibers made from the large flake
size.171 A similar trend in electrical conductivity of MXene-
based composite spun fibers was achieved. The electrical
conductivity of MXene spun composite fibers are also affected
by the type of solvent used, which is discussed in section 3. As
for MXene coated cotton fabrics, it was found that an increase
in MXene loading from 2 to 6 wt % led to a decrease in sheet
resistance from 48 to 5 Ω sq−1.97 This suggests that even a low
addition of MXene can be utilized to form highly electro-
conductive smart textiles.
7. ADVANCED APPLICATION OF MXENE-BASED
TEXTILE MATERIALS
7.1. MXene Integrated Joule Heater for Thermother-
apy Applications. MXenes are electrically anisotropic
materials having excellent conductivity within a single sheet,
while they exhibit poor conductivity between the sheets.
Hence, the conductivity and resistance of the desired
electrodes can be easily tuned through interlayer spacing and
size, as well as through the defect degree of the MXene
flakes.75,127,172−174 For instance, the electrical conductivity of
MXene layers was found to be changed from 1000 to 6500 S
cm−1 according to the size of MXene sheets. Recently, MXene
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decorated nonwoven smart textiles was developed by a simple
dip-coating approach for multifunctional applications, Figure
4a−c.109 Upon heating, the water molecular extraction caused
an electrical response which functioned as a temperature alarm,
allowing for real-time temperature monitoring for thermother-
apy. Besides, the heat generated can be transferred
homogeneously to the bacterial affected skin, thus promoting
healing of the infected wounds. Moreover, the smart fabrics
also serve as a wearable respiration monitoring system
demonstrating a high sensitivity and reversible humidity
response upon water-induced swelling/contraction of channels
between the MXene interlayers. Such multifunctional MXene
enabled smart fabrics may pave the way for next-generation
flexible electronics for healthcare and biomedical therapy.
A shape adaptable and flexible Ti3C2Tx MXene-based textile
heater was developed by self-assembling of MXenes flakes on
the PET fibers through the electrostatic interaction between
MXene and APTES treated PET, Figure 5a.137 The surface
topology of MXene treated PET was found to be similar to
that of pristine PET textiles, as revealed by SEM observations,
Figure 5b,c. Notably, as the coating time increased, the
resistance decreased, and the surface temperature increased at
the same time. The thread heater carved on cotton gloves for
direct thermotherapy showed a gradual increase in the
temperature to a maximum of 53.5 °C, as a result of an
increase in the electric field from 2.0 V cm−1 to 3.3 V cm−1, as
illustrated in Figure 5e,f. Besides, the knitted flexible fabric
heater showed excellent heating performance under various
geometry and extreme deformations. When attached to the
human wrist, the MXene fabric heater effectively increased the
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Figure 6. Schematic illustration of textiles used in (a) Joule heating and (b) a time-dependent temperature profile at a constant potential of 3 V for
a silicone-coated MXene textile. Reprinted with permission from ref 146. Copyright 2019 John Wiley and Sons. (c) Schematic illustration of
MXene coated cotton fabric used in Joule heating; (d) XPS spectra of Ti3C2Tx; (e, f) optical microscope and SEM images of 6 wt % MXene coated
cotton fabric; and (g) time−temperature profile of 6 wt % MXene coated cotton fabric under 1 to 6 V. Reprinted with permission from ref 97.
Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society.

body temperature by disseminating heat energy along the arm
without damage to the skin (Figure 5g,h), suggesting MXene’s
excellent potential to be used for wearable thermotherapy.
The high electrical conductivity of MXene substrates is
suitable for electrical heating. Unlike graphene, MXenes do not
require any chemical and thermal reduction processes, and
additionally, good adherence with textile substrates also
promotes its functionalization toward developing intelligent
garments. In a study, Wang et al. engineered fibers of the PET
textile by wrapping them with flexible Ti3C2Tx MXene sheets
modified with in situ polymerized polypyrrole (PPy), Figure
6a.146 The engineered textile was further coated with silicon to
obtain a hydrophobic surface, as well as to prevent the MXene
sheets from oxidation/degradation. The composite textile
demonstrated excellent conductivity and retained the ability
of inherent structural integrity under bending and torsion, thus
rendering its intriguing features to be exploited as a personal
heat management device. The Joule heating performance
revealed that the silicon-coated PPy/MXene textile could yield
a high saturated temperature of 79 °C at an applied potential
of 4 V. Additionally, the textile heater exhibited a reliable
heating pattern around 57 °C for an hour and stable cyclic
performance, Figure 6b, suggesting that developed textiles
might have the potential to be regarded as wearable intelligent
garments, especially as a flexible electrothermal heater for
personal heating. Interestingly, these MXene-based heaters are
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comparable to those of metallic or carbon nanomateri-
als.175,176,53
The presence of sufficient functionalities or surface
terminations (OH, O, and/or F groups) in MXenes enables
them to bond with textiles. As such, the two-dimensional
Ti3C2Tx nanosheets create excellent hydrogen bonding with
cotton textiles, giving rise to the multifunctional smart and
electronic textiles. In another example, it was apparent that a
very low content (0.78 mg cm−2) integration of MXene into
cotton textiles produced a breathable and controllable highly
conductive fabric interconnect (Figure 6c). The XPS spectra
reveal that rich functional groups (−O, −F) are presented on
the surface of Ti3C2Tx, which enables MXene nanosheets to
attach to cotton by strong electrostatic interactions; see Figure
6d. Moreover, as demonstrated in Figure 6e,f, a rough surface
morphology with more MXene particles adhered to cotton
fibers was also observed at higher MXene content. The MXene
decorated textiles exhibited a voltage induced surface temper-
ature variation of 29−150 °C at 1−6 V, Figure 6g. Importantly,
MXene coated cotton depicted a higher residue of 39.2% at
600 °C compared with pristine cotton (8.3%) at the same
temperature, possessing excellent thermal stability. Signifi-
cantly, the low and safe voltage from such devices might have
promise in wearable Joule heating textiles.97
7.2. MXene−Textiles for Wearable Strain Sensing
Applications. Stretchable and wearable strain-sensing micro-
electronics have generated great interest with multifunction
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Figure 7. Illustration showing different structures and mechanisms of the strain sensor: (a) the fiber for the strain sensor; (b) the multilayer
structural sensing layer assembly; (c) the hydrogen bonding association between different constituting fiber components; and (d) a schematic
representation of the sensing mechanism of the fiber strain sensor and strain-induced structural changes of various layers. Reprinted with
permission from ref 184. Copyright 2019 Royal Society of Chemistry.

including epidermal sensors for personalized health care and
human motion detection.29,177,23,48 Generally, such wearable
sensors can be affixed to the clothing or even directly mounted
on the human skin to facilitate the real-time tracking of human
activities. The basic understanding of wearable strain sensors
can be described from the subject’s real-time three-dimensional
(3D) kinematic problem, where a biomechanical model with
the measured joint variables is utilized to measure the body’s
specific position or orientation. However, close monitoring of
human motion is required to maintain the balance between
several compliances including high stretchability, flexibility,
reliability, low cost, durability, adaptability to different body
structures, and light weight. Past decades have seen a great
advancement in the field of portable and flexible electronics.
Extensive effort has been made to attribute highly stretchable
and high-performance sensing devices to track and record
various physical stimuli and physiological signals. A wide array
of materials including carbon nanomaterials (graphene and
CNT), 178,179,22,53 conductive polymer (PEDOT: PSS,
PPy),180−182 and metallic nanoparticles183 have been used to
make such devices. Significantly, the above-mentioned
materials, when integrated with textiles, create intelligent and
smart devices to augment the field of wearable electronics,
especially in advanced healthcare systems.
Like graphene or other nanomaterials, the newly emerged
MXenes have also been carefully investigated for flexible
sensorial applications. MXene sheets are comprised of high
surface functional groups due to exhibiting less sliding
tendency to each other that facilitates the crack propagation
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mechanism dominating sensing phenomena rather than the
slippage. Therefore, the electrical resistance drastically
increased under applied strains, leading to the fabrication of
the crack propagation mechanism dominated strain sensors
with high sensitivity.184 To date, the MXene functionalized
strain sensor has been manufactured to track gestures of the
human body such as hand motion sensing,97 joint movement
sensing,185 and subtle physiological signals186 as well as wide
range motion detection.43,76
The slippage between active materials restricts the increase
in the sensitivity of the sensor. Therefore, to fabricate a highly
sensitive stretchable strain sensor, an ideal solution is to
improve the extent of crack propagation, thus maintaining the
integrity of the conductive routes. For example, Pu et al.184
developed a polyurethane (PU) fiber-based multilayer
structured fiber strain sensor that can be woven into traditional
fabrics for body posture monitoring and wearable applications,
Figure 7a−c. The sensing strategy of the layered strain sensor
can be described in terms of slippage and crack propagation
mechanisms. The MXene layer efficiently improves the crack
generation, to endow the sensitivity of the sensor. The AgNW/
WPU layer enhanced the sensing range of the sensors, thus
maintaining the integrity of the sensing layer at large strain
because of the slippage mechanism and the stabilization effect
of the WPU particles as physical cross-linking points, Figure
7d. Altogether, these resulted in a fiber sensor with high
sensitivities (GF > 100) in a large operating range (0−100%),
high gauge factors (more than 1500 at strain beyond 25% and
up to 1.6 × 107 at 85−100% strain), and excellent durability.
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Chemistry of Materials
Figure 8. Illustration depicting the wet spun fiber for highly sensitive strain sensing application: (a) fabrication process of MXene/PU fiber
spinning; (b) photograph of an ∼100 m long MXene/PU fiber wet spun in IPA coagulation bath; (c) knitted elbow sleeve in straight and bent
conditions; and (d) strain sensing performance of the elbow sleeve at repeated bending and straightening of the elbow. Reprinted with permission
from ref 100. Copyright 2020 John Wiley and Sons.
Finally, the body posture prototyping and integration as a
smart clothing system of fiber-based strain sensors unveiled its
potential in wearable electronics.
The wet-spinning technique has been regarded as a
promising approach in producing composite fibers. Seyedin
et al. succeeded in taking this approach to prepare highly
conductive and sensitive elastomeric MXene composite and
coaxial fibers for strain sensing evaluations, Figure 8a,b.100 Two
different coagulating agents, isopropanol (IPA) and acetic acid
(AcOH), were used in the fiber spinning solution. The
mechanical property assessment of MXene/PU (polyurethane)
fibers revealed the improvement in Young’s modulus with a
high rate of reinforcement of up to ∼20.3 GPa. The stress-
induced mechanical behavior of MXene/PU fibers has been
studied thoroughly under different strained conditions
considering the different phases of stress−strain curves
obtained. Moreover, the real-time investigation of the strain
sensing performance was explored, monitoring the change in
resistance under uniaxial tensile stretching. In the case of IPA-
spun ∼9.1 wt % MXene/PU fiber, the ultrahigh gauge factor
(GF) of ∼12 900 (GF ∼ 238 at 50% strain) and a high ∼152%
strain were attained. The excellent GF endowed by MXene/
PU fiber sensor showed superiority as fiber-based strain
sensors over some of its counterparts.187,181 Such enhancement
in GF could be realized due to the changes in the conduction
pathway as a result of the strong interaction between MXene
flakes and PU chains. Utilizing a coaxial wet spinning method,
the researchers further developed sheath/core MXene/PU
fibers, which showed strain sensitivity of up to 150% under
repeated cyclic stretching-releasing. Significantly, the compo-
site fibers demonstrated excellent endurance to produce
textiles by an industry scale knitting machine. The knitted
elbow sleeve exhibited an excellent sensing behavior over a
wide number of mechanical deformations and bending−
straightening phenomena at certain angles, suggesting its
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promise in wearable sensing technology, as shown in Figure
8c,d.
A strain sensor to detect a small range of human activity has
been developed by decorating MXene onto a weave cotton
fabric by a spray-drying coating method.97 The developed
vertically interconnected conductive textile network could
afford high conductivity and breathability. A very small
bending strain (0−2.09%) was induced to determine the
sensing ability of MXene coated textile fabrics, exhibiting that
the resistance change was very stable during repeated bending
strain within the range. The real-time demonstration of the
strain sensor was depicted toward the bending motion of
fingers, pulse rate monitoring, and recognizing different words.
Thus, it signifies that this sensor could be used in the human
health monitoring system, especially when it requires small
range detection.
7.3. MXene−Textile Structures for EMI Shielding. In
the modern era of the technological revolution, daily usage of
electronic devices generates huge electromagnetic energy
adversely affecting the lifetime of electronic gadgets by
interfering with other surrounding components. Prolonging
exposure to electromagnetic radiation poses the risk of various
diseases such as nausea, eye problems, cancer,188 and even
detrimental effects on infant brain development.189 Beyond
that, electromagnetic waves also cause malfunctions in the
modern warfare system.106 The primary function of EMI
shielding can be realized from the interaction between their
inherent charge carriers and the electromagnetic fields which
weaken the electromagnetic radiation, signifying that a
relatively high electrical conductivity is necessary for the
EMI shield materials.190 The 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene first emerged
as an EMI shielding material in 2016,191 and since then it has
attracted huge attention in the research community. Interest-
ingly, MXenes could be at the forefront of EMI shielding
technology as they possess large specific surface area, low
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density, high electrical conductivity, and lightweight proper- PPy functionalized Ti3C2Tx MXene dispersion.146 To achieve a
ties.106 Currently, MXene-based EMI shielding material hydrophobic textile surface, silicon treatment was also
research primarily focuses on 2D MXene films,191 compo- performed. The synergistic effect of PPy and MXene sheets
sites,192 and 3D MXene aerogels193 with excellent EMI renders a highly conductive material interface (1000 S m−1)
shielding performances. A summary of EMI shielding perform- after 10 cycles while simultaneously retaining sufficient air
ance of MXene−textile interfaces is given in Table 2. permeability. At low conductivity (150 S m−1), the materials
resulted in an EMI SE of 25 dB, while a linear increase in SE
Table 2. Summary of EMI Shielding Properties of MXene was obtained reaching up to 66 dB at 4000 S m−1. Moreover,
Based Textile Interfaces when three pieces of the PPy/MXene textiles (thickness; 0.43
mm, 1000 S m−1) were laminated, the EMI shielding
EMI SEb specific EMI (SSE/tc thickness performance increased to 90 dB. Besides, the composite
materiala (dB) dB cm−2 g−1) (mm) ref
textiles have undergone several rinsing and rubbing cycles to
Ti3C2Tx/CNF 24 2647 0.047 131 test the durability of these materials. The result demonstrated
Ti3C2Tx/CNF/ 38.4 8020 0.038 169 that silicone treatment imparts long-term and excellent EMI
CNT
Ti3C2Tx/ 43 0.0861 87
shielding properties (>30 dB) even after five months.
cellulose 2D MXene sheets have been deposited on cotton fabric to
Ti3C2Tx/aramid ∼28 - ∼0.017 194 construct a vertically interconnected conductive network for
fiber EMI shielding.97 The prepared functional fabrics with a low
Ti3C2Tx/CNF ∼40 7029 0.035 132 concentration of MXene (6 wt %) offer superior electrical
Ti3C2Tx/ 39.6 - 0.038 140 conductivity of 5 Ω sq−1, which further resulted in excellent
TOCNF
EMI shielding properties. Additionally, the intrinsically
Ti3C2Tx/CNF/ ∼50.7 ∼10000 0.046 88
Ag conductive structure of fabric offers the composite with
Ti3C2Tx/cotton 36 - 0.33 97 superior flexibility and breathability. Furthermore, at the
fabric highest MXene loading, the electroconductive fabric showed
Ti3C2Tx/PET/ ∼90 - 1.3 146 an EMI SE of 36 dB. The EMI SE of the modified fabrics could
PPy be tuned to achieve a higher value by adjusting the content of
Ti3C2Tx/carbon 43.2 8534.7 0.25 195 MXene loading and the number of laminated layers of fabrics.
fabric
Ti3C2Tx/silk 54 - 0.12 110
A nacre inspired ultrathin composite paper has been
a prepared from delaminated d-Ti3C2Tx/CNF using a vacuum
CNF, cellulose nanofiber; CNT, carbon nanotube; TOCNF, tempo-
oxidized cellulose nanofiber; PET, polyethylene terephthalate; PPy,
filtration induced self-assembly process, Figure 10a.131 The
polypyrrole. bSE, shielding effectiveness. cSSE, specific shielding function of CNF nanofibers in the composite can be realized as
effectiveness. it reduces insulated contacts between MXene nanosheets and
led to the alignment in the planar direction, delivering a highly
conductive network. The d-Ti3C2Tx/CNF composite paper
Layer by layer (L-b-L) assembly can be regarded as one of with a thickness of 47 μm resulted in a high electrical
the key structural formulation strategies for EMI shielding conductivity up to 739.4 S m−1 and an outstanding specific
material as two of its phases with various impedances can EMI SE up to 2647 dB cm2 g−1, Figure 10b. The mechanical
generate major internal scattering at the internal interfaces, properties of the composite papers were significantly enhanced
promoting attenuation of the incident electromagnetic with the inclusion of nanofibers, compared to pristine MXene
radiation.110 A L-b-L structured conductive textile (MAX)n and CNF paper. At 50 wt % of d-Ti3C2Tx, the ultimate tensile
was fabricated through alternatively spraying Ti3C2Tx and strength was obtained as 135.4 MPa, strain at fracture of
AgNW dispersions on both sides of the silk fabric using an 16.7%, and high folding endurance over 14260 times.
atomizer, where M, A, x, and n referred to MXene, AgNW, Inevitably, this can be described as the “brick-and-mortar”
AgNW concentration, and number of spraying cycles, structure of the nacre originated from the strong hydrogen
respectively, Figure 9a.110 The achieved leaf-like composite bond interaction between 1D CNFs and 2D d-Ti3C2Tx
nanostructure on porous textiles comprised Ti3C2Tx as the nanosheets. Even after fracture, a compact and well-stacked
conductive lamina and AgNWs as the conductive veins, Figure morphology was obtained which further showed superior
9b. Notably, the encapsulation of MXene nanosheets imparted structural integration of MXenes and cellulose nanofibers,
interactions between individual AgNWs and the silk fibers, Figure 10c,d. The fabricated composite paper revealed promise
which led to good structural uniformity and mechanical in wearable electronic applications.
integrity when compared to its counterpart (A-silk). Although A similar finding has been reported where an alternating
sheet resistance decreased linearly with an increase in AgNW multilayered structure is designed to produce a nacre-like
concentration (n), a higher concentration of AgNW resulted in CNF/MXene film.132 In such a structural arrangement, CNF
poor air permeability due to compact film formation. functioning as a mechanical frame was shown to prevent
Therefore, the AgNW concentration was optimized to nanosized zigzag crack formation on the whole film, facilitating
overcome this issue. A linear increase in shielding efficiency mechanical reinforcement in the film. As a result, the CNF/
was obtained with an increase in the number of spraying cycles MXene exhibited an enhancement in mechanical strength
and concentration of AgNWs. The composite textile with a (112.5 MPa) and toughness (2.7 MJ m−3) for both the
thickness of 480 μm demonstrated exceptional attributes of freestanding MXene film and the homogeneous CNF/MXene
electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency (EMI SE) to film. The film with a thickness of around 0.035 mm exhibited
∼90 dB at 12.4 GHz, as demonstrated in Figure 9c−e. excellent EMI SE of ∼40 dB in the X-band and K-band as well
Smart textile integrated wearable electronics have been as high specific SE up to 7029 dB cm2 g−1 due to the improved
produced by repeated dipping and drying of PET fibers into a electrical properties.
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Figure 9. MXene−textile smart structure showing (a) a vacuum-assisted L-b-L assembled fabrication technique of MXene enabled conductive silk
textile; (b) a leaf-like structure originated from 2D MXene nanosheets and 1D AgNWs on silk textiles; (c) EMI SE and sheet resistances of (MA1)10
textiles with the various textile substrate (silk, cotton, nylon, and wool); (d) EMI SE of (MA1)10 silk textile with different thicknesses; and (e) EMI
SE at various spray cycles for the (MA0.8)n silk textile. Reprinted with permission from ref 110. Copyright 2019 John Wiley and Sons.

Figure 10. Schematic showing an MXene enabled smart textile composite. (a) Nacre-like structure of MXene/CNF paper; (b) effect of d-Ti3C2Tx
loading on the specific SE of the d-Ti3C2Tx/CNF composite paper sheets; (c) SEM image of the fracture surface of the d-Ti3C2Tx/CNF composite
paper; and (d) schematic showing the stretching and fracture mechanism of the d-Ti3C2Tx/CNF composite paper. Reprinted with permission from
ref 131. Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society.

The vacuum infiltrated lightweight, flexible, and brick-like in Ti3C2Tx MXene collectively enhanced its strength and
nanostructured MXene/CNFs/silver composite membranes toughness. The composite membrane with a thickness of 46
have been constructed for EMI Shielding evaluation.88 The μm exhibited a good mechanical property of 34.2 MPa, which
synergistic effect of intercalated silver nanoparticles and CNFs was higher than that of the pure MXenes membrane.
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Chemistry of Materials
Figure 11. Schematic showing (a) the preparation stages of d-Ti3C2Tx/ANF composite paper; (b) cross-sectional SEM image of 90 wt % d-
Ti3C2Tx/ANF composite paper; (c) EMI SE of d-Ti3C2Tx/ANF composite paper; and (d) EMI shielding mechanism of the d-Ti3C2Tx/ANF
composite paper. Reprinted with permission from ref 194. Copyright 2019 Royal Society of Chemistry.
Moreover, the composite membrane exhibited superior
electrical conductivity and EMI shielding performance of
588.2 S m−1 and 50.7 dB, respectively. Inevitably, these
excellent enhancements in EMI shielding properties could be a
result of MXene’s good electrical conductivity and capability of
enhanced electromagnetic shielding performance, and impor-
tantly, its brick-like structure generated by CNFs during
vacuum infiltration processing.
Aramid nanofibers (ANFs) were utilized as the intermo-
lecular cross-linker between sliced Ti3C2Tx to produce a
freestanding MXene/ANF composite paper for enhanced
mechanical, electrical, and EMI shielding properties (Figure
11a).194 As demonstrated in Figure 11b, apparently at a lower
Ti3C2Tx content, the cross-sectional image revealed a multi-
layered structure of d-Ti3C2Tx/ANF which may result in an
interconnected fibrous network, providing efficient stress
transfer. However, at higher Ti3C2Tx content, the composite
paper showed a decrease in mechanical properties due to the
delamination on the tensile fracture surfaces. Figure 11c,d
shows the EMI shielding mechanism of the d-Ti3C2Tx/ANF
composite paper, and in the X-band microwave region (8.2 to
12.4 GHz), the composite exhibited EMI SE of ∼28 at a
thickness of ∼17 μm.
7.4. MXenes-Based Textiles in Energy Storage
Applications. To tackle the huge energy consumption of
day-to-day life, the development of high-performance flexible
energy storage devices is gaining immense attention.104,101 In
the wearable energy storage technology era, contrary to
conventional batteries and capacitors, supercapacitors show
superior performance, providing high power, short charge−
discharge time, wide operating temperature, and long life
cycle.196−198 The performance of a flexible supercapacitor
largely depends on electrochemical characteristics and the
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cycling stability of the electrode material when it is subject to
bending, folding, or deformation. In this section, focus has
been given to the recent state of the art of the MXene-based
fiber/yarn shaped or fabric supercapacitor electrode that
promise to serve in the energy storage system.
Numerous approaches to the integration of devices and
functionalities in wearable textiles for power regulated
applications such as sensors, actuators, and wireless commu-
nications have been expanding exponentially.23,199−201 Smart-
textile integrated wearable energy storage devices are intriguing
because of their striking advantages of being lightweight,
increased flexibility, and superior comfort as well as their high
energy storing capability.12 Ideally, two types of textile forms
can be employed to design wearable flexible supercapacitors
which include fiber/yarn-based devices202,203 and woven/
knitted fabric-based devices.46,204 In the first method, fiber or
yarn-based electrodes can be coated with an electrolyte and
twisted or plied with one another. Besides, the electrode yarn
can also be stitched into pre-existing fabrics and coated with an
electrolyte to form a fabric-based supercapacitor device.10 In
the second method, preproduced fabrics can be coated with
the active material and electrolyte and sandwiched together to
function as an electrode. A typical fiber-shaped supercapacitor
comprises conductive fibers as electrodes and electrolytes as a
separator. The fiber electrode is required for efficient charge
storage/transportation and flexibility to store energy. Impor-
tantly, the fiber electrode in textile-based energy storage
devices requires achieving high electrical conductivity, open
surfaces, porosity, and the ability to undergo redox reactions
and/or intercalate ions. Besides, the fiber or yarn should
possess sufficient strength and flexibility to integrate as the
electrode in textiles produced via knitting or weaving.101,199
Chem. Mater. XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX
 Table 3. Summary of Electrochemical Performances of MXene Based Spun Fibers, Neat MXene Fibers, MXene Coated Fibers/Yarns, and Fabrics
supercapacitor processing Cvd Cae Cgf CLg capacitance
electrodea MXene contentb technique electrolytec (F cm−3) (mF cm−2) (F g−1) (mF cm−1) retention energy density power density ref
−2 −2
MXene spun MXene/rGO fiber MXene/rGO (60% wet spinning PVA/ - 550.96 110.89 - 85% @ 12 μWh cm 8.8 mW cm 159
fiber MXene) H2SO4 10000
MXene/PEDOT:PSS MXene/PEDOT:PSS wet spinning 1M 615 676 258 4.6 ∼95% @ - - 134
fiber (70 wt % MXene) H2SO4 10000
MXene/rGO fiber MXene/rGO (88 wt % wet spinning 1M 341 233 257 ∼1.2 - - - 168
Chemistry of Materials

MXene) H2SO4
MXene/rGO fiber MXene/rGO (90% wet spinning 1M 890.7 565.4 494.8 - - - 133
MXene) H2SO4
MXene/Nylon yarn MXene/Nylon (90 wt % electrospinning LiClO4 440 - ∼128 - 99% @ - - 81
MXene) 10000
MXene/CNT@PCL MXene/CNT (21.5 wt % electrospinning 1M - - ∼ 50 ∼100 80% @ 2000 - - 155
fiber mat MXene/CNT) H2SO4
MXene coated PET MXene electrospinning PVA/ 4.6 18.39 - - 98.2% @ 0.38 μWh cm−2 0.39 mW cm−2 145
fiber H2SO4 6000
gel
Carbon fiber/PAN MXene/carbon (∼22 wt % electrospinning 1M 244 ∼110 - - - 94
MXene H2SO4
MXene/CNT yarn MXene/CNT (90 wt % biscrolling 6 M LiCl 22.7 - - - 99% @ 1600 2.55 mWh cm−3 45.9 mW cm−3 163
MXene)
MXene/CNT yarn MXene/CNT (∼97 wt % biscrolling 3M 1083 3188 523 118 ∼90% @ - - 148
MXene) H2SO4 10000
neat MXene MXene fiber MXene (100 wt %) wet spinning 1M 1265 - - - ∼100% @ - - 171

O
fiber H2SO4 10000
MXene coated Carbon fiber MXene/PED OT:PSS coating - - - ∼30.8 ∼131.7 ∼90% @ - - 135
fiber/yarn 10000
MXene coated cellulose MXene ∼78 wt % coating 1M 0.26 3965 - 760 100% @ - - 96
yarn H2SO4 10000
MXene/silver-coated MXene (0.7 mg cm−1) coating PVA/ - 328 50 100% @ 7.3 μWh cm−2 132 μW cm−2 82
pubs.acs.org/cm

nylon yarn H2SO4 10000

gel
MXene coated MXene-coated carbon MXene (2.6 mg cm−2) coating 1M - 416 200 - 98% @ - - 147
fabrics fiber fabric H2SO4 20000
MXene-coated cotton MXene (∼22.5 mg cm−2) coating 1M - 707 31 566 <100% @ 25.4 Wh cm−2 0.47 mW cm−2 143
knit fabric H3PO4 10000
Cotton fabric MXene/PPy coating PVA/ - - 343.2 - - 1.30 mWh g−1 41.1 mW g−1 212
H2SO4
gel
MXene-coated MXene (2 mg cm−2) coating 1M - 362 - - 96% @ 1000 13 μWh cm−2 181 μW cm−2 136
carbonized silk fabric H2SO4
a
rGO, reduced graphene oxide; PEDOT:PSS, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate; CNT, carbon nanotube; PCL, polycaprolactone; PET, polyethylene terephthalate; PAN,
polyacrylonitrile. bGO, graphene oxide; PPy, polypyrrole. cPVA, poly(vinyl alcohol). dCv, volumetric capacitance. eCa, areal capacitance. fCg, gravimetric capacitance. gCL, length-specific capacitance.
Review

Chem. Mater. XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX

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Chemistry of Materials pubs.acs.org/cm Review

Figure 12. MXene-based composite fiber for supercapacitor application: (a) illustration showing a wet spinning setup for composite fiber
production; (b) photograph of a M7P3 fiber collected on a spool; and (c) volumetric and gravimetric capacitance of a M7P3 fiber as a function of
scan rate. Reprinted with permission from ref 134. Copyright 2019 John Wiley and Sons.

Figure 13. Schematic representation of an MXene fiber-based supercapacitor: (a) an electrospinning setup for the production of the Ti3C2T
MXene/carbon nanofibers and (b) areal capacitance as a function of scan rates for MXene/carbon fiber electrode. Reprinted with permission from
ref 94. Copyright 2019 Royal Society of Chemistry. (c) Cross-sectional SEM image of the fabricated Ti3C2Tx films with a thickness of ∼1.2 μm; (d)
schematic illustration of the fiber-based device; and (e) cyclic-voltammetry curves at different scan rates. Reprinted with permission from ref 82.
Copyright 2017 John Wiley and Sons.

Table 3 summarizes the electrochemical performances of
MXene−textile-based supercapacitor electrodes.
MXenes have shown promise as electrode materials for
supercapacitors due to their 2D nature, highly defined
geometry, rich surface chemistry, and high volumetric specific
capacitance.205,64,206 It was reported that a freestanding Ti3C2
membrane electrode has exhibited an extraordinarily high
volumetric capacitance of 300−400 F cm−3 in neutral and basic
electrolyte environments which exceeded an all-carbon
electrical double-layer electrode. Additionally, at high
charge−discharge rates, Ti3C2Tx is capable of undergoing
redox reactions due to its peculiar transition metal oxide-like
surface, offering high capacitance in acidic electrolytes.172
Moreover, the size of MXene flakes can easily be regulated
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during preparation through variation in sonication or
centrifugation conditions. This essentially is an important
parameter for fiber development, particularly for the coating of
fibers with various diameters.137
The supercapacitor electrode obtained from MXene-based
textiles showed excellent electrochemical performances, which
are often compared to a device fabricated from other
electroactive materials such as graphene, CNTs, and intrinsi-
cally conducting polymers (ICPs).207−209 For the first time, a
liquid crystalline phase has been introduced to MXene
dispersion to produce a macrostructured neat MXene fiber
via the wet-spinning technique.171 The volumetric capacitance
of the neat MXene fiber was comparable to the reported
highest value of the pure MXene film (∼1500 F cm−3).210
Chem. Mater. XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX
Chemistry of Materials
When integrated with other active materials to produce
MXene-based fiber or yarn, they also demonstrated superior
electrochemical performance as a supercapacitor electrode.
Many MXene-based composite fibers and yarns have been
prepared by assembling with GO,168 rGO,133 CNT,211
conducting polymers,212 and MnO2,213 employing various
fabrication approaches. In terms of electrochemical perform-
ances, interestingly, such a composite fiber revealed excellence
over fibers, yarn, or fabric produced by the surface coating of
MXene only. The reason behind this observation is probably
the tunability of the fiber volume and high loadings of MXene
in the composite structures. For example, 98% of MXene
loading was achieved during the preparation of MXene/CNT
yarns with a diameter of 120 μm via the biscrolling
technique.148 These yarns exhibited record specific volumetric,
aerial, gravimetric, and linear capacitance values of 1083 F
cm−3, 3188 mF cm−2, 428 F g−1, and 118 mF cm−1,
respectively, at a current density of 2 mA cm−2 in 3 M
H2SO4 electrolyte. In comparison, at 77 wt % MXene loading,
a coated cotton yarn electrode offered a specific capacitance of
759.5 mF cm−1 at 2 mV s−1.96
Introducing ICPs such as PEDOT:PSS into the hybrid
nanostructure is advantageous to impart a highly conductive
electrical interface to the resulted material. As such, a highly
conductive hybrid wet spinning dope was prepared by the
integration of Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets with PEDOT:PSS
to produce composite fibers, Figure 12a,b.134 The composite
fibers resulted in high electrical conductivity (1489 S cm−1) at
70 wt % MXene addition, which is comparable to the neat
PEDOT:PSS fiber. Beyond that, the composite fibers
demonstrated an 18 and 5 times higher conductivity compared
to the MXene/rGO fibers prepared at the same MXene
concentration and even with higher MXene loading (95 wt %),
respectively.168,133 This excellent conductivity of the fiber
shaped supercapacitor resulted in a volumetric capacitance
(∼614.5 F cm−1 at 5 mV s−1) and an excellent rate
performance (∼375.2 F cm−3 at 1000 mV s−1) at ∼70 wt %
MXene loading (Figure 12c). Previously, PEDOT:PSS was
also utilized as a conductive binder to facilitate MXenes
adhesion toward the carbon fiber substrate, providing the
length specific capacitance (∼131.7 mF cm−1) of the yarn
supercapacitor.135 Although length specific capacitance de-
creased with increasing electrode length, it still can be operated
effectively at an electrode length of 30 cm, which is comparable
to the reported literature.214,215
In another work, flexible and conductive PPy/MXene
composite textiles have been produced and characterized as
a supercapacitor electrode. In doing so, MXene was first
integrated to the surface of the cotton textiles and then
electrodeposition was carried out to deposit PPy onto the
surface of the MXene-based textiles. It was found that the
addition of PPy significantly enhanced the capacitive perform-
ance of the MXene-based electrode when assembled into a
symmetric electrode configuration achieving a specific
capacitance of 343.20 F g−1.212 These results indicate that
the conducting polymer has a vital role in the MXene-based
textile supercapacitor electrode system, assisting in achieving a
high electrochemical output.
Carbonization, i.e., heat treatment of the polymer substrate,
has been regarded as an efficient technique to impart
conductivity to materials. A carbon-nanofiber material has
been prepared through electrospinning of Ti3C2Tx MXene
flakes with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) followed by carbonization
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of spun fibers, as presented in Figure 13a. The optimized heat
treatment led to faster ion diffusion and improved electrical
conductivity of the MXene/carbon-fiber electrode.94 The
MXene concentration in the composite sample was 35 wt %.
The MXene/carbon fiber electrode had a high areal
capacitance up to 205 mF cm−2 at 50 mV s−1, which is
approximately 3 times that of carbonized neat PAN nanofibers
(70 mF cm−2 at 50 mV s−1), Figure 13b. Furthermore, the as-
prepared composite electrode demonstrated superiority in the
areal capacitive performance over MXene-coated PCL fibers,
produced via the same method.155 Previously, a similar but
promising study was executed to apply MXene coating onto
the surface of naturally produced silk fabrics carbonized up to
800 °C. The MXene coated silk textile was able to maintain
flexibility even after a certain mechanical deformation and
good capacitance retention after large charge/discharge cycles.
The all-solid-state supercapacitor assembly of MXene/
carbonized silk textiles in the PVA-H2SO4 electrolyte resulted
in a high areal capacitive performance of 362 mF cm−2.136
MXene coated textiles have been produced through the
coating of various types of fibers, yarns, or fabrics, intended to
be used in the supercapacitor electrode. Ideally, the MXene-
coated textile electrode served as the primary electroactive
material and as the working electrode which regulates
electrochemical performances of the supercapacitor. The
capacitive performance of MXene coated textiles increases
linearly with MXene loading. For instance, cotton cellulose
yarns were coated with Ti3C2Tx MXene, yielding highly
conductive (up to 440 S cm−1) composite yarns for a
supercapacitor electrode (at 78 wt % MXene loading).96 The
surface functional groups of MXene render its flakes to be
negatively charged and hydrophilic, which results in strong
electrostatic interactions with the positively charged cotton
surface. These, consequently, infiltrate MXene flakes between
individual fibers, making a conductive yarn interface. The
length-specific capacitance of MXene-coated fibers was up to
∼760 mF cm−1 (2.1 mF Tex−1) in 1 M H2SO4, much higher
than previously reported MXene/PPy composite fibers.135
Additionally, the composite yarns demonstrated excellent wash
durability (30−80 °C) and long cyclic stability (100% after
10000 cycles).
Fiber-shaped supercapacitors have been intensively explored
for wearable displays. The key advantage of these types of
materials is that they can be woven into electronic fabrics via
the established textile methods to achieve a ventilating
function, which is relatively hard to obtain with a material
having a conventional planar structure.216,162,217 Using a
simple drop-casting approach, a silver-plated nylon yarn has
been coated with MXene. Drop casting of MXene onto silver-
plated nylon yarn achieved an MXene loading of ∼0.7 mg
cm−1. Microscopic characterization revealed that a uniform
coated fiber surface was achieved, as displayed in Figure 13c.
The electrochemical investigation of the fiber shaped all-solid-
state supercapacitor electrode showed excellent capacitive
performance (328 mF cm−2), as also indicated by a more
rectangular cyclic voltammetry (CV) curve in the chemically
cross-linked electrolyte PVA-H2SO4, Figure 13(d−e).82
The supercapacitor electrode with asymmetric configuration
has aided in achieving high energy and power density and is
revealed to be operated at higher potentials. For example, an
asymmetric device was prepared by coating carbon fabric with
MXene and RuO2 which showed the largest voltage window of
1.5 V in the PVA/H2SO4 gel electrolyte.218 A higher energy
Chem. Mater. XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX
Chemistry of Materials pubs.acs.org/cm Review

Figure 14. Future directions and insights into the potential development of MXene enabled smart textiles. (a) Green synthesis approach of MXene,
(b) establishing large-scale production facilities of MXene for commercial supply, (c) tailoring MXene surface chemistry and rheology to enhance
the functionality and quality of MXene, (d) adopting thermal drawing techniques for fabrication of high-performance fibers, (e) exploring a variety
of printing techniques for sophisticated textile products, and (f) fabrication of smart composites for advanced applications.

density of 37 μWh cm−2 at a power density of 40 mW cm−2
was obtained, with 86% capacitance retention after 20000
charge−discharge cycles. Another asymmetrical device con-
sisting of biscrolled MXene/CNT exhibited a large operation
window (0.6−1.6 V) in the same electrolyte system.148 In
addition, the fiber electrode exhibited a high energy and power
density of 61.6 mWh cm−3 (168 μWh cm−2 and 8.4 μWh
cm−1) and 5428 mW cm−3 (14.8 mW cm−2 and 741 μW
cm−2), respectively. Interestingly, in the aqueous electrolyte
system, these devices show promise to be operated in an
extended potential range and are comparable to other Ti3C2Tx
MXene devices.219−221
Several MXene-based textile supercapacitor electrodes have
also been explored with symmetrical configurations.135,94 In
comparison to the asymmetric electrode, the symmetric
electrode configuration is more advantageous in two ways:
first, easily matchable electrode capacitance of fibers/yarn with
the same length and fabrics with the same area, and second, the
proportional relation between the capacitance and the single
fiber electrode, which signifies that the higher electrode
capacitance led to a higher capacitance for the assembled
device.101 However, they are mostly suffering from a low
operating voltage window (0.6), which is even lower than that
of a carbon-based symmetric supercapacitor.
8. SUMMARY AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
The addition of transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXene)
into the class of two-dimensional materials brought a great
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breakthrough in material chemistry research, including many
other fields, and is on a continuous increase. Thanks to
MXene’s excellent features (metallic-like electrical conductivity
and high accessible surface area), 2D MXenes have emerged as
promising candidates in many applications including wearable
electronic textiles. The inclusion of MXene in textiles led to
many discoveries, materializing the concept of the recent trend
in smart and wearable electronic textiles for various emerging
applications. However, for the practical and large-scale
operation of these materials, several key understandings are
still to be explored.
Initially, for plenty of applications of MXene-based materials,
industry scale synthesis of MXene is required. Synthesis of
MXene involving HF is very toxic and extremely dangerous;
hence, for commercial viability of the process, eco-friendly
synthesis routes should be explored, Figure 14a. Currently,
delaminated Ti3C2Tx is producing 1−50 g batches. However,
wet chemical etching synthesis of MXene is expected to
produce kilograms or even in quantities in tons by scaling up
the volumes of the etchants and etching reactor. In this respect,
large-scale synthesized MXene should possess the qualities of
MXene such as flake size, exfoliation yield, elemental
composition, etc., Figure 14b. Despite being a diverse
MXene family, only Ti3C2Tx is greatly explored in most of
the studies to date. This necessitates the importance of
investigating other MXenes to vitalize their utilization in
numerous fields. Theoretical simulation and experimental
exploration of MXenes are assumed to be beneficial in this
Chem. Mater. XXXX, XXX, XXX−XXX
Chemistry of Materials
regard. Moreover, the surface chemistry of MXenes should be
tuned to incorporate more functionalities compatible with
particular applications, Figure 14c.
As reviewed in this article, MXene has been exploited to
produce electronic textiles for numerous wearable applications
which include the supercapacitor, strain sensor, thermotherapy,
EMI shielding, and humidity sensors. The blending of
conventional textiles with electrically conductive MXene not
only improves the inherent properties of textiles (fibers, yarns,
and fabrics) but also unveils the future of rapidly emerging
smart textiles for highly sophisticated applications. Although it
is undeniable that most of the research on recent MXene-based
textiles has largely been used to develop supercapacitor
electrodes which emerged as promising energy storage
materials, many efforts can also be done further to enhance
the scope of other MXene-based textile functionalities for
wearable applications. However, current MXene/textile syn-
thesis routes are relatively limited to wet spinning, electro-
spinning, or few coating approaches. To produce more
functional materials, other novel synthesis techniques should
be researched that may include thermal drawing, various novel
spinning techniques, and modified coating techniques. Taking
thermal drawing as an example, to produce optical fibers with
advanced functionalities, thermal drawing of MXene fibers can
be attempted, Figure 14d. These optical fibers may be utilized
as a telecommunications pathway, rendering the area of
MXene-based textiles for high-performance applications. Addi-
tionally, to regulate desired fiber properties and to impart novel
electronic, optical, and magnetic characteristics from the core
of the material, imparting core−shell structures may also prove
to be advantageous.
The textile integration of MXene derived textiles into
wearable devices has also been shown to be feasible. MXene-
based yarns demonstrated feasibility in forming MXene fabric
by two important textile architectures such as knitting and
weaving. However, this research is still in a very early stage
demonstrating a few prototypes, and therefore, bulk processing
of fabric needs more research. Also, more advanced textile
structures can be designed. One of the striking features of
MXene, unlike graphene, is that a wide variety of colors can be
obtained employing various MXene compositions. Utilizing
these properties (electrochromic and plasmonic) of various
MXenes, more different shades of smart textiles can be
produced. Besides, the aqueous solution of MXenes can be
printed in textiles, rendering its utilization in a variety of textile
structures other than the concept of knitting and weaving,
Figure 14e. Recently, an MXene-based triboelectric nano-
generator (TENG) has been developed. However, the
wearability of such devices is yet to be investigated. Therefore,
MXene-based smart textile TENG could be a promising
material in this case.
Similar to MXene/textile (fiber, yarn, or fabric-based)
interfaces, MXene-based cellulose nanocomposite membranes
can also show good promise. The property of MXene/cellulose
membranes is highly directed by the uniform distribution of
MXene flakes in cellulose matrices, but challenges persist in
obtaining such homogeneous composite morphology. In this
regard, appropriate synergies between cellulose and MXene
materials should be developed, Figure 14f. As discussed in the
respective sections, most of the MXene/cellulose membranes
are utilized for EMI shielding. From the combination of
MXene and cellulose, more application fields may be
investigated such as actuation performance or soft robotics,
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water purifications, and photothermal therapy. In a word, the
prospect of MXene is enormous.
■ AUTHOR INFORMATION
Corresponding Author
Md Milon Hossain − Department of Textile Engineering,
Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University,
Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States; Department
of Textile Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering &
Technology, Khulna 9203, Bangladesh; orcid.org/0000-
0001-8416-0631; Email: mhossai5@ncsu.edu
Authors
Abbas Ahmed − National Institute of Textile Engineering and
Research, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
Bapan Adak − Product Development Department, Kusumgar
Corporates Pvt. Ltd., Vapi, Gujarat 396195, India
Samrat Mukhopadhyay − Department of Textile and Fiber
Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi
110016, India
Complete contact information is available at:
https://pubs.acs.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c03392
Funding
The authors received no specific funding for this work
Notes
The authors declare no competing financial interest.
■
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