Advanced Chemistry Student Learning Guide Pagadian City Science High School

MODULE 2 FILIPINO AND FOREIGN CHEMISTS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

General
 Appreciate the achievements of Filipino and foreign scientists in the development of
chemistry and related technology
Specific
 Discuss researches conducted by Filipino scientists which find applications in
chemistry;
 Cite contributions of Filipino and foreign scientists in the field of chemical
technology;
 Express one’s feelings for the significance of the contributions of scientists in chemistry
and related field ; and
 Identify the values and traits demonstrated by the above scientists

2.1 SOME FAMOUS FILIPINO CHEMISTS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS

Dr. Julian A. Banzon , Dr. Alfredo C. Santos- He

biophysical chemist
who did the
pioneering works on
coconut as a source
of chemicals and
fuels. He devised the
process of extracting
residual coconut oil
by chemical means rather than by physical
means.
DR. LOURDES J. CRUZ .
She has made
significant
contributions to the
biochemistry of toxic
peptides from venom
of fish-hunting Conus
marine snails. Her
studies led to the
biochemical characterization of active production of new flavors and herbal
peptides from Conus venom and the medications.
development of conotoxins as biochemical
probes
gained recognition for
his researches on natural
products. He did a lot of
work on alkaloids from
indigenous medicinal
plants.
DR. LUZ OLIVEROS-
BELARDO
A pharmaceutical
chemist who worked
on the chemistry of
natural products and
essential oils from most
Philippines plants. Her
works resulted in the

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Dr. Bienvenido O. Juliano- An Clara Y. Lim-

organic chemist who is Sylianco
concerned with the An organic chemist
properties of starch with an expertise on
and protein and other mutagens, anti
grain constituents in mutagens and bio-
relation to grain quality organic reactions.
of rice. She has written
numerous scientific
articles, books, monographs and related
materials. Some of her books published are
used as textbooks in college chemistry.

Dr. Solita Camara-Besa A medical doctor by profession, she worked on sodium and
potassium content of Philippine foods and established standards useful in the preparation
of diets. Her analysis of cholesterol gave the Filipino the idea of the importance of diet
especially on fats and cholesterol.

2.2 SOME FAMOUS FOREIGN CHEMISTS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS

Robert Boyle (1627-1691), an Anglo-Irish scientist, was a

founder of modern chemistry and founding member of the Royal
Society of London. Boyle conducted fundamental experiments on
gases. He also attacked anciently held scientific theories, including
Aristotle's notion that the universe is made up of the four elements:
earth, air, fire, and water. Instead, Boyle proposed that all matter is
composed of primary particles (which he called "corpuscles") that
combine in different ways and pro-portions to produce different
substances. Boyle's "corpuscular" theory laid the groundwork for
development of a modern atomic theory in the nineteenth century.

Boyle demonstrated through experiments that air is necessary for fire, breathing, and
sound. Experimentation led him to conclude a basic property of gases, which came to be
known as Boyle's law: the volume of a gas at a constant temperature varies inversely to the
pressure applied to the gas. Boyle also proposed a method to distinguish acids from
alkalines.

Henry Cavendish (1731-1810) was an English physicist and

chemist who made fundamental discoveries in a number of scientific
fields, although several of them remained unpublished in his lifetime.
Cavendish was exceptionally brilliant but highly eccentric as well. In
fact, Cavendish probably fit some of the "mad scientist" stereotypes.
He almost totally avoided contact with other people, spoke very little,
and went about in shabby clothing. But Cavendish possessed one of
the most brilliant minds and conducted some of the most original
experiments of his age. Cavendish did important experimental work in
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chemistry. He studied air and gases extensively. Cavendish was among the first scientists to
recognize that hydrogen is a separate element. Experiments he conducted in 1784-1 785
led Cavendish to the conclusion that water is a compound of hydrogen and air (oxygen).
The chemist Joseph Priestley had done the same experiments but had missed the
importance of the water vapor produced when hydrogen and oxygen ignite. Cavendish
also performed some experiments with carbon dioxide.

Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) was one of most original thinkers

of the English-speakers world in the 1700's. Priestley made
fundamental contributions to science. He discovered oxygen and
about 10 other gases. He discovers basic principles of photosynthesis
and con ducted early experiments in electricity. Priestley was a
freethinker in religion and a sup-porter of popular government, that
is, government by the people. Priestley's most famous achievement
is his discovery of oxygen in 1774. (Actually, a Swedish chemist, Carl
Scheele, discovered oxygen at about the same time as Priestley.
Today, both scientists are given the credit.) Priestley called the
substance "de-phlogisticated air" took this name from a theory that was then current, but
later proved false-the phlogiston theory.

John Dalton (1766-1844) was a highly original English scientist

who studied a wide range of topics in science. Dalton is best known,
however, for his contributions to the atomic theory in of matter. The
atomic theory proposes that all matter is made up of very tiny
particles called atoms. Dalton refined the theory by suggesting that
each chemical element consists of a Single type of atom. Although
an amount of the element may contain many, many atoms, they are
all identical in size, shape, and mass. Furthermore, Dalton theorized
that in a chemical compound, the atoms of the different elements
always combine in the same ratio. In a similar vein, Dalton arranged all of the known
chemical elements in a table according to atomic weight (Dalton understood that each
element has a unique atomic weight, since the atoms of each element are unique.)
Dalton's table was a very early version of the periodic table developed in the later 1800's by
Dmitri Mendeleev and others. Dalton also devised a system of chemical symbols to use in
formulas.

Sir Humpry Davy (1778-1829), an English chemist, isolated

several chemical elements, discovered certain chemical
compounds, and conducted experiments in electrochemistry. A
gifted theoretical and experimental scientist, Davy frequently
applied scientific knowledge to practical problems, most notably
as the inventor of the miner's safety lamp. An admired lecturer,
Davy popularized science in the British Isles as well as in Europe.
Davy analyzed the workings of a voltaic cell the main component
of an electrical battery. He became convinced that a voltaic cell
produces electricity from a chemical reaction, specifically the
chemical combination of two substances having opposite

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charges. From thi.' conclusion, he reasoned that electrolysis could be used to break down
chemical compounds into basic chemical elements. Electrolysis is the use of electric current
to cause chemical reactions in certain substances. Davy's conclusion proved correct. Using
electrolysis, he isolated the elements sodium and potassium from their compounds in 1807.
In 1808 he isolated the alkaline-earth metals, a group of chemical elements including
calcium, magnesium, barium, and strontium. He also discovered the element boron. Davy
was the first scientist to recognize that diamonds are a form of carbon.

Jons Jakob Berzelius (1779-1848), Swedish chemist,

considered one of the founders of modern chemistry.
Berzelius's research extended into every branch of chemistry
and was extraordinary for its scope and accuracy. He discovered
three chemical elements—cerium, selenium, and thorium—and was
the first to isolate silicon, zirconium, and titanium. He introduced the
term catalyst into chemistry and was the first to elaborate on the
nature and importance of catalysis. He introduced the present
system of chemical notation, in which each element is represented
by one or two letters of the alphabet. In addition, Berzelius was
primarily responsible for the theory of radicals, which states that a
group of atoms, such as the sulphate group, can act as a single unit through a series of
chemical reactions. He developed an elaborate electrochemical theory that correctly
states that chemical compounds are made up of negatively and positively charged
components. All of his theoretical work was supported by elaborate experimental
measurement. His greatest achievement was the measurement of atomic weights.

Friedrich Wohler (1800-1882), German educator and chemist,

born in Eschersheim (now part of Frankfurt-on-Main), and educated
at the Universities of Marburg and Heidelberg. A pioneer in the field
of organic chemistry, Wohler is famous for his synthesis of the organic
compound urea. By this contribution he proved, contrary to
scientific thinking of the time, that a product of the living processes
of animals could be made in the laboratory from inorganic
materials. Wohler also conducted important research on uric acid
and the oil of bitter almonds, in collaboration with the German
chemist Baron Justus von Liebig, and isolated the chemical elements
aluminum and beryllium. He discovered calcium carbide and
prepared acetylene from it; he also developed the method for
preparing phosphorus that is in common use today. He wrote a number of textbooks on
organic and inorganic chemistry.

Friedrich August Kekule (1829-1896) was a German chemist who laid the foundations
of modern organic chemistry. Organic chemistry is the field of research and industry that is
concerned with chemical compounds based on carbon. Because of its particular atomic
structure, carbon is able to form a tremendous number and variety of compounds. Carbon
atoms can link with other carbon atoms as well as with atoms of other elements. Carbon
often bonds with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, or various combinations of these elements. All
life as we know it is based on organic chemistry. Also, all the fossil fuels that we use are

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organic compounds. So are many medicines, including penicillin,

for instance. Today, chemical research laboratories constantly
synthesize, that is, make, new organic compounds. These are used
for many purposes, from plastics to insect-killing substances.
Kekule' discovered several important principles of organic
chemistry. First, he realized that the carbon atom is tetravalent; that
is, it has four valences. A valence is the ability of one electron of an
atom to combine with free electrons of other atoms. Thus, carbon
has four such free electrons. Kekule' also understood that the four
valences in a carbon atom are spread evenly apart. As a result, the
structure of the carbon atom can be imagined as a tetrahedron (a
pyramid with equal sides). This idea is helpful when examining the
structure of organic compounds.

Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev (1834-1907), Russian

chemist, best known for his development of the periodic table
of the properties of the chemical elements. This table displays
a periodicity (regular pattern) in the elements' properties when
they are arranged according to atomic weight.
Mendeleyev was born in Tobolsk, Siberia. He studied
chemistry at the University of St Petersburg, and in 1859 he was
sent to study at the University of Heidelberg. There he met the
Italian chemist Stanislao Cannizzaro, whose views on atomic
weight influenced his thinking. Mendeleyev returned to St
Petersburg and became Professor of Chemistry at the
Technical Institute in 1863. He became Professor of General Chemistry at the University of St
Petersburg in 1866. Mendeleyev was a renowned teacher, and, because no good textbook
in chemistry was available, he wrote the two-volume Principles of Chemistry (1868-1870),
which became a classic.

Wilhelm Ostwald (1853-1932), German physical chemist and

Nobel laureate, considered one of the founders of modern physical
chemistry. Ostwald is especially known for his contributions to the field
of electrochemistry, including important studies of the electrical
conductivity and electrolytic dissociation of organic acids. He
invented a viscometer that is still used for measuring the viscosity of
solutions. In 1900 he discovered a method of preparing nitric acid by
oxidizing ammonia. This method, known as the Ostwald process, was
used by Germany during World War I for manufacturing explosives
after the Allied blockade had cut off the regular German supply of
nitrates, and it is still used.
Ostwald received the 1909 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. His works
include Natural Philosophy (1902; trans. 1910) and Colour Science (1923; trans. 1931). Also a
famous scientist, his son, Wolfgang Ostwald, is generally regarded as the founder of colloid
chemistry.

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Svante August Arrhenius (1859-1927), Swedish chemist, who

helped lay the foundations of modern chemistry. Born near
Uppsala, he was educated at the University of Uppsala and
received his Ph.D. in 1884. While still a student, he studied the
conductive properties of electrolytic (charge-conducting) solutions.
In his doctoral thesis he formulated the theory of electrolytic
dissociation. This theory holds that in electrolytic solutions, the
dissolved chemical compounds in the solution are dissociated into
ions, even when there is no current flowing through the solution.
Arrhenius also postulated that the degree of dissociation increases
as the solution becomes more dilute, a hypothesis that later turned
out to be true only for weak electrolytes. His theory was initially
thought to be wrong, and his thesis was given the lowest possible
passing grade. Later, however, Arrhenius's theory of electrolytic dissociation became
generally accepted, and eventually became one of the cornerstones of modern physical
chemistry and electrochemistry.
In 1889 Arrhenius also observed that the speed of chemical reactions increases
markedly when the temperature is increased, at a rate proportional to the concentration of
the activated molecules. Arrhenius became Professor of Chemistry at the University of
Stockholm in 1895 and Director of the Nobel Institute of Physical Chemistry in 1905. His
awards and honours include the 1903 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. He wrote works on physical
and biological chemistry, electrochemistry, and astronomy. In astronomy he is noted for his
suggestion that life on Earth originated from living spores driven through space by the
pressure of light.

Fritz Haber (1868-1934), German chemist and Nobel laureate,

best known for his development of an economical method of
ammonia synthesis. Haber was born in Breslau (now Wroclaw, Poland)
and educated at the Technische Hochschule in Berlin. He was
appointed Professor of Physical Chemistry at the University of Berlin in
1911. Subsequently he became director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute
for Physical Chemistry in Berlin.
Haber's greatest achievement was his discovery in 1913 of a
process for synthesizing ammonia by the direct combination of
nitrogen and hydrogen (see Nitrogen Fixation). The method was
adapted to commercial use in the 1930s by the German chemist Karl
Bosch. The Haber-Bosch process is used in the manufacture of explosives and in the
production of fertilizers. Haber also made fundamental contributions to the field of
electrochemistry. He was awarded the 1918 Nobel Prize for Chemistry.

Frederick Soddy (1877-1956), British chemist and Nobel laureate. Soddy was born in
Eastbourne, Sussex, and educated at Eastbourne College, the University College of Wales,
and the University of Oxford. He was a lecturer in physical chemistry and radioactivity at the
University of Glasgow from 1904 to 1914 and Professor of Chemistry at Oxford from 1919 to
1936, at which time he retired from academic life.
With the physicist Ernest Rutherford he began investigating radioactive
transformations of atomic nuclei and eventually developed a theory of atomic structure.

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Soddy is particularly known for his investigations of the origin and

nature of isotopes, for which he was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize for
Chemistry. His writings include such classic scientific works as
Radioactivity (1904), Interpretation of the Atom (1932), The Story of
Atomic Energy (1949), and Atomic Transmutation (1953), and works of
a political-economic nature, including Cartesian Economics (1922),
and Role of Money (1934).

Otto MeiHahn (1879-1968), a German physical chemist and

Nobel laureate, whose greatest contributions were in the field of
radioactivity. Hahn was born in Frankfurt-on-Main and educated at the
Universities of Marburg and Munich. In 1911 he became a member of the Kaiser Wilhelm
Institute for Physical Chemistry in Berlin and served as director of the institute from 1928 to
1945, when it was taken into Allied custody after World War II. In 1918 he discovered, with
the Austrian physicist Lise Meitner, the element protactinium. Hahn,
with his co-workers Meitner and the German chemist Fritz Strassmann,
continued the research started by the Italian physicist Enrico Fermi in
bombarding uranium with neutrons. Until 1939 scientists believed that
elements with atomic numbers higher than 92 (known as transuranic
elements) were formed when uranium was bombarded with neutrons.
In 1938, however, Hahn and Strassmann, while looking for transuranic
elements in a sample of uranium that had been irradiated with
neutrons, found traces of the element barium. This discovery,
announced in 1939, was irrefutable evidence, confirmed by
calculations of the energies involved in the reaction, that the uranium
had undergone fission, splitting into smaller fragments consisting of lighter elements. Hahn
was awarded the 1944 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his work in nuclear fission. It was
proposed in 1970 that the newly synthesized element number 105 be named hahnium in his
honour, but another naming system was adopted for transuranic elements beyond 104.

Percy Lavon Julian (1899-1975), an African American research

chemist, created a long list of useful products, including synthetic forms
of the hormones progesterone, testosterone, and cortisone, as well as
physostigmine, a drug used to treat glaucoma. Julian owned over 100
patents, many for products derived from soybeans. Born in
Montgomery, Alabama, Julian received a B.A. from Depauw University
(1920), an M.A. from Harvard University (1923), and a Ph.D. from the
University of Vienna, Austria (1931). Before and after his graduate
studies at the University of Vienna, Julian held a teaching position at
Howard University. Later, he taught and continued his research at
DePauw.

Linus Pauling (1901-1994) was a brilliant American chemist and political activist who
won two Nobel Prizes, one for chemistry and one for peace. Pauling was the first person
since Marie Curie to win two Nobel Prizes, and the first ever to be the sole recipient. Pauling
received the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1954 for his research on the chemical bond, the
force that gives atoms the cohesiveness to form molecules-the building blocks of physical

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matter. A world-class chemist, Pauling is also credited with laying

the groundwork that led other researchers to uncover the secrets
of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the genetic material in all living
things. He narrowly missed getting a third Nobel Prize for this work.

Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910 - 1994), a British chemist,

won the 1964 Nobel Prize in chemistry for determining the highly
complex structure of the vitamin B12 molecule. She also
determined the molecular structure of cholesterol iodide,
penicillin, insulin, and other organic compounds. Such studies are of practical importance in
medicine. For example, expanded knowledge about the B12 molecule has led to better
understanding of how the body uses this substance to build red blood cells. This knowledge
has, in turn, led to successful treatment of a disease called pernicious anemia. Hodgkin
used the technique of X-ray diffraction in her analysis of
organic compound. X- ray diffraction is a valuable tool that
has aided chemists in understanding the molecular structure
of many substances, including DNA. This technique is based
on diffraction properties of X rays. When the X rays are
focused on a crystalline substance, the regular, repeating
arrangement of molecules in the crystals diffracts, or bends,
the X rays. The pal tern of the X-ray diffraction, which is also
regular, can be studied. From these studies, chemists can
determine the actual molecular structure of the crystals.
Dorothy Hodgkin was born Dorothy Crow foot in Cairo,
Egypt. She conducted most of her research at Oxford University. She was a member of the
Royal Society.

Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1912-1999), an American chemist,

is best known for the discovery plutonium and a series of
transuranium elements-radioactive elements which have atomic
numbers heavier than 92, the atomic number of uranium. For his
work in isolating plutonium, Seaborg, along with his colleague Edwin
M. McMillan, received the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1951. Seaborg
was born in lshpeming, Michigan He received a B.A. from the
University of California at Los Angeles (1934) and a Ph.D. degree
from the University of California at Berkeley (1937). In the Berkeley
chemistry laboratory in 1937, Seaborg and his colleagues began
delving into the atomic structure of matter, isolating dozens of new
isotopes for common elements. An isotope is one of two or more
atoms of a chemical element with the same atomic number (number
of protons in the nucleus), but a different atomic weight (number of
neutrons in the nucleus).

Zewail, Ahmed (1946- ) Egyptian-American scientist won the

Nobel Prize for chemistry today for demonstrating that a rapid laser
technique can observe the motion of atoms in a molecule as they
occur during a chemical reaction.

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2.3 DESIRABLE ATTITUDES OF CHEMISTS

The many wonders of chemistry have made it the central science. What distinguishes
science from the other fields of study is the way in which it seeks answers to questions and
the approach of scientists in solving problems. What are some of the characteristics and
attitudes that chemists generally have in common? Like us, chemists ask how and why
things happen. However, unlike most of us, they are not satisfied with asking “why”. They
always have possible solutions to a problem. They will not stop unless a problem is solved.
These scientific attitudes are as follows.

 Curiosity- A scientist is a curious person. He/She asks questions as to the causes of

some events, which are not yet known; he/she keeps on reading to find information.
 Open-mindedness A scientist is an open-minded person who considers suggestions
and accepts criticism, shares ideas with others, and considers several possibilities
when investigating a problem.
 Questioning Attitude A scientist questions the inconsistencies in statements and
conclusions, and makes decisions after collecting all-important facts. Also, a scientist
challenges the validity of unsupported statements.
 Respect for Evidence A scientist is one who checks consistency of observations,
considers and evaluates ideas presented by others, and consults available data
before drawing a conclusion.
 Believing in Cause-and-Effect A scientist believes that for every effect there is a
corresponding cause and accepts a statement as fact only if supported by
evidence.
 Honesty A scientist reports the data truthfully, gives comments as situations demand,
and acknowledges the work done by others.
 Humility A scientist shows awareness of one’s shortcomings and indicates willingness
to ask help from someone who can assist him/her.
 Patience and Determination A scientist carries out investigations in spite of limited
time, keeps working in spite of several failures, and remains firm even in the face of
criticisms.
 Resourcefulness and Creativity A scientist makes optimum use of equipment and
suggests substitutes for material that are not available in the school or in the
community.
 Intellectual Responsibility A scientist performs assigned tasks dutifully, shows
willingness to do extra work if necessary, and accepts failures if any are made during
an investigation

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SELF ASSESSMENT

Matching Type. Match Column A with Column B. Write the letter corresponding to your
answer on the space provided before each item.

Column A
_____ 1. Julian A. Banzon
_____ 2. Fritz Haber
_____ 3. Robert Boyle
_____ 4. Alfredo C. Santos
_____ 5. Frederick Soddy
_____ 6. John Dalton
_____ 7. Jons Jakob Berzelius
_____ 8. Clara Y. Lim-Sylianco
_____ 9. Joseph Priestley
_____ 10. Luz Oliveros-Belardo
_____ 11. Friedrich August Kekule
_____ 12. Dmitry I. Mendeleev
_____ 13. Bienvenido O. Juliano
_____ 14. Friedrich Wohler
_____ 15. Linus Pauling
_____ 16. Open-mindedness
_____ 17. Honesty
_____ 18. Intellectual Responsibility r. research on the chemical bond, the force that gives
_____ 19. Resourcefulness and s. reports the data truthfully, gives comments as
Creativity
_____ 20. Curiosity
Column B
a. investigations of the origin and nature of isotopes
b. development of the atomic theory in of matter
c. concerned with the properties of starch and protein
and other grain constituents in relation to grain quality
of rice
d. written the Skeptical Chymist
e. discovered oxygen and about 10 other gases
and basic principles of photosynthesis
f. development of an economical method of ammonia
synthesis
g. laid the foundations of modern organic chemistry
h. pioneering works on coconut as a source of
chemicals and fuels
i. discovered cerium, selenium, and thorium and first to
isolate silicon, zirconium, and titanium
j. development of the periodic table of the properties
of the chemical elements
k. synthesis of the organic compound urea
l. worked on the chemistry of natural products and
essential oils from most Philippines plants
m. asks questions as to the causes of some events,
which are not yet known
n. considers suggestions and accepts criticism, shares
ideas with others
o. performs assigned tasks dutifully, shows willingness to
do extra work if necessary, and accepts failures if any
are made during an investigation
p. work on alkaloids from indigenous medicinal plants
q. makes optimum use of equipment and suggests
substitutes for material that are not available in the
school or in the community.
atoms the cohesiveness
situations demand, and acknowledges the work done
by others.
t. an expertise on mutagens, anti mutagens and bio-
organic reactions.

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MY REFLECTION 101

After finishing this module you are now going to share your insights about all
the things that you have learned and encountered in this module and during the
class discussions. Complete each statement below as honest as you can.

I have learned that_______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

However, I am still confused about _______________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

I have realized that_______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

I feel that ________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

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