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Pipesim User Guide
Pipesim User Guide
Pipesim User Guide
User Guide
Proprietary Notice
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Patent information
Schlumberger ECLIPSE reservoir simulation software is protected by US Patents 6,018,497, 6,078,869 and 6,106,561,
and UK Patents GB 2,326,747 B and GB 2,336,008 B. Patents pending.
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Note: Information in this document is subject to change without notice. Companies, names and data used in examples
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Contents 3
Table of Contents
Proprietary Notice ............................................................................ 2
Patent information............................................................................ 2
1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................... 15
1.1 Setting up ............................................................................. 15
1.1.1 Before you run setup ...................................................... 15
1.1.2 Running setup ................................................................ 17
1.1.3 Changing Options after quitting setup ............................ 17
1.2 Documentation..................................................................... 17
1.2.1 PIPESIM additional documentation ................................ 17
1.2.2 Case Studies .................................................................. 18
1.2.3 Online Help..................................................................... 18
PIPESIM
4 Contents
PIPESIM
Contents 5
3.2 Compositional...................................................................... 60
3.2.1 EOS (Equations of State) ............................................... 60
3.2.2 Viscosity model............................................................... 61
3.2.3 BIP (Binary Interaction Parameter) Set .......................... 63
3.2.4 Hydrates ......................................................................... 63
PIPESIM
6 Contents
PIPESIM
Contents 7
PIPESIM
8 Contents
PIPESIM
Contents 9
8 INDEX ......................................................................8-194
PIPESIM
10 Conventions
Document conventions
PIPESIM
Conventions 11
PIPESIM
12 Conventions
Simulation
Run model CTRL+G
Restart Model CTRL+R
Check model CTRL+E
Windows
New Model Window CTRL+W
Close Active Window CTRL+F4
Go to Next Window CTRL+F6 or CTRL+TAB
Go to Previous Window CTRL+SHIFT+F6 or
CTRL+SHIFT+ TAB
Tools
Print CTRL+P
Access Help F1
Editing/General
Access Pull-down menus ALT or F10
Cut CTRL+X
Copy CTRL+C
Paste CTRL+V
Delete Del
Select All CTRL+A
Find CTRL+F
Sticky key mode SHIFT
PIPESIM
Conventions 13
Zoom in SHIFT+Z
Zoom out SHIFT+X
Zoom Full View SHIFT+F
Restore View SHIFT+R
PIPESIM
Field Equipment 15
1 Introduction
Welcome to Schlumberger’s PIPESIM - the integrated Petroleum
Engineer and Facilities package for Design, Operation and
Optimization.
1.1 Setting up
You install PIPESIM on your computer by using the program
SETUP.EXE. The setup up program installs ESI
M
16 Field Equipment
• A mouse
• 32Mb of RAM
• Microsoft Windows 98 or higher
• The PC system date is set to the current date. The security
system uses the current PC date.
If any of the above are missing then please contact your nearest
Schlumberger office.
You are also encouraged to make a back up copy of the install CD.
PIPESIM 2000
Field Equipment 17
To start Setup
Once you have installed PIPESIM the following links will be created
on the Programs menu;
• Schlumberger
• PIPESIM
• GOAL
• FPT
• HoSim
• Documentation
• OpenLink
• Utilities
• B26 to P2K Converter
• Security utilities
• User defined DLL registry editor
• Plotting utility
1.2 Documentation
1.2.1 PIPESIM additional documentation
In addition to this User Guide the following documentation is available
to assist users in using PIPESIM or some of its modules.
PIPESIM 2000
18 Field Equipment
1.2.1.3 OpenLink
A collection of COM object that allows PIPESIM to be accessed from
3rd party applications, e.g. Microsoft Excel, Visual basic, etc.
Note: This User Guide does not cover the menus or dialogs that are
used within the software. These are covered, in detail, in the Help
system, supplied with PIPESIM.
PIPESIM 2000
Field Equipment 19
screen to jump to topics that tell you how to useaBT5/TT4 1- Tc 0.000 Tc 0 Tw 13.98
20 Field Equipment
Field Planning
Multi-lateral well
Multi-zone wells
This release of PIPESIM does not have all modules fully integrated,
i.e. Production Optimization (GOAL), Field Planning (FPT), Multi-
lateral well (HoSim).
1.3.1 Modules
PIPESIM consists of the following modules:
• Pipeline & Facilities
• Well Performance Analysis
• Network Analysis
• Production Optimization (GOAL)
• Field Planning (FPT)
• Multi-lateral (HoSim)
PIPESIM 2000
Field Equipment 21
The module will predict the optimum artificial lift quantity (lift gas or
ESP speed) so as to optimize oil production from the entire field. As
an alternative to calculations based on produced oil the optimization
can be performed on gross liquids, gross gas or revenue. The
program models the full network on a point-by-point basis, and offers
a choice of flow correlation options for multiphase flow.
In addition to being able to optimize field production it includes a
unique production prediction mode, which allows current field
production rates and pressures to be predicted and the results
compared directly against actual field data.
The module has been primarily developed for use by operations staff
in the day-to-day optimization and allocation of lift gas for complex
multi-well networked configurations.
PIPESIM 2000
22 Field Equipment
PIPESIM 2000
Field Equipment 23
1.3.2 Options
In addition to the above basic modules a number of options are
available.
PIPESIM 2000
24 Field Equipment
PIPESIM 2000
Field Equipment 25
PIPESIM 2000
26 Field Equipment
1.5 Security
Stand-alone (single PC) versions of PIPESIM are protected from
unauthorized use by means of either a license file or a hardware
security module (generally referred to as a 'dongle' or 'bit lock'). Local
Area Network (LAN) versions are normally protected via License
Manager software.
PIPESIM 2000
Field Equipment 27
To offer the best and fastest support our preferred method for
support services is via email.
New users
• Familiarize yourself with the all PIPESIM modules, their function
and application.
• Work through the case studies for your particular area of interest
Existing users
• Read the Release Notes document to obtain an overview of new
features.
PIPESIM 2000
Field Equipment 29
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview 31
2 Model Overview
PIPESIM
32 Model Overview
The units system used for any particular model is saved with the
model data, thus allowing models to be moved easily.
Any unit set can be set as the default for new models or new
sessions of PIPESIM.
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview 33
Black oil fluid modeling is appropriate for use with a wide range of
applications and hydrocarbon fluid systems. In general, the basic
black oil correlations will provide reasonable accuracy in most PVT
fluid property evaluations over the range of pressures and
temperatures likely to be found in production or pipeline systems.
However, care should be taken when applying the black oil approach
to a highly volatile crude or a condensate where accurate modeling of
the gaseous light ends is required. In this case, the user should
consider the use of compositional modeling technique that describes
the fluid as a multi-component mixture.
In order to increase the accuracy of the basic black oil correlations for
modeling multiphase flow, PIPESIM provides the facility to adjust
salient values of a number of the most important PVT fluid properties
to match laboratory data.
These PVT fluid properties are considered the single most important
parameters affecting the accuracy of multi-phase flow calculations.
Calibration of these properties can greatly increase the accuracy of
the correlations over the range of pressures and temperatures for the
system being modeled.
PIPESIM
34 Model Overview
2.4.2 Compositional
For compositional fluid modeling of hydrocarbon fluids and
associated gas and water components, PIPESIM uses a PVT
modeling package.
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview 35
2.4.3 Steam
For steam systems (production and injection) PIPESIM uses the
GPSA stream tables.
PIPESIM
36 Model Overview
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview 37
PIPESIM
38 Model Overview
Network module
Component Type Description
Production well Boundary Models the source as a production well.
Node The well is (normally) defined from the
sand face to the point where it joins
another object, i.e. well head, manifold,
etc.
Generic source Boundary The point where a fluid enters the
Node system. Can be used when a well is
modeled from the well head.
Injection well Boundary Models the sink as an injection well,
Node including tubing and completion.
Generic sink Boundary The point where the fluid leaves the
Node systems. A model may have any
number of sinks.
Node Node A point in the system where 1 or more
branches meets
Branch Link Connects 2 or more nodes, sources or
sinks. Any combination of flowline, riser
or pieces of equipment can be used to
describe a branch. When connected
between a well and a node the
resulting branch has no physical
meaning
Re-injection Node Connects 3 branches;
node 1 - the incoming fluid stream
2 - the outlet stream
3 - the stream removed by the
separator. All the fluid removed from
the separator is re-injected. The re-
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview 39
General:
• Maximum number of components in a stream: 50
Well Performance
• Maximum number of completions: 10
• Maximum number of sinks 1
• Maximum number tubing coatings: 10
• Maximum number of nodes for a tubing: 100
• Maximum number of geothermal survey points: 100
• Maximum number of tubing strings:
• Detailed model: 20
• Simple model: 4
Network
• Maximum number of wells / branches: unlimited
• Maximum number of nodes: unlimited
• Maximum number of PVT files: 500
• Maximum number of compositions: 1,000
• Maximum number of Black Oil compositions: 1,024
• Maximum number of PQ data points: 30
Field Planning
• Maximum number of stored timesteps: 256
• Maximum number of auxiliary properties: 1,500
• Maximum number of Eclipse models: 1
• Maximum number of network models: 5
PIPESIM
40 Model Overview
Multi-lateral (HoSim)
• Maximum number of multi-laterals: 500
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview 41
See the PIPESIM Help system " How do I…" section for full details
on setting up the basic models.
PIPESIM
42 Model Overview
2.9.1.2 Compositional
The following basic steps are required to calibrate the compositionally
defined fluids;
• Select the units set of your preference
• Enter the basic fluid data (library components, petroleum
fractions)
• Produce the phase envelop (for reference)
• Select the quantity to match to; Bubble Point or Dew point
• Enter the matching data
• Select viscosity matching options if applicable
• Enter the viscosity data
• Run the matching operation
• Update the composition
• Produce the new phase envelop
• Save the model!
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview 43
Insure that the most suitable correlation is then selected from the
horizontal flow correlation list for subsequent simulations.
PIPESIM
44 Model Overview
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview 45
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview 47
The resulting data transfer files (*.PLT & *.PWH) are required by the
optimization model. These files must then be transferred (manually)
to the required optimization (GOAL) directory.
The resulting data transfer files (*.WPI) are required by the network
model if the well is to be represented by a performance curve. These
PIPESIM
48 Model Overview
The resulting ASCII file can then be used directly by the reservoir
simulator.
PIPESIM 2000
Model Overview 49
Each source can have it's own fluid description or use shared data.
For example the above 3 well / 1 sink model could be specified as;
• Well 1: Reservoir pressure, reservoir temperature
• Well 2: Reservoir pressure, reservoir temperature
• Well 3: Reservoir pressure, reservoir temperature
• Sink: Delivery pressure
OR
• Well 1: Reservoir pressure, Flowrate, reservoir temperature
• Well 2: reservoir temperature
PIPESIM
50 Model Overview
2.9.6 Field
Model Overview 51
• Tanks
• Tables
• Reservoir simulator
• Set the name of the host UNIX workstation
• Material balance program
• Develop the network model (well and surface network) or
models.
• Link the wells to the reservoir description.
• Specify any flowrate constraints
• Define the time dependent events.
• Define the conditional based events.
• Select any auxiliary properties that are to be stored during the
simulation and analyzed in the post-processor.
• Set the convergence tolerance
• Save the model!
See the FPT Used Guide for an example of building a Field Planning
model.
2.9.7 Multi-lateral
The following basic steps are required to build a multi-lateral well
model;
• Select the units set of your preference
• Add the necessary components to the model (horizontal well
section, branch, etc) and defined the necessary data.
• Define the fluid specification (black oil or compositional).
• Define the flow correlation to use.
• Save the model!
PIPESIM
52 Model Overview
The black oil correlations have been developed specifically for crude
oil/gas/water systems and are therefore most useful in predicting the
phase behavior of crude oil well streams. When used in conjunction
with the calibration options, the black oil correlations can produce
accurate phase behavior data from a minimum of input data. They
are particularly convenient in gas lift studies where the effects of
varying GLR and water cut are under investigation. However, if the
accurate phase behavior prediction of light hydrocarbon systems is
important, it is recommended that the more rigorous compositional
models is employed.
3.1.1 Lasater
A correlation developed in 1958 from 158 experimental data points.
The data points spanned the following ranges:
pb (bubble point pressure): 48 to 5,780 psia
TR (reservoir temperature): 82 to 272 °F
g API (API gravity): 17.9 to 51.1 °API
g g (gas specific gravity): 0.574 to 1.223
Rsb (solution gas at bubble point pressure): 3 to 2,905 scf/STB
PIPESIM 2000
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling 53
3.1.2 Standing
Standing presented an equation to estimate bubble point pressures
greater than 1,000 psia. The correlation was based on 105
experimentally determined bubble point pressure of California oil
systems.
PIPESIM
54 Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
3.1.4 Glasø
Glasø developed PVT correlations from analysis of crude oil from the
following North Sea Fields:-
Ekofisk
Stratfjord
Forties
Valhall
COD
30/7-2A
PIPESIM
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling 55
3.1.5 Coning
In order to simulate gas and/or water breakthrough from the reservoir,
flowrate-dependent values of GOR and watercut may be entered.
In a homogeneous reservoir, analysis of the radial flow behavior of
reservoir fluids moving towards a producing well shows that the rate
dependent phenomenon of coning may be important.
The effect of increasing fluid velocity and energy loss in the vicinity of
a well leads to the local distortion of a gas-oil contact or a water-oil
contact. The gas and water in the vicinity of the producing wellbore
can therefore flow towards the perforation. The relative permeability
to oil in the pore spaces around the wellbore decreases as gas and
water saturation increase. The local saturations can be significantly
different from the bulk average saturations (at distances such as a
few hundred meters from the wellbore). The prediction of coning is
important since it leads to decisions regarding:
• Preferred initial completions
• Estimation of cone arrival time at a producing well
• Prediction of fluid production rates after cone arrival
• Design of preferred well spacing
PIPESIM
56 Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
m OD = 10x - 1
where
x = yT-1.163
y = 10z
z = 3.0324 - 0.02023 gAPI
mOD = c(loggAPI)d
where
c = 3.141(1010 )T-3.444
d = 10.313(logT) - 36.447
Log(mOD) µ (1/T)
PIPESIM
58 Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
m = mOb(p/pb)m
PIPESIM
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling 59
where
m = 2.6p1.187 exp(-8.98x10-5 p - 11.513)
For dead oils at high pressures the Vasquez and Beggs correlation
overestimates the viscosity: Use Kousel.
3.1.9.3 No calculation
The undersaturated oil viscosity is assumed to be the same as the
saturated live oil viscosity at the same temperature and pressure.
PIPESIM
60 Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
3.2 Compositional
3.2.1 EOS (Equations of State)
Equations of state describe the pressure, volume and temperature
behavior of pure components and mixtures. Most thermodynamic and
transport properties are derived from the equation of state.
3.2.1.1 Soave-Redlich-Kwong
The standard SRK equation is;
P = (NRT/(V - b)) + (a/(V(V + b)))
PIPESIM
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling 61
The values of "a" and "b" in the above equations are derived from
functions of the pure component critical temperatures, pressures, and
acentric factors.
3.2.1.2 Peng-Robinson
The standard PR equation is;
P = (NRT/(V - b)) + (a/(V2 + 2bV - b2))
The values of "a" and "b" in the above equations are derived from
functions of the pure component critical temperatures, pressures, and
acentric factors.
3.2.1.3 SMIRK
The Shell SPPTS package uses the SMIRK equation of state.
PIPESIM
62 Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
3.2.2.4 Water
The Pedersen method suffers the same drawback as the LBC
method in that it is unable to predict the temperature dependence of
water, a polar molecule. To overcome this problem, the Pedersen
method has been modified especially for water so that it now
accurately models the viscosity of water in the liquid phase. This was
achieved by the introduction of a temperature-dependent correction
factor. However the prediction of the viscosity of the gas phase is
also affected, though in only a minor way.
PIPESIM
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling 63
3.2.2.5 Methanol
Neither the LBC nor the Pederson method can deal with polar
components with the Pederson method slightly worse than the LBC
method. This is not surprising, as both methods were developed for
non-polar components and mixtures. The Pedersen method works
best with light alkanes and petroleum mixtures in the liquid phase. It
performs as well or better than the LBC method in nearly all
situations.
3.2.2.6 Emulsion
The following options are available for handing emulsions;
• Inversion method
• Volume ratio method
• Woelflin method
The methods are as described for Black Oil emulsions.
3.2.4 Hydrates
Natural gas hydrates are solid ice-like compounds of water and light
components of natural gas. They form at temperatures above the ice
point and are therefore a serious concern in oil and gas processing
operations. The phase behavior of the systems involving hydrates
can be very complex because up to six phases must normally be
considered. The behavior is particularly complex if there is significant
mutual solubility between phases. The hydrate model uses a
modification of the RKS equation of state for the fluid phases plus
The van der Waals and Platteeuw model for the hydrate phases. The
model can explicitly represent all the effects of the presence of
inhibitors.
PIPESIM
64 Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
Note: you must explicitly include water in the mixture if you wish to
do hydrate calculations. The amount of water may influence the
results of the calculations, particularly when inhibitors or water-
soluble gases are present.
PIPESIM
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling 65
PIPESIM
66 Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
ν = fluid velocity
g = gravitational constant at current altitude
gc = universal gravitational constant
θ = flow angle
d = pipe diameter
The contribution from the major terms; elevational and frictional can
be summarized as;
• In well
• Elevation term (85-100%)
• Frictional (0-15%)
• In pipes
• Elevation term (0-30%)
• Frictional (70-100%)
PIPESIM
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling 67
In vslug, both the gas and liquid phases significantly contribute to the
pressure gradient. the gas phase exists as large bubbles almost filling
the pipe and separated by slugs of liquid. In transition flow, the liquid
slugs between the gas bubbles essentially disappear, and at some
point the liquid phases becomes discontinuous and the phase
becomes continuous.
The pressure losses in vtrans are partly a result of the liquid phase,
but are more the result of the gas phase. vannular is characterized by
a continuous gas phase with liquid occurring as entrained droplets in
the gas stream and as a liquid film wetting the pipe walls. A typical
example of mist flow is the flow of gas and condensate in a gas
condensate well.
PIPESIM
68 Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
Smooth
Wavy
Slug
Elongated bubble/Plug
Annular/Mist
Bubble
PIPESIM
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling 69
3.3.2.1 Moody
For liquid or gas
3.3.2.2 AGA
For gas only.
PIPESIM
70 Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
3.3.2.5 Hazen-Williams
For liquid water only
ƒ = (1/192)(150/ ν m)0.15d-0.17 (in Engineering units)
3.3.2.6 Weymouth
For gas only
(0.25 ƒ) = 0.00272d-1/3 (in SI units)
3.3.3.1 Ansari
The Ansari model was developed as part of the Tulsa University Fluid
Flow Projects (TUFFP) research program. A comprehensive model
was formulated to predict flow patterns and the flow characteristics of
the predicted flow patterns for upward two-phase flow. The
comprehensive mechanistic model is composed of a model for flow
pattern prediction and a set of independent models for predicting
holdup and pressure drop in bubble, slug, and annular flows. The
model was evaluated by using the TUFFP well databank that is
composed of 1775 well cases, with 371 of them from Prudhoe Bay
data.
PIPESIM
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling 71
PIPESIM
72 Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
PIPESIM
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling 73
momentum equations for the gas-liquid mixture in the core and for the
total contents of the pipe.
3.3.3.11 Gray
The Gray Vertical Flow correlation is used for pressure loss and
holdup. This correlation was developed by H E Gray of Shell Oil
Company for vertical flow in gas and condensate systems which
are predominantly gas phase. Flow is treated as single phase, and
dropped out water or condensate is assumed to adhere to the pipe
wall. It is considered applicable for vertical flow cases where the
velocity is below 50 ft/s, the tube size is below 3½-in, the condensate
ratio is below 50 bbl/mmscf, and the water ratio is below 5 bbl/mmscf.
PIPESIM
74 Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
PIPESIM
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling 75
3.3.3.19 Orkiszewski
The Orkiszewski correlation is used for pressure loss, holdup, and
flow regime. The Orkiszewski correlation was developed for the
prediction of two phase pressure drops in vertical pipe. Four flow
regimes were considered, bubble, slug, annular-slug transition, and
annular mist. The method can accurately predict, to within 10%, the
two phase pressure drops in naturally flowing and gas lifted
production wells over a wide range of well conditions. The precision
of the method was verified when its predicted values were compared
against 148 measured pressure drops. Unlike most other methods,
liquid holdup is derived from observed physical phenomena, and is
adjusted for angle of deviation.
Correlations available;
• MMSM
• GZM
Correlations available;
• SRTCA two-phase
• STRCA two-phase slugging
• STRCA two-phase slugging & slug DP
• STRCA three-phase
• STRCA three-phase & water-oil dispersion
PIPESIM
76 Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
PIPESIM
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling 77
PIPESIM
78 Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
PIPESIM
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling 79
3.3.4.15 Oliemans
The Oliemans correlation was developed following the study of large
diameter condensate pipelines. The flow regime is predicted using
the Taitel Dukler flow regime map, and a simple model, which obeyed
the correct single phase flow limits was introduced to predict the
pressure drop. The model was based on a limited amount of data
from a 30-in, 100-km pipeline operating at pressures of 100 barg or
higher. The Oliemans pressure loss correlation can be used with the
Eaton, BJA, BRIMIN1 or BRIMIN2 holdup correlations.
3.3.4.16 Xiao
The Xiao comprehensive mechanistic model was developed as part
of the TUFFP research program. It was developed for gas-liquid two-
phase flow in horizontal and near horizontal pipelines. The model
is able first to detect the existing flow pattern, and then to predict the
flow characteristics, primarily liquid holdup and pressure drop, for the
stratified, intermittent, annular, or dispersed bubble flow patterns. The
model was tested against a pipeline data bank. The data bank
included large diameter field data culled from the AGA multiphase
pipeline data bank, and laboratory data published in literature. Data
included both black oil and compositional fluid systems. A new
correlation was proposed which predicts the internal friction factor
under stratified flow.
PIPESIM
80 Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
Correlations available;
• SRTCA two-phase
• STRCA two-phase slugging
• STRCA two-phase slugging & slug DP
• STRCA three-phase
• STRCA three-phase & water-oil dispersion
3.4 References
Baker, A., Nielsen, K., and Gabb, A.: “Pressure Loss, Liquid-Holdup
Calculations Developed,” Technology, Oil & Gas Journal (Mar. 14,
1988).
Beal, C.: “The Viscosity of Air, Water, Natural Gas, Crude Oil and its
Associated Gases at Oil Temperatures and Pressures,” Trans. AIME
(1946) 94.
PIPESIM
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling 81
Beggs, H. D., and Brill, J. P.: “A Study of Two Phase Flow in Inclined
Pipes,” J. Pet. Tech. (May 1973) 607-617.
Duns, H., and Ros, N. C. J.: “Vertical Flow of Gas and Liquid Mixtures
in Wells,” 6th. World Pet. Congress (1963) 452.
Eaton, B. A.: “Prediction of Flow Patterns, Liquid Holdup and Pressure
Losses Occurring During Continuous Two-Phase Flow in Horizontal
Pipelines,” Trans., AIME (1967) 815.
PIPESIM
82 Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
Manhane, J. M., Gregory, G. A. and Aziz, K.: "A Flow Pattern Map for
Gas-Liquid Flow Pattern in Horizontal Pipes," Int. J. of Multiphase
Flow.
Minami, K. and Brill, J. P.: “Liquid Holdup in Wet Gas Pipelines,” SPE
J. Prod. Eng. (May 1987).
PIPESIM
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling 83
PIPESIM
84 Fluid & Multiphase Modeling
Scott, S. L., Shoham, O., and Brill, J. P.: “Prediction of Slug Length in
Horizontal Large-Diameter Pipes,” SPE paper 15103 (April 1986).
Standing, M. B.: Volumetric and Phase Behavior of Oil Field
Hydrocarbon Systems, Society of Petroleum Engineers, (1977) 121.
PIPESIM
Fluid & Multiphase Modeling 85
PIPESIM
Reservoir, Well & Completion Modeling 87
4.1.1.2 Jones
The Jones equation is
Pws - Pwf = AQ2 + BQ.
Where
A is the turbulent coefficient and
B is the laminar coefficient.
PIPESIM
88 Field Equipment
4.1.1.6 Vogel
Was developed to model saturated oil wells. The equation is as
follows:
Q = Qmax(1 - (1 - C)(Pwf/Pws) - C(Pwf/Pws)2),
where
Qmax is the absolute open flow potential, i.e. the liquid flowrate
when the bottom hole pressure is zero, and C is the PI coefficient.
4.1.1.7Hydraulic Fracture
See Help system for details.
PIPESIM
Field Equipment 89
4.1.1.8Multi-rate tests
In addition multi-rate test data can be utilized so that the modeled
inflow matches the actual measured inflow in the well. Two types of
multi-rate test are available;
• multi-point - A 'flow-after-flow' test sequence. Static pressure is
taken as a constant throughout the test period.
• Isochronal - This type of test is normally performed in reservoirs
with low permeability where the time taken to reach stabilized flow
conditions is unacceptably long (e.g. low permeability sands).
Isochronal testing is performed by periods of flowing followed by
shutting-in of a well (normally with increasing rate). The wellbore
flowing pressure is recorded during each flow period at a specific
time (e.g. if the time is 4 hours, then the test is referred to as a 4-
hour isochronal test). Due to the long stabilization time normally
associated with the isochronal test, reservoir conditions need not
return to the original static pressure. Hence a different static
reservoir pressure is recorded.
4.1.2.2 Forchheimer
The Forchheimer equation is;
Pws2 - Pwf2 = FQ2 + AQ.
Where
F is the turbulence coefficient and
A is the laminar coefficient.
4.1.2.3 Jones
The Jones equation is :
PIPESIM
90 Field Equipment
where
s = skin
k = formation permeability
h = formation thickness
µ = gas viscosity
T = temperature
Z = z factor
Re = Drainage radius
Rw = wellbore radius
4.1.2.7Multi-rate tests
Multi-rate test data (as descried above) can be applied to the
following;
• Multi-rate Back pressure / C and n
• Multi-rate Forchheimer
• Multi-rate Jones
• Multi-rate (Straight line) Well Productivity Index
PIPESIM
Field Equipment 91
PIPESIM
92 Field Equipment
PIPESIM
Field Equipment 93
PIPESIM
94 Field Equipment
∆p = (114644
. x10 −5 ) fm ρ q 2 L / d 5 (4.1)
where,
∆p = pressure drop, psia
fm = Moody's friction factor, dimensionless
ρ = fluid density, gm/cm3
q = flowrate, RB/d
L = horizontal length, ft
d = internal diameter of pipe, inches
For gas flow, however, the pressure drop calculations are more
complex. This is due to friction, which could change the temperature
of the gas as it travels through the wellbore. Moreover, density and
viscosity are strong functions of gas pressure and temperature. This
would result in a changing pressure drop per foot length of a well
along the entire well length. The Weymouth equation for dry gas is
the simplest equation to estimate pressure drop in a horizontal pipe
( p12 − p2 2 ) d 16 / 3
qg = 15320 (4.2)
γ g TZL
where
qg = gas flowrate, scfd
p1 = pipe inlet pressure, psia
p2 = pipe outlet pressure, psia
L = pipe length, miles
PIPESIM
Field Equipment 95
T = average temperature, oR
Z = average gas compressibility factor
d = pipe diameter, in
γg = oil volume formation factor, RB/STB
Also, several multiphase correlations (Brill, 1988) are applicable for a
single-phase flow of either oil or gas.
PIPESIM
96 Field Equipment
PIPESIM
Field Equipment 97
0.007078k h h∆p /( µ o Bo )
qh = (4.3)
a + a 2 − ( L / 2 )2 h
ln[ ] + ( h / L)ln[ ]
L/2 2rw
and
a = (L / 2 )[0.5 + 0.25 + (2reh / L) 4 ]0.5 (4.4)
where
qh = flowrate, STB/day
∆p = pressure drop, psi
L = horizontal well length, ft
h = reservoir height, ft
rw = wellbore radius, ft
reh = drainage radius of horizontal well, ft
µo = oil viscosity, cp
Bo = oil volume formation factor, RB/STB
kh = horizontal permeability, md
0. 007078k h h∆p /( µ o Bo )
qh =
r
(4.5)
ln[ eh ]
(L / 4 )
k eff = k v k h (4.6)
PIPESIM
98 Field Equipment
kh
h=h (4.7)
kv
where
kh
β= (4.9)
kv
and δ is the horizontal well eccentricity (offset of the well from the
center of the pay zone) in feet.
reh (L / 2 )
rw,eff = (4.11)
a[1+ 1− ( L / 2 a )2 ] + [(βh / rw )](βh / L)
PIPESIM
Field Equipment 99
kh∆p / 141.2 µ o Bo
qv =
r
(4.13)
ln[( e ) - 0. 75]
rw
PIPESIM
100 Field Equipment
PIPESIM
Field Equipment 101
qo p wf p
= [1- V( ) - (1- V)( wf ) 2 ]n (4.16)
q o,max pR pR
PIPESIM
102 Field Equipment
p p
m( p ) = 2 ∫ dp (4.17)
0 µz
2.222x10 -15 ( γ g k a hβ )
D= (4.20)
µ pwf rw h
2
β = 2.73x1010 k (4.21)
-1.1045
or
β = 2.33x1010 k (4.22)
-1.201
PIPESIM
Field Equipment 103
where
qh = gas flowrate, mmscf/day
pr = average reservoir pressure, psia
pwf = wellbore flowing pressure, psia
s = negative skin due to horizontal well
sm = mechanical skin damage
sca = shape related skin factor
c = shape fact conversion constant
k = permeability, md
h = reservoir height, ft
re = drainage radius, ft
rw = wellbore radius, ft
µ = average viscosity, cp
Z = average compressibility factor
T = reservoir temperature, oR
µpwf = viscosity at well flowing conditions, cp
β = high velocity flow coefficient, 1/ft
γg = gas gravity
hp = perforated interval, ft
ka = permeability in the near wellbore region, md
Equation (21) and (22) are from Golan (1986) and Brown (1984),
respectively. The above equations are based upon circular drainage
area. The turbulence term, Dq, accounts for the extra pressure drop
in the near wellbore region due to the high gas velocity. This term
was neglected when dealing with oil flow. In addition, the term makes
the solution of equation (19) iterative.
PIPESIM
104 Field Equipment
The IRR for each individual layer can be specified using any of the
standard completion options (described above).
PIPESIM performs the fluid mixing in the wellbore and also calculates
inter layer pressure drops.
With the single injection point description, the user explicitly specifies
the injection gas flowrate (and no details of the gas lift valves or ports
are required). In this mode of operation it is assumed that the casing
pressure is sufficient to inject all the lift gas at the specified depth.
PIPESIM contains a database of gas lift valve details for most of the
commonly used gas lift valves from various manufactures.
PIPESIM
Field Equipment 105
The most common ESPs used in the oil & gas industry have been
made available within PIPESIM via a database.
In addition the user can extend the database by adding new ESP's
curve data in the form of flowrate, head and efficiency.
4.5 Tubing
The production of the fluids from the reservoir to the surface is via a
series of tubing strings.
PIPESIM
106 Field Equipment
4.6 Chokes
The pressure drop through a restriction is based on the following;
• Fluid properties computed from upstream pressure
• Heat capacities of the two phases computed from the upstream
conditions
The sonic velocity if the fluid is then computed from the heat capacity
ratio, Cp/Cv.
If the actual throat velocity is greater than the sonic velocity then the
flow is critical. If it is less then it is sub-critical.
4.6.1 Ashford-Pierce
The correlation of Ashford and Pierce [1975] is valid for critical and
sub-critical flows.
. Cd e2αβ
qo = 351
−1
α = ( Bo + Fwo ) 2
1
n n −1
2
n − 1
[
T1 z1 ( R − Rs ) 1 − e n + 198.6 p1 (1 − e) × γ 0 + 0.000217γ g Rs + Fwoγ w
]
β=
−1
198.6 +
T1 z1
p1
[
( R − Rs )e n γ 0 + 0.000217γ g R + Fwoγ w
]
where
qo - oil flow rate at standard conditions (bbl/d)
C - choke discharge coefficient
de - choke diameter (64th in.)
PIPESIM
Field Equipment 107
Assumptions:
• polytropic expansion of gas-liquid mixture
• equal gas and liquid velocities at the throat
• incompressible liquid phase
• liquid dispersed in a continuous gas phase
• negligible friction losses
4.6.2 Omana
The correlation of Omana [1969] is valid for critical flow.
where
PIPESIM
108 Field Equipment
1.25
ρ
N qL = 184 o
. q L
σ L
L
Nρ =
ρG
ρL
1
. × 10 −2 P1
N pl = 174
ρ Lσ L
1
Qd =
1 + R1
ρL
N D = 120.872 Dc
σL
× 10 −3 (σ L ) ( ρ L )1.545 (1 + R1 )
−0.657
q Lo = 1953
.
−1.245
( Dc )1.8 ( ρ G ) −3.49 ( P1 ) 3.19
subscripts
G - gas
L - liquid
PIPESIM
Field Equipment 109
Correlation A B c
Gilbert 0.1 0.546 1.89
Ros 0.05747 0.5 2.00
Baxendall 0.10460 0.546 1.93
Achong 0.26178 0.650 1.88
Pilehvari 0.021427 0.313 2.11
4.6.4 Poettmann-Beck
The correlation of Poettmann & Beck [1963] is valid for critical flow.
where
R =
1
(
0.00504T1 z1 ( GOR ) − ( Rs )1
0
)
1
P1 Bo
PIPESIM
110 Field Equipment
1
m1 =
ρ 1G
1 + R11
ρ1L
m1
V1 =
ρL
subscripts
L - liquid
G - gas
1 - at upstream conditions
o - oil
Superscripts
o - at standard conditions
2
ρL qG
∆p G =
2 g c 144 YCG Ac
PIPESIM
Field Equipment 111
d2
2
p − p1
. − 0.41 + 0.35 (1 / K ) 2
Y = 10
d1 p1
Cd
C=
4
d
1− 1
d2
C
2
∆pTP
= ∆p L 1 + λ G dL − 1
YC dG
where
d 4 qm
∆p L = ρ L 1 − 1
d 2 8083d1 CdL
2
Subscripts
L - liquid
G - gas
PIPESIM
112 Field Equipment
TP - two-phase
1 - at upstream conditions
2 - at downstream conditions
C
2
∆pTP
= ∆p L 1 + λ G dL − 1
YC dG
where
d 4 qm
∆p L = ρ N 1 − 1
d 2 8083d1 CdL
2
CG = 0.9
CL = 0.85
.
1121
∆p tp = ∆p L 1 + λ G 2 − 1
Y
where
4
d qm
∆p L = ρ N 1− 1 2
d 2 6870.55d1
PIPESIM
Field Equipment 113
Subscripts
L - liquid
G - gas
TP - two-phase
1 - at upstream conditions
2 - at downstream conditions
PIPESIM
114 Field Equipment
or
G
Gp = G − E
Ei
where:
Gp is the cumulative production expressed at standard
conditions
G is the gas initially in place at standard conditions
E is the gas expansion factor after cumulative production Gp
Ei is the gas expansion factor at initially un-depleted reservoir
conditions
pV = ZnRT
p pi G p
= 1 −
Z Zi G
The initial conditions pi, Zi and G are input from the user
The cumulative production, Gp, can be computed from the flow rate
that the network module calculates, and the flowing time (time-step)
specified.
In the case of multiple wells in the tank Gp is simply the sum of the
flow rates from wells in that reservoir over flowing time.
PIPESIM
Field Equipment 115
The model assumes that the well flows at a constant rate between
each time-step.
4.9 References
Ghassan, H. A., and Maha, R. A., “Correlations developed to predict
two-phase flow through wellhead chokes”, The journal of Canadian
Petroleum Technology, Volume 30, N0. 6, 1991
PIPESIM
116 Field Equipment
PIPESIM
Field Equipment 117
PIPESIM
118 Field Equipment
PIPESIM
Field Equipment 119
5 Field Equipment
5.1 Compressor
The basic compressor model uses centrifugal and reciprocating
compressor equations to determine the relationship between inlet
pressure and temperature, outlet pressure and temperature, flowrate,
power, and efficiency.
Adiabatic Route
Head = (ZavgRTin/(M(k-1)/k))((Pout/Pin)((k - 1)/k) - 1)
where k = Cp/Cv
Polytropic Route
Head = (ZavgRTin/(M(n-1)/n))((Pout/Pin)((n - 1)/n) - 1)
where n = 1/(1 - ((Cp/Cv - 1)/(eCp/Cv)))
PIPESIM
120 Field Equipment
where the values of Hout and Hin are obtained from isentropic
compression from Pin to Pout
5.2 Expander
The basic expander model uses centrifugal expander equations to
determine the relationship between inlet pressure and temperature,
outlet pressure and temperature, flowrate, shaft power, and
efficiency.
Adiabatic Route
Head = (ZavgRTin/(M(k-1)/k))((Pout/Pin)((k - 1)/k) - 1)
where k = Cp/Cv
Polytropic Route
Head = (ZavgRTin/(M(n-1)/n))((Pout/Pin)((n - 1)/n) - 1)
where n = 1/(1 - ((Cp/Cv - 1)/(eCp/Cv)))
PIPESIM
Field Equipment 121
where the values of Hout and Hin are obtained from isentropic
compression from Pin to Pout
PIPESIM
122 Field Equipment
Since 1990, well over one hundred multiphase boosters have been
installed worldwide, with the vast majority of the installations based
onshore or offshore topsides. Over the years, the development of
multiphase boosting has led to three types of boosters being
commercially available:
- twin screw type multiphase boosters
- progressing cavity type multiphase boosters
- helico-axial type multiphase boosters
The first two types mentioned belong to the category of positive
displacement type pumps and the third type to the category of
dynamic type pumps.
PIPESIM
Field Equipment 123
Traditional Approach
The incoming fluid is separated in its
constituent gas and liquid phases.
The separated liquids are pumped up
to the required pressure and exported
via the liquid export line.
Separated gas is compressed up to the
required pressure and exported via the
gas export line.
Alternative Approach
The incoming fluid is separated in its
constituent gas and liquid phases.
The separated liquids are pumped up
to the required pressure and separated
gas is compressed up to the required
pressure, before the two phases are
recombined and exported via a
multiphase export line.
Multiphase Boosting
The incoming fluid is directly boosted
up to the required pressure without
separation of the gas and liquid
phases, and exported via a multiphase
export line.
PIPESIM
124 Field Equipment
Based on estimates of the pressure drop across the tubing string, and
given the production characteristics of the formation and the IPR of
the well, the curve of tubing-head pressure pth against rate for an
individual well can be obtained; this curve is known as the tubing-
head pressure (THP) curve.
PIPESIM
Field Equipment 125
7 0 .0
6 0 .0
O u tflo w c u r ve
5 0 .0
Pressure at wellhead (bara)
4 0 .0
3 0 .0
T H P c u r ve
2 0 .0
1 0 .0
0
0 5 .0 1 0 .0 1 5 .0 2 0 .0 2 5 .0
P ro d u c tio n ra te (kg /s)
Figure 5-3 Production system analysis: THP curve and outflow curve
From Figure 3.3, it can be seen that the system operating point
involves a tubing head pressure of 39 [bara] and production rate of 5
[kg/s]. We can however also see from the THP curve that the flowing
potential of the well is far greater than the production rate of 5 [kg/s],
should the back pressure on the well be lower than the 39 [bara].
Assuming we could install a booster that allows us to provide a
‘boost’ of 20 [bar] to the well fluids directly downstream of the
wellhead, the outflow curve shown in Figure 5-3 will change to that
shown in Figure 5-4. The new system operating point involves a
tubing head pressure of 24 [bara] and production rate of 10 [kg/s], i.e.
through the boosting of the well stream production has increased by
100%.
PIPESIM
126 Field Equipment
60.0
Outflow curve - No boosting
50.0
30.0
10.0
THP curve
0
0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
Production rate (kg/s)
Through the type of analysis outlined in Figure 5-3 and Figure 5-4,
the effect of multiphase boosting on production system operating
point (tubing head pressure, production rate) can readily be
established, as can be the multiphase booster operating point and
power requirement. Further details of this analysis, in particular with
respect to the system analysis tool PIPESIM, are given in Chapter 3.
Although initially piston type pumps were also considered for use as
multiphase boosters, the commercial development of positive
displacement has concentrated on two types only:
(1) twin screw type multiphase booster
(2) progressing cavity type multiphase booster
The majority of positive displacement type multiphase boosters on
the market are of the twin screw type, with the remainder being of the
progressing cavity type. Within the Shell EP Group of Operating
PIPESIM
Field Equipment 127
PIPESIM
128 Field Equipment
600 1500
Shaft power
Flow rate
400 1000
[m3/h]
Flow rate
[kW]
200 500 Shaft power
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Pump differential pressure [bar]
600 1500
Shaft power
Flow rate
400 1000
[m3/h]
Flow rate
[kW]
200 500 Shaft power
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Pump differential pressure [bar]
The theoretical capacity of the pump, i.e. the flow rate if no internal
leakage is present, is the flow rate found for zero pump differential
pressure – for the pump represented in Figure 6, the theoretical flow
rate is 500 m3/h; the difference between theoretical flow rate and
actual flow rate is the internal leakage, also called ‘pump slip’. As an
example, for the pump represented in Figure 6, GVF=0%, the actual
flow rate for pump differential pressure 40 bar is 400 m3/h, i.e. pump
slip is (500 – 400) = 100 m3/h. Given the relative insensitivity of flow
rate to differential pressure, especially for higher GVF, the twin screw
multiphase booster is sometimes referred to as a ‘constant flow rate’
pump.
PIPESIM
Field Equipment 129
As can also be seen from Figure 5-6, pump flow rate is dependent on
GVF also, whereas the effect of GVF on pump shaft power is less
pronounced.
PIPESIM
130 Field Equipment
As with the screw type pump, as the rotor rotates within the stator,
chambers are formed and filled with fluid and progress from the
suction side of the pump to the discharge side of the pump conveying
the process fluid. The continuous seal line between the rotor and the
stator helix keeps the fluid moving steadily at a fixed flow rate
proportional to the pump rotational speed.
PIPESIM
Field Equipment 131
PIPESIM
132 Field Equipment
PIPESIM
Field Equipment 133
e
lin
P
.D
ax
80%
90%
Ma
M
xim
spee
spee
M in
um
d
d
im u
s pee
ms
d
pee
d Total volumetric flow rate at suction
PIPESIM
134 Field Equipment
Flow rates that can be handled by the CRA are of same order of
magnitude as for helico-axial type multiphase booster, however
achievable differential pressures (maximum 20 bar) and realized
efficiencies (approximately 25%) are significantly less than what’s
achievable with conventional boosting systems.
This generic booster splits the fluid into liquid and gas and pumps the
liquid and compresses the gas. Efficiency values for the compressor
efficiency have been obtained from field data and are available in the
help system.
PIPESIM
Field Equipment 135
5.5 Separator
Placing a separator in the model removes up to 100% (by volume) of
the gas, water or liquid (oil plus water) phase.
5.8 References
[1] How multiphase pumping can make you money
K.C.Oxley, J.M. Ward, W.G. Derks
Paper presented at Facilities 2000 Conference, New Orleans
1999
PIPESIM
136 Field Equipment
PIPESIM
Operations 137
6 Operations
The operations of PIPESIM available for each module are
6.2 No operation
Allows a model to be built and saved with no associated operation.
This is mainly for use with Schlumberger’s Production data
management software ProdMan.
PIPESIM 2000
140 Operations
Watercut=30%
Watercut=60%
Watercut=90%
Flow Rate
Figure 6.1 Typical Systems Analysis Plot
PIPESIM 2000
Operations 141
PIPESIM 2000
142 Operations
Inflow
Pressure NA Point
Outflow
Flowrate
Figure 6.2 Nodal Analysis Inflow/r7 T5rvesPoint
Operations 143
The lift quantity should be set so that it spans the working range of
values. For gas lift this should include the case of zero injection gas,
i.e. can the well flow naturally?
The liquid flowrate will be computed at all the lift quantity rates for a
set system outlet pressure.
Therefore, GOAL offers several ways to modeling gas lifted wells that
are choked back.
PIPESIM 2000
144 Operations
Wellhead Choke
Manifold
Flowline
Wellhead
Well
As GOAL uses gas lift performance curves the individual well models
can be developed to model a well to either:
1. the wellhead, upstream of a well head choke or
2. the manifold that the well is connected to (including a
wellhead choke and associated flowline between the well and
the manifold).
PIPESIM 2000
Operations 145
PIPESIM contains a database of gas lift valve details for most of the
commonly used gas lift valves from various manufactures.
PIPESIM 2000
146 Operations
In the unified criteria, two sets of criterion were defined, namely C1 &
C2, and both must be greater than zero for stable gas lift operation.
rv 2 − rv rv rv
C1 = F 1. − 1 + F 3. . Fc C 2 = F 1. − 1 +
µv µv µ v Fc
where
F1 =
B f . ρg. q 2 go . J
F3 =
(q fo )
+ q go . At Pto
.
(C D ApY ) v
2
.Va . q fo (ρ )
f − ρg .g
q fo
r ( 2 − rv )
(
C D A p Y ) 2
(
+ CD ApY. ch ) 2
µ ch
ch v
Fc =
2 r ( 2 − rv )
( C D A p Y . ch )
µ ch
v
Pto ( zT ) t Pco ( zT ) c
rv = µv = rch = µ ch =
Pco ( zT ) c Pm ( zT ) m
Nomenclature
PIPESIM 2000
Operations 147
SUBSCRIPTS
v gas lift vale
ch gas injection choke
t tubing
c casing
m manifold
In order to utilize this feature from the well model must be developed
with the following included;
• Well IPR is modeled by the PI method
• Casing inside diameter is set
• Port diameter. The inside diameter of the Gas Lift injection
valve that is currently being used.
• Surface injection pressure
From this additional data the well model will automatically calculate
the steady state casing and tubing pressures.
PIPESIM 2000
148 Operations
The factors can be viewed graphically for any well by select the
Alhanati Criterion for the y axis from the series option within the
plotting utility PSPLOT. Both factors can be displayed on then same
plot, if required, by adding a second series.
W e l l P A 1 3 - AL ilc h
P IP E S IM P lo t A u g 0 9
a n a ti
e n se d to : B J A in h o u s e (K -
1. 1996 0001)
1.
Al 0.
ha
na
ti
Cr 0.
0.
0. 0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
T o ta l In je c tio n G a s
P I P E S I M fo r W in d o w s © B a k e r J a r d in e & A s s o c ia te s
PIPESIM 2000
Operations 149
VFP curves supply the simulator with the necessary data to define
bottom hole flowing pressures and tubing head pressures as a
function of various parameters such as flow rate, GOR, watercut,
surface pressure and the artificial lift quantity.
PIPESIM 2000
150 Operations
The network models are constructed using the network module and
solved using its calculation engine.
PIPESIM 2000
Operations 151
PROS:
• An industry standard simulator simulates the reservoir.
• Phase flowrates are dependent on current flowrates from all wells
and reservoir history.
• Full account can be taken of the reservoir geometry and aquifer
behavior etc.
CONS:
• Simulation time is significantly longer.
• Need to set-up the communication link from the Eclipse simulator
based on a UNIX workstation to FPT based on a PC.
• Need to purchase OpenEclipse from Geoquest and install it
properly.
• It is much harder to converge on a solution between the network
and Eclipse.
Capabilities:
• Can model deliverability systems that have pressure specified
sinks.
• Can model blackoil Eclipse reservoir models in both Engineering
and SI units.
• Can flowrate constrain all source wells.
Limitations:
• Cannot model surface networks which have flowrate specified
sinks.
• Cannot model compositional Eclipse models.
PIPESIM 2000
152 Operations
CONS:
• Phasic flowrate behavior is NOT dependent on total flowrate.
PIPESIM 2000
Operations 153
154 Operations
PROS:
• Relatively straightforward to set-up with no third party software.
• Full compositional modeling is performed upon the fluid in the
reservoir to obtain the correct pressure.
CONS:
• The watercut in the tank model cannot be changed without
injecting a fluid stream containing water.
Capabilities:
• Simple aquifer (influx rate or volume replacement) and fluid
injection options are available.
• Product streams can be gas, liquid, or the tank mixture.
Limitations:
• Aquifer influx does not cause a gradual watering out of the well but
a sharp cut off when the aquifer is deemed to have raised the
water level in the reservoir to the well perforation point.
• Simple tank geometry is assumed. A tank is merely a cylinder that
does not account for any pore volume reduction as fluid is taken
from the reservoir.
PIPESIM 2000
Operations 155
PIPESIM 2000
156 Operations
In addition results from the network module can be obtained via the
output report tool.
6.18 References
Alhanati et al. (1993)
PIPESIM 2000
Operations 157
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Case Studies 159
7 Case Studies
Optimization
Field Planning
Multi-lateral
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The engineering data available is given at the end of this case study.
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button and enter the number of moles for C7+ under the "Component
Selection" tab.
First it is necessary to add the aqueous component, pure water. Use the
<setup/compositional...> menu to select "water" and press the "Add>>"
button. Enter the water concentration of 10% volume ratio (bbl/bbl).
Generate the aqueous phase envelope and the hydrate formation line by
pressing the "Phase Envelope" button. The following plot should be
obtained:
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Note that hydrates tend to form in the region on or to the left of the
hydrate line. In this study, hydrate formation will be avoided by operating
the pipeline at temperatures above 75 °F at all times.
To enter data relevant to the source double click on the object. Enter the
inlet pressure of 1,500 psia and the inlet temperature of 176 °F.
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Now add a boundary node to represent the arrival point at the processing
platform.
Connect the model together by pointing, clicking and dragging using the
riser and flowline buttons:
Completed Model
Note that the red outline indicates that essential data is missing for that
component. Double click on "Riser_1" to enter the riser details i.e.
horizontal distance and elevation difference (length is automatically
computed), I.D., roughness, overall heat transfer coefficient and ambient
temperature. Repeat this for "Flowl_1" and "Riser_2".
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It can be seen that a 10" is the smallest pipeline size that will satisfy the
arrival pressure condition of at least 1,000 psia.
Note: Don't forget to now set the flowline ID to 10" for all subsequent
simulations.
Double click on "Flowl_1". Select the "Heat Transfer" tab, and then select
the "Calculate U" sub-tab. Enter the heat transfer data given at the end of
the case study, and add a layer of insulation with a thermal conductivity
of 0.15 Btu/hr/ft/°F and a thickness of 0.75". Press the "OK" button.
Select the <operations/pressure-temperature profiles> menu and set up
the operation so that the calculated variable is outlet pressure, and the
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Note: Don't forget to now set the insulation thickness to 1" for all
subsequent simulations.
The PI-SS number can also be used to estimate the severe riser slug
length from the equation:
Select the <setup/define output...> menu and check the "slug output
pages" box. Set "number of cases to print" to 2. Add a report tool to the
model in place of node "N2". This can be done by first selecting a report
tool and placing it in the work area.
Then reconnect "Flowl_1" to the report tool by first clicking on the middle
of "Flowl_1". You will see that highlight boxes appear at either end of the
flowline. Move the mouse over the right hand highlight box, and the
mouse pointer changes to an "up arrow" shape (↑). The line can then be
dragged from "N2" and dropped onto the report tool as shown below.
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l
Modified model
Double click on the report tool and check the option "flow map".
Select the <reports/view output> menu and check the PI-SS number at
the riser base for both flowrate cases. It can be seen that the PI-SS
number is higher than 1.0 at the riser base in both cases. In the turndown
flowrate case the PI-SS number is 1.18 as shown below:
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Case Studies 169
Check the riser base flow regime maps in the output file to see if the flow
is in the "stratified" or segregated region. It can be seen that flow is in the
intermittent (normal slugging) flow regime. The turndown case flow map
is shown below:
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It can be seen that the segregated region has been avoided and the
likelihood of severe riser slugging is reduced.
Note: Don't forget to save the final model!
Review the output file and it can be seen that the turndown case
generates larger slugs.
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.
As shown above, the 1/1000 slug length is 1,781.2 ft, which gives a slug
volume of 971.5 ft3.
Now select the <reports/view summary> menu and check the liquid
swept in front of a pig ("liquid by sphere").
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It can be seen that the turndown case gives the larger volume of 279.1
bbl or 1,567 ft3.
Now calculate the liquid generated when the flow is ramped up from
5,000 STB/d to 10,000 STB/d. This is the difference in total holdup
between the two cases, i.e. 692 - 623 = 69 bbl or 522 ft3.
Therefore the pigging volume of 1,567 ft3 is the determining design case.
Boundary Conditions:
Fluid inlet pressure at satellite platform 1,500 psia
Fluid inlet temperature at satellite platform 176 °F
Design liquid flowrate 10,000 STB/d
Maximum turndown 5,000 STB/d
Minimum arrival pressure at processing 1,000 psia
platform
Minimum arrival temperature at processing 75 °F.
platform
Petroleum Fraction:
Name Boiling Molecular Specific Moles
Point (°F) Weight Gravity
C7+ 214 115 0.683 12
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Aqueous Component:
Component Volume ratio (%bbl/bbl)
Water 10
Pipeline Data:
Height of undulations 10/1000
Horizontal distance 5 miles
Elevation difference 0
Wall thickness 0.5"
Roughness 0.001"
Ambient temperature 50 °F
Overall heat transfer coefficient 0.2 Btu/hr/ft2/°F
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The engineering data available is given at the end of this case study.
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After starting PIPESIM use the <File/new/well> menu to open a new well
performance model and save this in your training directory (e.g.
c:\training\...).
Use the <setup/blackoil...> menu to enter the stock tank oil properties
and the bubble point properties given at the end of the case study. Help
on the definitions and valid ranges of these stock tank properties can be
obtained by selecting the button from the dialog header bar and
clicking on the relevant data entry field. Press the "OK” button and save
the model. Use the <setup/blackoil/advanced calibration data> menu and
press the "plot PVT data…” button (note: do not enter the advanced
calibration data at this stage). Use the <series> menu to plot the oil
formation volume factor on the y axis. The following plot should be
obtained:
The partially calibrated curve for a temperature of 210 °F shows that the
predicted OFVF is higher than the measured value both above and
below the bubble point pressure. At 4,269 psia the predicted value is
1.52 compared to the measured value of 1.49 and at 2,000 psia the
predicted value is 1.41 compared to the measured value of 1.38.
Therefore further calibration is required.
Apply OFVF calibration above the bubble point pressure. The measured
value is 1.49 @ 4,269 psia and 210 °F. The following plot should be
obtained:
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Apply OFVF calibration below the bubble point pressure. The measured
value is 1.38 @ 2,000 psia and 210 °F. The following plot should be
obtained:
Calibration of the oil viscosity requires two dead oil data points. The
uncalibrated default approach is to use the Beggs and Robinson
correlation which gives values of 1.561 cP @ 200 °F and 23.27 cP @ 70
°F. The Beggs and Robinson correlation uses the oil API gravity to
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predict two dead oil data points based upon data obtained from around
2,000 data points from 600 oil systems. Plot the un-calibrated oil
viscosity. The following plot should be obtained:
In this case it can be seen that the predicted oil viscosity value at a
temperature of 70 °F and 14.7 psia is 23.27 cP as specified by the Beggs
& Robinson correlation. This is significantly different from the measured
dead oil data and would lead to errors in the prediction of pressure loss.
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Proceed to calibrate the gas viscosity and the gas compressibility using
the calibration data given earlier.
Double click on the vertical completion in the work area to enter data
relevant to that item. Enter the static reservoir pressure of 4,269 psia and
the reservoir temperature of 210 °F. Press the "calculate/graph…” button
and enter the drill string test data given below. Press the "plot IPR”
button and this will calculate a productivity index to be used throughout
the analysis work.
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- Overlay the production plan data and identify the smallest size that
allows this plan to be met.
Then use the tubing button to connect the well to the boundary node:
tubing button
Completed Model
Note that the red outline indicates that essential data is missing for that
component. Double click on the tubing to enter the well depth and the
tubing thickness, roughness, overall heat transfer coefficient and ambient
thermal gradient.
Configure the output to give the water cut against the stock-tank oil rate
at the outlet (this is achieved via the series option of PSPLOT):
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It can be seen that 4½” tubing is the smallest size that will satisfy all of
the production plan conditions.
Note: Don't forget to now set the tubing ID to 3.958 to reflect the 4½”
tubing for all subsequent simulations.
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Deviation Survey:
The well is vertical from the well head on the sea bed. Mid perforations
are at a depth of 9,500 ft from the well head. The ambient temperature
varies linearly between 210 °F at mid perforations and 60 °F at the
wellhead. The minimum casing inner diameter is 10”. The generally
accepted overall heat transfer coefficient of 2 BTU/hr/ft2/°F for wellbores
can be used throughout.
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The engineering data available is given at the end of this case study.
PIPESIM
Index 7-185
Close the view of Well 1 to return to the network view. Select "Well 1"
and using the commands <edit/copy> <edit/paste> copy "Well 1" to
"Well 2" and "Well 3". Position the new wells as shown below:
You will see that Wells 2 and 3 have adopted the data of Well 1.
Double click on Well 3 and modify the completion and tubing data.
Double click on the vertical completion to enter the inflow
performance data. Enter a gas PI of 0.0005 mmscf/d/psi2. Double
click on the tubing, and define a vertical tubing with a wellhead TVD
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Now position the sink and some junction nodes. Note that holding
down the "Shift" key whilst placing junction nodes allows multiple
placement, you should release the "Shift" key before the final
placement. The network should now look like this:
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Index 7-187
Double click on the arrow in the center of "B1" to enter data for that
branch. Now double click on the flowline to enter data.
Close the "B1" window to return to the network view. As the looped
gathering lines are all identical, the data for branch "B1" can be
propagated to the other looped gathering lines. Select "B1" by
clicking on the arrow in the middle of the branch and using the
commands <edit/copy> and then <edit/paste> copy "B1" to "B2",
"B3", and "B4".
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Now enter the components and data for branch "B5". Branch "B5"
comprises a liquid separator with an efficiency of 100%, a
compressor with a pressure differential of +400 psi and an efficiency
of 70%, an after-cooler with an outlet temperature of 120 °F and a
delta P of 15 psi, and flowline sections.
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Index 7-189
Lone Node: A lone node is a node with only one branch connected,
i.e. a production well, an injection well, a source or a sink.
Rule for Temperatures: The fluid temperature at all sources and the
static reservoir temperature at all production wells must be specified
by the user. The fluid temperature at all sinks and injection wells are
always calculated.
Rules for Pressures and Flowrates: There are two rules for
specification of pressure and flowrate boundary conditions:
In this case study, the above rules are satisfied by the following;
- Specify all the fluid inlet temperatures
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- Specify all the fluid inlet pressures and the delivery pressure.
If all Ptol values are within the specified network tolerance then that
node has passed the pressure convergence test. This is repeated for
each node.
The total mass flowrate into and the total mass flowrate out of a node
are averaged. The tolerance is calculated from the equation:
If the Ftol value is within the specified network tolerance then that
node has passed the mass convergence test. This is repeated for
each node.
When all of the above conditions are satisfied, the network has
converged.
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When the network has solved you should get the message "pn01 -
Finished OK". Press the "OK" button.
Press the report tool button and you will see the results from the
simulation.
Select the branch from well "W3", branch "B3" and branch "B5". Hold
the "Shift" key down in order to effect a multiple selection. Then press
the system plot button . The following pressure profile for these
three branches should be obtained. The effect of the compressor at
"J4" on the system pressure can be seen:
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PIPESIM
Index 7-193
Isobutane 1
Butane 1
Isopentane 1
Pentane 0.5
Hexane 0.5
Data for Looped Gathering Lines (B1, B2, B3, and B4):
Rate of undulations 10/1000
Horizontal distance 30,000 ft
Elevation difference 0 ft
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Boundary Conditions:
Node Pressure Temperature
Well_1 2,900 psia 130 °F
Well_2 2,900 psia 130 °F
Well_3 3,100 psia 140 °F
Sink_1 800 psia (calculated)
7.4 Optimization
See the GOAL User Guide for optimization case studies.
7.6 Multi-lateral
See the HoSim User Guide for Multi-lateral case studies.
8 Index
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Index 8-195
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PIPESIM