KQ>H$ - 2

gm_m{OH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ g_ñ`m

(Socio-Cultural Issues)

àH$aUmMr àñVmdZm : (Book Introduction)

^maVr` g_mO d g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m OS>U-KS>UrVyZ {Z_m©U Pmbobr g_ñ`m åhUOo g§àXm`dmX d ñÌr^«Uw hË`m
hmo`. gm§àXm{`H$Vm hr A{Ve` JwV§ mJwV§ rMr Ym{_©H$ {^ÝZVoVZy {Z_m©U Pmbobr gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m hmo`. `mbm
gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$ ~mOy Amho VerM gm_m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ ~mOyhr Amho. ñdY_© loð>VmdmX, amO{H$` XyamJ«h,
BVa g_wXm`m§H$S>o nmhÊ`mMr nydJ© h« Xy{fV d g§H$w {MV d¥Îmr-àd¥Îmr `mVyZ g§àXm`dmX dmT>rg bmJVmo. gm§àXm{`H$
VUmdmMo ê$nm§Va X§JbrV dm qhgmMmamV hmoÊ`mg EImX§ N>mQo >§ H$maUhr nwago o AgVo. gm§àXm{`H$Vm OodT>r {Vd«
VodT>m gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamMr {Vd«Vm A{YH$ AgVo. Ë`m_wio g_mOmV {dñH$irVnUm `oVmo. namH$moQ>rMm
{dÜd§g XoemÀ`m EH$Vobm AI§S>Vb o m AmìhmZ R>aVmo. åhUyZM `m àH$aUmV g§àXm`dmXmMr g§H$ënZm d AW©
AmnU g_OyZ KoUma AmhmoV. VgoM g§àXm`dmXmMr H$maUo d Ë`mdarb Cnm``moOZmMm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.
ñÌr^«wUhË`m hr qbJ^oX^mdmVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmar gm_m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ g_ñ`m Amho. ñÌr-nwê$f hm
O¡{dH$ ^oX Amho. nU ñÌrÎd d nwê$fÎdmMr OS>U-KS>U, g_mOmÀ`m AnojoZwgma hmoV AgVo. Ë`mda
gm§ñH¥${VH$ ê$T>r, àWm-na§nam, [aVr-[admO `m§Mm à^md AgVmo. nwê$fàYmZ g_mOì`dñWoV pñÌ`m§Mm XOm©
Xwæ`_ Amho. nwê$f CÀM ñWmZr d ñÌr H$m`_ Xwæ`_ ñWmZr Amho. Jobr Mma XeH§$ ^maVmVrb pñÌ`m§M§ à_mU
gmVË`mZo KQ>V Amho. Z{dZ V§ÌkmZmZo qbJ{ZXmZ H$aUo d J^©nmV H$aUo ghO eŠ` hmoD$ bmJb§ Amho.
_wbrMm OÝ_mAmYrM `m OJmV àdoe ZmH$maUmar g_ñ`m ñÌr^«wUhË`m g_moa Ambr Amho. _wbtMr KQ>Vr
g§»`m g_mOmda AZoH$ à{VHy$b n[aUm_ H$ê$ eH$Vo. åhUyZ AmnU ñÌr^«wUhË`oMm AW©, H$maUo d
Cnm``moOZm§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.

1
B.A.II SOCIO HELATH (81) UNIT 2 MAR 2021
 KQ>H$ - 1
g§àXm`dmX : AW©, H$maUo Am{U Cnm``moOZm
(Communalism : Meaning Causes and Remedy)

KQ>H$ g§aMZm : (Struclure)

1.1 àñVmdZm
1.2 C{ÔîQ>ço
1.3 {df` {ddoMZ
1.3.1 g§àXm`dmX AW©
1.3.2 g§àXm`dmXmMr H$maUo
1.3.3 g§àXm`dmXmdarb Cnm``moOZm
1.4 gmam§e
1.5 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
1.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ/J¥hnmR>
1.7 qMVZ d H$m`©
1.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$

1.1 àñVmdZm : (Introduction)

^maV Xoe AZoH${dY, Ym{_©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, nma§n[aH$ {^ÝZVoVyZ {Z_m©U Pmbobm Amho. à{XK©H$mi ho
{^ÝZÎd OnV ho {^ÝZ g_wXm` EH$_oH$m§V {_giyZ Jobo AmhoV. Varhr ñdY_©lðo >ÎdmMr ^mdZm, BVa Y_mªMr
{eH$dU, lÕm, Y_©nmbZmMo [admO `mVë`m Q>mHo $mÀ`m {^ÝZÎdm_wio gm§àXm{`H$Vm dmTy>Z ~è`mMdoim ~hþg»§ `m§H$
g_wXm`mH$Sy>Z Amnë`mbm EH$mH$s nmS>bo OmV Amho. njnmVrnUm Ho$bm OmV Amho. g_wXm`mÀ`m CÝZVrV,
AS>Wim {Z_m©U Ho$bm OmV Amho. AemàH$mao ^mdZm Aëng§»`m§H$ g_wXm`mV {Z_m©U hmoV.o `m gm§àXm{`H$
VUmdmV `m Zm Ë`m H$maUmZo g§Kfm©Mr {R>UJr nS>Vo Voìhm g_mOm_Ü`o gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMma, X§JbtZm Vm|S>
\w$Q>Vo. ~ogw_ma Or{dV d {dÎm hmZr hmoVo. n¡emMo ñW¡`© YmoŠ`mV `oVo. em§VVm d gwì`dñWoMm àíZ {Z_m©U hmoVmo.
n[aUm_r Ûof^mdZm dmT>rg bmJVo Am{U g§àXm`dmX A{YH$ YmaXma ~ZVmo. Ym{_©H$ {d^rÝZVm Agboë`m
^maVmgma»`m XoemV amOH$s` VmH$X à~i H$aÊ`mgmR>r `mMm nwaonwa dmna H$aVmV. bmoH$m§À`m Ym{_©H$
^mdZm§Mm amO{H$` nj d ZoVo nÕVeranUo dmna H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r AmnU `m KQ>H$m_Ü`o gm§àXm`dmXmdarb
Cnm``moOZm§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.

2
1.2 C{Ôï>o :
`m KQ>H$mÀ`m AÜ``ZmZ§Va Amnë`mbm
1) g§àXm`dmXmMm AW© ñnï> H$aVm `oBb
© .
2) g§àXm`dmXmMr H$maUo g_OyZ `oVrb.
3) g§àXm`dmXmdarb Cnm``moOZm ñnï> H$aVm `oVrb.
1.3 {df` {ddoMZ :
`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg VrZ ^mJmV {d^mJÊ`mV Ambm Amho. n{hë`m ^mJmV g§àXm`dmXmMm AW© ñnï> H$aÊ`mV
Ambm Amho. Xwgè`m ^mJmV g§àXm`dmXmÀ`m H$maUm§Mo ñnï>rH$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. {Vgè`m ^mJmV
g§àXm`dmXmdarb Cnm``moOZm§Mo {ddoMZ Ho$bo Amho.
1.3.1 g§àXm`dmXmMm AW© (Meaning of Communalism) :
gm§àXm{`H$Vm d g§àXm{`H$ qhgmMma hr Amnë`m XoemV KS>Umar ~m~ EH$ gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm Amho. g§àXm{`H$Vm
^maVr` g_mOg§aMZoer d Ë`m hmoUmè`m n[adV©Zmer EH$ê$n Pmbobr Amho. g§H$w {MV àmXo{eH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$
EoŠ`^mdZm OodT>r à~i VodT>m gm§àXm{`H$ VUmd dmT>Vmo. ^maVm_Ü`o n§Om~, Amgm_, Ho$ai, JwOamV,
Vm{_iZmSy>, d H$mpí_a `m amÁ`mV ñd{hVajU d dM©ñdmÀ`m ^mdZoVZy gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamÀ`m KQ>Zm KS>V
AgVmV. Ym{_©H$ d nma§n[aH$ H$ÅaVo_i w Mo ^maVmV gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmV AS>Wim {Z_m©U hmoVmo. g§àXm`dmX
ZmJar ^m§S>dbemhr nÕVrV Imobda ê$Obobm Amho. Ë`m_wiMo amï´>r` ñd`§gdo H$ g§K, d O_mV-E-Bñbm_r
` gm§àXm{`H$ g§KQ>Zm ApñVÎdmV `oVmV. ZmJar ^m§S>dbgmR>r g_mOmVrb bmoH$m§À`m Ym{_©H$ ^mdZm§Mm dmna
H$ê$Z bm^ CR>{dÊ`mMm àH$ma {eï>OZm§H$Sy>Z hmoV AgVmo. Aem bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z bmoH$emhr Agmo dm ZmoH$aemhr
Y_©{ZanojVoMm Ho$di Am^mg {Z_m©U Ho$bm OmVmo. ho bmoH$gÎmonTw >o PwH$VmV H$maU A{YH$ma d gÎmm hmM Ë`m§Mm
na_oída AgVmo. gm§àXm{`H$ eŠVr, _wŠV {dMma, bmoH$emhrMo VÎd _mZV ZmhrV. \$ŠV amO{H$`Vm d ñdmW©
`m§À`mgmR>r _hÎdmMm AgVmo. Ë`m_wio gm§àXm{`H$ eŠVr A{YH$ à~i hmoVmV. åhUyZM g§àXm`dmX `m
JwV§ mJwV§ rÀ`m gm_m{OH$ KQ>ZMo m AW© g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr ì`m»`m§À`mÛmao g§àXm` dmXmMo ñdê$n g_OyZ
KoVm `oBb © .
1) bwBg
© S>ç_w m - "" gm§àXm`{`H$Vm åhUOo {ZíM`nydH© $ AmJ«hr ñdê$nmMm amO{H$` g_wXm` hmo` ''
(Louis Dumont - Communalism is a afftrmation and assertion of the religious community
as a political group.)
2) {~nrZM§Ð - "" EImÚm bmoH$g_whmVrb gXñ` {d{eï> Y_m©Mo AZw`m`r Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo
gm_m{OH$, amO{H$` Am{U Am{W©H$ {hVg§~Y§ g_mZ AmhoV Aer lÕm åhUOo g§àXm`dmX hmo`.'' (Bipinchandra
- Communalism is the belif that because a group of people follow a particular religion they have
as a result, common social political and economic interests.)

3
 3) aUYra qgh - "" EH$ {dMmaàUmbr Am{U dV©ZarV `mÑï>rZo, g_H$mbrZ ^maVmVrb g§àXm`dmX
åhUOo eŠVrembr ga§Om_emhr, dgmhVdmXmMm dmagm bm^boë`m gImob Ym{_©H$ {d^mOZ Pmboë`m Am{U
Eo{Vhm{gH$ÑîQ>çm {d{eï> ñdê$nmMm ^m§S>dbemhr {dH$mg hmoV Agboë`m XoemVrb gÎmmYmar amOH$maUmMm EH$
n¡by Amho. '' (Randhirsingh - Communalism in contemporary India as a ideology and practice is
above all an aspect of the polities of the ruling classes in a society with a massive feadal colonial
inhorltance deep religious divisions and undergoing its own historlcally specific form of sapalist
capatalist development.)
darb {díbofUmVyZ gm§àXm{`H$Vm åhUOo H$m` ho g_OyZ `oBb © Imbrb H$mhr _wX>² Úm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mg
gm§àXm{`H$VoMo ñdê$n A{YH$ ñnï> hmoBb © .
1) Y_©, ^mfm, OmV, d§e `mgma»`m {ZH$fmda EH$m g_wXm`mVrb bmoH$ Xwgè`m g_wXm`m{damoYmV dV©Z
H$aVmV.
2) g§àXm{`H$Vm åhUOo XmoZ g_wXm`mVrb {^ÝZÎdm_wio {Z_m©U Pmbobm g§e`, {dÛof, eÌwÎd Am{U g§Kfm©Mr
^mdZm hmo`.
3) ^maVmV g§àXm`dmXmMm à_wI AmYma Y_© Amho.
4) Y_©ajUmnojm {d{eï> {hVg§~Y§ mMo g§ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r gm§àXm{`H$ eŠVr Y_m©À`m Zmdmda amO{H$` gÎmm
d ZoVÎ¥ d {Q>H$dyZ R>do Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV.
5) Y_m©da lÕm R>do Uo, Y_m©g AZwgê$Z dV©Z H$aUo ho Ym{_©H$VoMo bjU Amho. na§Vy amO{H$` ñdmWm©gmR>r
Y_m©Mm gmYZ åhUyZ dmna H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVr Ym{_©H$ ZgVmV Va gm§àXm{`H$ AgVmV.
6) Ym{_©H$ ^mdZoZo Ho$bobo ì`pŠVJV AWdm gm_w{hH$ dV©Z, nyOm, `k, hmo_, àmW©Zm, Z_mO nR>U, {d{eï>
nmoemI n[aYmZ H$aUo `mbm H$_©H$m§S> åh§Q>bo OmVo. na§Vw gm_w{hH$ H$_©H$m§S>mbm Ooìhm amO{H$` ñdê$n àmßV hmoVo
Voìhm gm§àXm{`H$Vm à~i hmoVo.
7) gm§àXm{`H$ {dMmagaUr EImÚm XoemnwaVr _`m©{XV Zmhr. hr {dMmagaUr amï´>{hV{damoYr Agbr Var ZoVo
d nj {VMm dmna amOH$maUmV eÌw gmaIm H$aVmV.
8) _ybVÎddmXmMm g§àXm`dmXmer OdiMm g§~Y§ Amho. _ybVÎddmX gÎmoer d Y_m©er {ZJS>rV AgVmo.
_ybVÎddmXr gÎmm {_idÊ`mgmRr Ë`mda {Z`§ÌU R>do VmV.
1.3.2 gm§àXm{`H$ H$maUo (Causes of Communalism) :
^maVm_Ü`o {d{dYVoV EH$Vm Amho Ago A{^_mZmZo åhQ>bo OmVo. na§Vy àm§VdmX, ^mfmdmX, OmVr`dmX
gmVË`mZo àH$Q> hmoVmZm {XgVmo. `mdoir EH$VoMr ^mdZm H$_Hw$dV Agë`mMo {XgVo. XoemMo EoŠ` YmoŠ`mV `oVo
Voìhm g_ñ`mOZH$ n[apñWVrbm gm_moao Omdo bmJVo. ^maVm_Ü`o {d{dY Y_m©_Ü`o {^ÝZÎd Amho, g§Kf© Amho,
Vgm g§Kf© {d{dY Y_m©Vrb {d{^ÝZ n§Wm_Ü`ohr KSy>Z Ambm Amho. qhXy Y_m©Vrb e¡d d d¡îUd n§Wm_Ü`o
_wpñb_m§À`m {e`m d gwÝZr n§Wm_Ü`o VgoM {¼íMZm§À`m àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> d H°$Wm°{bH$ n§Wm_Ü`ohr g§Kf© KS>V Jobo

4
AmhoV ho B{Vhmg gm§JVmo. na§Vw ^maVmda XyaJm_r, {XK©H$mbrZ n[aUm_ H$aUmam {^fU qhgmMmamV ê$nm§Va
hmoUmam qhXy-_wpñb_ g§Kf© hm ì`mnH$ Amho. ^maVmV _w»`V: qhXy-_wpñb_ gmVË`mZo d _moR>çm à_mUmV
{XgVmo. `m gm§àXm{`H$VoMr d gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamg nmofH$ R>aUmar AmhoV. Amnë`mbm Imbrb à_mUo ñnï>
H$aVm `oVrb.
1) Ym{_©H$ {^ÝZÎdmVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmam Xwamdm : $$
^maVmVrb ~hþg»§ `mH$ qhXy d bmoH$g§»`oZo Xwgè`m ñWmZr AgUmao _wpñb_ `m§À`m àWm, na§nam, lÕm
[aVr[admO, nmofmI, {dMmagaUr `m_Ü`o àM§S> V\$mdV Amho. qhXy ~hþXodVmdmXr _yVunyOoV a_Umao, Jm`
XodVog_mZ _mZUmao, nwZO© Ý_mda {dídmg AgUmao d {ddmh d g§ñH$ma _mZUmao AmhoV. Va _wñbr_ EoH$o ídadmXr,
_yVunyOm Z _mZUmao, "Hw$amU' `m Y_©JW§« mVrb dMZmZwgma H$moQ>Ho $moa AmMaU H$aUmao, {ddmh hm H$ama _mZUmao,
XmoÝhr g_wXm`m§À`m ^mfoV {^ÝZVm, OrdZ OJÊ`mMr nÕVr doJir. qhXw_Ü`o gU-CËgd gmd©O{ZH$[aË`m gmOao
H$aÊ`mda ^a `m gJù`m ~m~r XmoÝhr Y_m©_Ü`o Q>mHo $mMo {^ÝZÎd XmIdVmV. Ë`mVyZM Xwgè`m g_wXm`m{df`r
Ë`m§À`m {dMmagaUr {df`r Iao-ImoQ>o nydJ© h« R>abobo AmhoV. Ë`m_wio ewëbH$ KQ>ZVo Zy hr `m XmoÝhr g_wXm`m§_Ü`o
VUmd {Z_m©U hmoVmo.
2) Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm§Mm à^md :
^maVmÀ`m àmMrZ d _Ü``wJrZ H$mbI§S>mVrb B{Vhmg XmoÝhr g_wXm`mV H$Qw>VMo r ^mdZm dmT>dVmo. hm
B{Vhmg {~«{Q>e B{VhmgH$ma Ooåg {_ëQ> `m§Zr _m§S>bm. àmMrZ qhXy g§ñH¥$Vr AË`§V AmXe©dmXr d g_¥Õ hmoVr
Ago qhXy g§àXm`dmXr A{^_mZmZo _m§S>VmV. na§Vy _wpñb_m§À`m AmH«$_Um_wio {h g§ñH¥$Vr b`mg Jobr. `mCbQ>
_wñbr_ g§àXm` Ago _mZVmo H$s ^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr g_¥Õ H$aÊ`mV _wñbr_ amOdQ>rMo _hÎdmMo `moJXmZ Amho.
`m _wñbr_ amOdQ>r d _moJb g_«mQ>mM§ o amÁ` AmXe© hmoVo Ago _mZUmao _wñbr_ AmhoV. na§Vw _wñbr_ AmH«$_H$m§Zr
qhXyZ§ m gŠVrZo Y_mªVa H$am`bm bmdbo. qhXyM§ r _§{Xao bwQ>br, CX²ÜdñV Ho$br. qhXy pñÌ`m§er O~aXñVrZo {ddmh
Ho$bo. _wpñb_m§Zm {damoY H$aUmè`m§Zm _moR>çm AÝ`m`mbm, N>imbm gm_moao Omdo bmJbo hm B{Vhmg qhXy g_wXm`mV
H$Qw>Vm {Z_m©U H$aVmo. `mMm \$m`Xm KoV H$mhr g§KQ>Zm hm B{Vhmg {dgê$ XoV ZmhrV. ÛofmMr ^mdZm {Z_m©U
H$aVmV.
ñdmV§Í`bT>çmV qhXy-_wpñb_ Im§Úmbm Im§Xm bmdyZ bT>bo hmoVo. Ë`m§Mr EH$s OS> Omdy bmJë`mda "\$moS>m
Am{U amÁ` H$am' `m {ZVrMm {~«{Q>em§Zr Adb§~ Ho$bm. _wpñb_m§_Ü`o Vwåhr Aëng§»` AmhmV. Vwåhm§bm
S>mdbbo OmUma Aer Agwa{jVVoMr ^mdZm {Z_m©U Ho$br. n[aUm_r _wñbr_ ZoË`m§Zr Amnë`m amO{H$` _mJÊ`m
nwT>o aoQ>Ê`mgmR>r " _wpñb_ {bJMr ' ñWmnZm Ho$br. qhXyZthr A{Ib ^maVr` g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ Ho$br. _h_XAbr
OrZm `m§À`m {dMmamVyZ {Ûamï´> {gÕm§V _m§S>bm Jobm. nyU© ñdmV§Í` d Y_m©À`m AmYmamda {d^mJUr Aem _mJÊ`m
Ë`m§Zr Ho$ë`m. \$miUrÀ`m ê$nmZo _wpñb_ ZoË`m§Zr Y_m©bm _mÜ`_ ~ZdyZ amO{H$` _hÎdH$m§jm nyU© Ho$br.
\$miUrÀ`m H$mimV àM§S>, A_mZwf Agm qhgmMma KSy>Z Ambm. H$ËVbr, ~bmËH$ma, Ominmoi Aem KQ>Zm§Mo
Kmd XmoÝhr g_wXm`m§À`m ñ_aUmV H$m`_Mo Cabo. nm{H$ñVmZÀ`m {Z{_©VrZ§Va _moR>çm à_mUmV _wñbr_ g_wXm`mZo

5
^maVmV amhUo ng§V Ho$bo. na§Vy `m E¡{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm, KS>m_moS>tMm à^mdm {d{dY àg§JmV, gm§àXm`dmXmÀ`m
ê$nmZo àH$Q> hmoVmZm {XgVmo.
3) _wñbr_ g_wXm`mMr AbJVmdmXr àd¥Îmr :
_mZdVmdmXr åhU{dUmè`m {~{Q>em§Zr Amnë`m Hw$Q>{ZVrÛmao _wñbr_ g_wXm`mV g§àXm`dmX ê$O{dbm.
Ë`m§À`m_Ü`o qhXy~Ôb Xwamdm {Z_m©U Pmbm. Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m OJÊ`mV AbJVmdmXr àd¥Îmr {Z_m©U Ho$br. Ago
_wñbr_ amï´>r` àdmhmnmgyZ A{bßV \$Q>Hy$Z amhÿ bmJbo. ~hþg§»` _wñbr_ g_wXm` Y_©{Zanoj amï´>dmXr
{dMmagaUr d amï´>r` amOH$maUmnmgyZ Xya amhVmV. Ë`m§Zr Amnbr ñdV§Ì OrdZnÕVr pñdH$mabr Amho. ñdV§Ì
ApñVÎd d ñdV§Ì AmoiI AgÊ`m~m~V Vo AmJ«hr AgVmV. H$mhr _wñbr_ g§KQ>Zm _wbVÎddmXmMo g_W©Z
H$aVmV. `m_wio XmoÝhr g_wXm`mV Xwamdm d A{dídmgmMr ^mdZm {Z_m©U hmoVo Or gm§àXm`dmXmÀ`m dmT>rg
H$maUr^yV R>aVo.
4) gm§àXm{`H$ nj d g§KQ>Zm§Mm à^md :
^maVm_Ü`o " Y_© ' ho amO{H$` gm_m{OH$ÎdmMo _hÎdmMo gmYZ Amho. ^maVr` amO{H$` nj d g§KQ>Zm§À`m
{dMmagaUrV Ë`mMo à{Vq~~ {XgyZ `oV.o XmoÝhr g_wXm`mVrb amO{H$` ZoVÎ¥ d A{^OZ dJm©H$S>o Agbobo {XgVo.
Amnbo amO{H$` {hVg§~Y§ OmonmgÊ`mgmR>r Vo Y_m©Mm dmna H$aVmV. g§àXm`dmXmVyZ KSy>Z `oUmam qhgmMma,
Ë`mMr {^fUVm `mMr OmUrd Ë`m§Zm AgVo. gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamV Ë`m§Mm Y_m©er g§~Y§ Zmhr, Iè`m AWm©Zo
Ym{_©H$ ZmhrV VoM nwT>o AgVmV. Ago ZoVo g_mO, nmobrg, Ý`m`b` `m§Zm doR>rg YaVmV. ~obJm_ dŠVì`
H$aVmV. Aem ZoV_o S§ >itM _mÜ`_mVyZ CÝZÎmrH$aU hmoV AgV§. ^maVm_Ü`o AZoH$ gm§àXm{`H$ g§KQ>Zm H$m`©aV
AmhoV. _wñbr_ brJ, O_mV-E-Bñbm_r, qhXy _hmg^m, AH$mbr Xb, {díd qhXy n[afX B. Aem g§KQ>Zm H$Yr
CKS> Va H$Yr Nw>ß`m H$madm`m H$aV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio gm§àXm{`H$VoV dmT> hmoV.o ñdV:bm Y_© {Zanoj åhUdUmao
amO{H$` njhr {ZdS>UHy $s Xaå`mZ gm§àXm{`H$ g§KQ>Zm§er `wVr H$ê$Z gÎmm {_idÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. ñdV:
Ym{_©H$ Zgbobo ho ZoVo gm_mÝ` OZVobm Y_m©Mo AmdmhZ H$ê$Z {ZdS>UHw $m bT>dVmV. gm_mÝ` OZVobmhr hm
C_oXdma Amnë`m OmVrMm Amho, Y_m©Mm Amho hr nmÌVm nwae o r dmQ>Vo Ago nj g§KQ>Zm d Ë`m§Mr ZoV_o S§ >ir Ho$di
amO{H$` _hÎdH$m§jno moQ>r Y_m©bm _mÜ`_ ~ZdVmV. Ë`m_wio g§àXm`dmX dmT>rg bmJVmo.
5) Xm[aÐç d ~oH$mar :
H$moUË`mhr g_mOmV _moR>çm à_mUmV Xm[aÐ` d ~oH$mar Agob Va AmË_{dídmgmA^mdr Z¡amí`OZH$
àd¥Îmr {Z_m©U hmoV.o OoWo _mJmgbonUm, {ZajaVm, Xwb{© jVVm Amho, VoWo ~hþg»§ `oZo `wdH$ ~oamoOJma AgVrb Va
Vo ghOnUo _wbVÎddmX ngadUmè`m Ym{_©H$ g§KQ>Zm§À`m Omù`mV ghOnUo AS>H$VmV. ^maVmV Agm ~oH$ma
`wdH$m§MmM dmna gm§àXm{`H$ X§JbrÀ`mdoir H$ê$Z KoVbm OmVmo. ñdmV§Í`mnydu nmgyZ _wpñb_m§À`m VwbZoV
qhXyMm Am{W©H$ñVa C§Mmdbobm hmoVm. qhXy Mm§Jë`m nXmda ZmoH$arV d ì`mnma CÚmoJmV daÀ`m ñWmZr Agë`mZo
Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm gwpñWVrV hmoVo. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va O{_ZXmarMm H$m`Xm d BVa YmoaUm§_wio _wpñb_m§Mo {nT>çmZ²{nT>çmMo

6
CÚmoJ-ì`dgm` AS>MUrV Ambo. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMr _`m©{XV g§Yr Ë`m§Zm bm^br. `m{edm`
~hþg§»` _wñbr_ AmYw{ZH$, {dkmZdmXr, VÎdkmZmÀ`m {ejUmnmgyZ Xya am{hbm Amho. Ë`m§À`m e¡j{UH$
_mJmgbonUm_wiho r Ë`m§Mm Am{W©H$ ñVa C§Mmdbobm Zmhr. `m g_wXm`mV Agbobr Am{W©H$ gm_m{OH$ÑîQ>çm
d§{MVVoMr ^mdZm Ë`m§À`m _ZmV qhXy~Ôb AmH$g {Z_m©U Ho$bo ho gm§àXm{`VoMo H$maU R>aVo.
6) qhXyÎddmXr {dMmagaUrMm dmT>Vm à^md :
qhXyÎddmXr {dMmagaUr_Ü`o Pmbobr dmT> d qhXyÎddmXr àd¥ÎmrMo ~iH$Q>rH$aU `mVyZ gm§àXm{`H$ VUmd
dmT>rg bmJVmo. {h§Xy _hmg^m, {díd {h§Xy n[afX, {h§Xy Y_©ajm g{_Vr, amï´>r` ñd`§gdo H$ g§K `mgma»`m Ym{_©H$
g§KQ>Zm qhXyZm AZwHy$b {ZU©` KoVbo Omdo `mgmR>r gaH$mada X~md Q>mH$Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. Ë`m§À`m
{dMmaYmaoZgw ma àË`oH$ _wñbr_ nm{H$ñVmZ Ym{O©Um d Xoe{damoYr AgVmo. XmoZ XoemV {H«$Ho$Q>Mr _°M Mmby Agob
Var Ë`mbm XmoZ XoemVrb `wÕmMo ñdê$n {Xbo OmVo. Aem KQ>Zm Aëng§»`mH$m{df`r ÛofmMr ^mdZm {Z_m©U
H$aVmV. Ë`mVyZ qhXyÎddmXr gm§àXm{`H$ eŠVrMo ~iH$Q>rH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. Aëng§»`mH$m§Zm {Xbo OmUmao g§ajU
d gdbVr `m§Zm Vo {damoY H$aVmV. Q>mHo $Xma qhXyÎddmXr A§Y^ŠVr gm§àXm{`H$dmXmg H$maUr^yV R>aVo.
7) amOH$maUmMo gm§àXm{`H$aU :
^maVr` {ZdS>UHw $sMo amOH$maU åhUOo A_`m©X n¡emMr CYiU d AË`§V Q>mHo $mMr Vrd« ñnYm© hmo`.
{d{dY amO{H$` nj {ZdS>UHw $m qOH$Ê`mgmR>r ~oH$m`Xoera gmYZo d ~è`mdmB©Q> _mJmªMm Adb§~ H$aVmV. _Vm§Mo
amOH$maU H$aÊ`mgmR>r gm§àXm{`H$ VUmd, X§Jbr KS>dZy AmUë`m OmVmV. àË`oH$ amO{H$` nj OmVr Y_m©Mm
dmna H$ê$Z {ZdS>UHw $m bT>dVmV. amOH$maUmMo Pmbobo gm§àXm{`H$aU ^maVmV g§àXm`dmX dmT>dVo. H$moUVmhr
nj dm ZoVm qhgmMmamV dm X§JbrV {Zînmnm§Mo ~ir OmVmV `mMr ndm© H$aV ZmhrV. Amnbm amO{H$` ñdmW©
gmYVmZm \$ŠV Amnë`m {hVg§~Y§ mMmM {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo.
8) XoemÀ`m A§VJ©V KQ>Zm-KS>m_moS>rV BVa Xoem§Mm hñVjon :
^maVmV KS>Umè`m KQ>Zm. KS>m_moS>rV d A§VJ©V amOH$maUmV eoOmarb Xoe hñVjon H$aVmV. Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z
gmVË`mZo J¡ag_O d g§e`mMo dmVmdaU {Z_m©U hmoBb © Aem A\$dm ngadë`m OmVmV. ^maVmV AamOH$Vm
_mOmdr, gm§àXm{`H$ VUmd {Z_m©U ìhmdm. `mX¥ï>rZo à`ËZ Ho$bo OmVmV. {eI A{VaoH$s d nm{H$ñVmZ ^maVmVrb
`wdH$m§Zm XoV Agboë`m {MWmdUr_wioM n§Om~ d Oå_y-H$mpí_a _Ü`o gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMma KSy>Z Ambo.
gr_m^mJmVrb Xoem§H$Sy>Z Ho$bm OmUmam hñVjon WmondVm `oV Zmhr. Aa~amï´>o AemM àH$mao noQ´>mobMm n¡gm
^maVmV _{eXr ~m§YÊ`mgmR>r nwadVmV d g§e`mñnX dmVmdaU {Z_m©U H$aVmV. ^maV ho Y_©{Zanoj amï´> Amho
ho gmè`m OJmbm _m{hV AgVmZm ^maV d nm{H$ñVmZ g§Kfm©g Y_©M H$maU Agë`mMo OJmg_moa _m§S>bo OmVo.
^maVmV Ym{_©H$ {dg§dmX Ord§V R>do Ê`mV ~mhoaÀ`m H$mhr Xoem§Mo {hVg§~Y§ JwV§ bo AmhoV.

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 9) CÚmoJY§Úm_Ü`o {d{eï> g_wXm`mMr _ŠVoXmar :
^maVm_Ü`o {d{eï> OmVr-Y_m©À`m bmoH$m§Mr {d{eï> ì`mnma, CÚmoJ, H$mam{Jar, ì`dgm`mda _ŠVoXmar {Z_m©U
Pmbr Amho. Ë`m ì`dgm`mV {eaUmè`m BVa OmVr-Y{_©`m§Zm Amnbm O_ ~gdVm `oV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mV
{dVwï>Vm {Z_m©U hmoVo d g§àXm`dmX dmT>Vmo. ^maVmV {_aO, A{bJT>, _mboJmd, {^d§S>r `m ehamVyZ AZoH$
{nT>çm§nmgyZ H$mhr {d{eï> CÚmoJY§ÚmV O_ ~gdbobo _wñbr_ AmhoV. Ë`m§À`mVrb Am{W©H$ g§nÝZVm d
gm_m{OH$ XOm©Vrb dmT>r_wio Vo amOH$maUmV CVê$ bmJbo AmhoV. Vo ñWm{ZH$ nmVirnmgyZ H|$Ðr` ñVamn`ªV
amO{H$` KS>m_moS>rV gh^mJr hmoVmV. Ë`m§À`m amO{H$` _hÎdH$m§jm dmT>VmV. Aem bmoH$m§Mo na§namJV ì`mnma,
ì`dgm` dm amOH$maUmVrb àñW H$_r ìhmdo Ago ñnY©H$m§Zm dmQ>V AgVo. Voìhm g§àXm`dmXmg MmbZm {Xbr
OmVo. bmoH$m§Mr _mWr ^S>H$dbr OmVmV. Aem ^mJmV X§Jbr, qhgmMma KS>dZy AmUë`m OmVmV.
10) g_mZ ZmJar H$m`Xm bmJy H$aÊ`mVrb {db§~ :
^maVr` KQ>Z_o Ü`o g_mZVoMo d Y_©{ZanojVoMo VÎd pñdH$mabo Amho. gdmªZm g_mZ H$m`Xm bmJy Amho. _mÌ
_wpñb_m§Zm e[a`V H$m`Xm bmJy Amho. `m H$m`ÚmZo _wñbr_ nwê$fm§Mo {deof A{YH$ma _mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Ambo
AmhoV. _wñbr_ nwê$f Mma {ddmh H$ê$ eH$Vmo. ghOnUo KQ>ñ\$moQ>?(VbmH$) KoD$ eH$Vmo. Ë`m_wio Y_mªY
_wpñb_m§Mm AmË_{dídmg dmT>Vmo. Hw$Qw>§~ {Z`moOZmbm Ë`m§Mm nmqR~m ZgVmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m g_wXm`mMr bmoH$g§»`oV
gmVË`mZo dmT> hmoVmZm {XgVo. qhXy bmoH$g§»`mdmT>rÀ`m VwbZoV _wñbr_ g_wXm`mÀ`m bmoH$g§»`oV dmT> hmoV
Agbobr {XgVo. gmh{OH$M qhXw_Ü`o g§e`J«hZVm dmT>Vo d Agwa{jVVoÀ`m ^mdZoVZy AmH«$_H$nUm dmTVmo.
n[aUm_r gm§àXm{`H$ VUmdmV dmT> hmoV.o
1.3.3 g§àXm`dmXmdarb Cnm``moOZm (Remedy of Communalism) :
Ym{_©H$ {dg§dmXm_wio g_mOm_Ü`o Xþhr _mOVo. gm§àXm{`H$ VUmd {Z_m©U hmoVmo. Aemdoir EImXr jwëbH$
KQ>ZoMo ê$nm§Va gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamV H$aVo. g§nyU© g_mO, eha Jmd, Hw$Qw>§~ CÕñV hmoVmV. gm_m{OH$
VmUVUmdmV dmT> hmoV.o Vê$Um§_Ü`o gwS>mMr àoaUm {Z_m©U hmoV.o S>mù o `mg_moa KS>bb o m qhgmMma, Ominmoi,
^mogH$m-^mogH$s, bwQ>mbwQ>, aŠVnmV, pñÌ`m§darb ~bmËH$ma `m_wio _mZ{gH$ YŠH$m ~gVmo. qhgmMmamVyZ
dmMbobo H$mhr H$m`_Mo _mZ{gH$ amoJr ~ZVmV. qhgmMmamV CËnmXZl_ JQ>mVrb ì`ŠVr _moR>çm à_mUmV ~ir
OmVmV qH$dm OI_r hmoVmV. VoWrb Am{W©H$ KS>r ~gdUo Iyn AS>MUrMo R>aVo. Aem g_mOmbm nwÝhm C^§
H$aU§, JwÝhoJmam§Zm {ejm H$aU§, nwÝhm em§VVm d gwì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r emgZmbm àM§S> Am{W©H$ ^ma
ghZ H$amdm bmJVmo. gm§àXm{`H$ X§JbrZ§Va XmoÝhr g_wXm`mVrb Xwamdm dmT>rg bmJVmo. Ym{_©H$ H$_©H$m§S>mg
A{YH$ MmbZm {_iVo. XoemÀ`m àJVrV, d¡km{ZH$ àJVrV AS>Wio {Z_m©U hmoVmV. XoemÀ`m Y_©{Zanoj VÎdmg
d amï´>r` EH$mË_Vog YmoH$m nmohmoMVmo. åhUyZ `m g_ñ`odarb Cnm``moOZm§Mm Jm§{^`m©Zo {dMma H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.
g§àXm`dmXmdarb Cnm``moOZm Imbrb à_mUo ñnîQ> H$aVm `oVmV.

8
 1) Hw$Qw>~§ mVyZ gw`mo½` ì`ŠVr_ÎdmMr OS>U-KS>U :
ì`pŠVMo ì`pŠV_Îd, {dMmagaUr, _Vo, àd¥Îmr `mda Hw$Qw>~§ mMm O~aXñV à^md AgVmo. Hw$Qw>{§ ~` H$Å>a
Ym{_©H$ d BVa Y{_©`m§H$S>o nyd©J«hXy{fVnUo nhmV AgVrb Va _wbm§Mr OS>U-KS>U VerM hmoVo. _wbm§Zm
dmT>{dVmZm Ë`m§Zm Ym{_©H$ nyd©J«hmnmgyZ Xya R>odbo Va Ë`m§À`mV _mZdVmdmXr _wë`m§Mr OmonmgZm hmoB©b.
_mZdmn«Vr g§dXo ZerbVm AgUmao ì`ŠVr_Îd g_mOrH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$`oVZy KS>dVm `oBb © . Hw$Qw>{§ ~` Oa Xwgè`m
OmVr-Y_m©À`m H$m`©H$« _mV, gU-g_ma§^m_Ü`o gh^mJr hmoV Agob Va _wbm§Zm EH$_oH$m§À`m [aVr[admOm§Mr,
àWmna§nam§Mr AmoiI hmoVo d EH$_oH$m§H$S>o nmhÊ`mMr g§e`rd¥Îmr Zï> hmoV.o Y_© Oar doJim Agbm Var Vrhr
_mUgo AmhoV. Ë`m§Zmhr Amnë`m gmaIr gwIXw:Io AmhoV `mMr AmoiI Pmë`mZo _wbm§_Ü`o g{hîUw, CXma_VdmXr,
gdmªZm gm_mdyZ KoUmar {dMmagaUr ê$OVo. gw`mo½` ì`ŠVr_Îd KS>dÊ`mV Hw$Qw>~§ mZo _hÎdmMm dmQ>m CMbë`mg
nyd©J«hmVyZ hmoUmao Ym{_©H$ ^oX^md H$_r hmoVrb.
2) {ejU ì`dñWm d {ejH$m§Mr _hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m :
{dÚmWu {ejU KoV AgVmZm {XK©H$mi {ejU à{H«$`oV AgVmo. `mdoir Ë`mbm bm^Umao dJ©{_Ì, {ejH$
d Aä`mgH«$_mVyZ Pmbobo g§ñH$ma `m§Mm Ë`mÀ`m ì`pŠV_Îdmda à^md nS>Vmo. e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm_YyZ gdmªZm
g_mZ H$moUË`mhr ^oX^mdmnmgyZ Xya R>do Umao {ejU {_imbo nm{hOo. {ejH$m§Zr OmV, Y_©, nydJ© h« `m nmgyZ Xya
amhÿZ OrdZ OJÊ`mMo {ejU {dÚmÏ`mªZm {Xbo nm{hOo. Aä`mgH«$_mVyZ {dkmZ, V§ÌkmZmMo AmYw{ZH$ {ejU
XoVmZmM _wë`m§Mr OmonmgZm H$aUmao {ejU {dÚmÏ`mªZm {_imbo nm{hOo. Aä`mgH«$_mVyZ Ooìhm gd© Y_mªMm
VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mg Ho$bm OmB©b Voìhm àË`oH$ Y_© H$ë`mUH$mar Amho `mMr OmU {Z_m©U hmoBb © M nU Ë`m~amo~a
EH$_oH$m§À`m Ym{_©H$ H$_©H$m§S>mH$S>o g§e`rd¥ÎmrZo nmhÊ`mMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ ~Xbob. amOH$maUmV Y_m©Mm dmna
ñdmWm©gmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo. `mMr OmUrd Ë`m§Zm {ejUmVyZ hmoB©b Voìhm gwOmU ZmJ[aH$ {Z_m©U hmoVrb. Ym{_©H$
X§JbrVrb Aer {H$VrVar CXmhaUo AmhoV H$s OmV-Y_© {dgê$Z BVam§Mo àmU dmMdbo AmhoV. _XV Ho$br
Amho. hm Ë`m§À`mda Pmboë`m _mZdVmdmXr g§ñH$mam§Mm n[aUm_ AgVmo.
3) amï´>r` EH$mË_VoMr ^mdZm ê$OdUo :
^maVm_Ü`o _moR>çm à_mUmV {d{dYVm Amho. na§Vy OmVr-Y_©^Xo , ^mfmdmX, àm§VdmX `mÀ`m ê$nmZo H$Yr
Zm H$Yr g§Kf© hmoV AgVmo. Varhr ñdmV§Í`mZ§Vahr hr AI§S>Vm {Q>H$y Z Amho. `mMm A{^_mZ hm amï´>m{^_mZ
AgVmo. `mVyZM Y_©, n§W, OmV `mnojmhr amîQ´>{hV _hÎdmMo Amho `mMr OmUrd bmoH$m§Zm hmoVo Voìhm amï´>r`
EH$mË_Vm {Z_m©U hmoV.o `mVyZ Amnbo amï´>, amï´>mMr bmoH$emhr KQ>Zm, Y_©{ZajVoMo VÎd `m{df`r A{^_mZ OmJ¥V
hmoB©b. {d{dYVoZo EH$Vm ho _yë` Ooìhm ê$Oob Voìhm amîQ´>r` EH$mË_VoMr ^mdZm {Z_m©U hmoB©b.
4) g_mZ {dH$mgmda ^a XoUo :
^maVm_Ü`o Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OÑîQ>çm _mJmg am{hbobo d {ejUmÀ`m g§YrnmgyZ d§{MV am{hboë`m
VwbZmË_H$[aË`m Am{W©H$ XOm© Imbmdboë`m _wñbr_ g_wXm`mMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm Amnbm XOm© C§MmdÊ`mgmR>r

9
{deof g§Yr, gdbVr {Xë`m nm{hOoV. a§WZmW {_lm g{_VrZo _wñbr_ g_wXm`mÀ`m _mJmgbonUmMm Aä`mg
H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm amÁ` d H|$Ð gaH$mar ZmoH$è`m§_Ü`o AmajU Úmdo Aer {e\$mag Ho$br. gm§àXm{`H$ qhgmMmamVyZ
{Zînmn d Xw~©b g_wXm`mMr _moR>r hmZr hmoVo. Ë`m§À`mda AÝ`m` hmoVmo. Aemdoir Ë`m§Zm Ý`m` XoÊ`mgmR>r
Mm¡H$ergmR>r emgZmZo Am`moJ Zo_mdoV. JwOamV X§JbrZ§Va Mm¡H$ergmR>r d AÝ`m`J«ñV bmoH$m§Zm Ý`m`
XoÊ`mgmR>r ZmZmdQ>r g{_Vr Zo_Ê`mV Ambo. VgoM 2005 _Ü`o _wñbr_ g_wXm`mÀ`m gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d
e¡j{UH$ n[apñWVrMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r gÀMa g{_Vr Zo_Ê`mV Ambr. `m g{_VrZo _wñbr_ g_wXm`mMm
XOm© C§MmdÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ Cnm``moOZm gwMdë`m d {dH$mgmÀ`m àdmhmV gm_mdyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r _mJ© gwMdbo.
Aem nÕVrZo {d{dY Am`moJ d g{_Ë`m§À`m {e\$maerZwgma _wñbr_m§Zm Amnbm XOm© C§MmdÊ`mgmR>r g§Yr àmßV
H$ê$Z {Xë`mg gm_m{OH$ EH$Vm àñWm{nV hmoBb © .
5) gm§àXm{`H$ nj d g§KQ>Zm§da ~§Xr KmbUo :
g§àXm`dmXmÀ`m dmT>rMo à_wI H$maU gm§àXm{`H$ nj d g§KQ>Zm AmhoV. åhUyZM emgZmZo Aem nj d
g§KQ>Zm§da Ë`m§À`m {dÜd§gH$ H$madm`m d Nw>ß`m AO]S>çmda ~maH$mB©Zo bj R>odbo nm{hOo. Aem g§KQ>Zm§Mo ZoVo
àjmo^H$ {dYmZo d dŠVì` H$ê$Z Ym{_©H$ ^mdZm H$bw{fV H$aVmV. Aem ZoË`m§da H$m`Xoera H$madmB© hmoBb ©
`mMr H$miOr KoVbr nm{hOo. gm§àXm{`H$ X§JbrV, qhgmMmamV `m g§KQ>Zm§Mm àË`j-AàË`j gh^mJ AgVmo
Aem g§KQ>Zm d njm§da ~§Xr KmVë`mg H$S>H$ H$m`Xoera H$madmB© Ho$ë`mg g_mOmda Ë`mMo gH$mamË_H$ n[aUm_
hmoVrb.
6) ~oamoOJma Vê$Um§Zm {dYm`H$ H$m_mV JwV§ dUo :
g§YrgmYy amOH$maUr d Y_©Jwê$ ho ~oamoOJma Vê$Um§Mm dmna {dÜd§gH$ H$madm`mV H$ê$Z KoVmV. ~oH$mar,
[aH$m_onU, Am{W©H$ {dd§MZoV AS>H$boë`m Vê$Um§Mr _mWr ^S>H$dbr OmVmV. Ago g{H«$` H$m`©H$V} gm§àXm{`H$
qhgmMmamÀ`m AJ«^mJr AgVmV. Aem Vê$Um§Zm {H$_mZ {dYm`H$ amï´>r` H$m_mV JwV§ dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$ë`mg
Ë`m§À`m H$m`©j_Vog dmd {_iobM {edm` {dYm`H$ H$m_mVyZ amï´>dmXmMr ^mdZm ê$Oob. _§{Xa-_pñOXrnojm
_wb^yV JaOm, Amamo½`, {ejU _hÎdmMo Amho. `mMr OmUrd Ë`m§Zm hmoBb © nmoH$i Y_m©{^_mZ Amnë`mbm d
Hw$Qw>~§ mbm CÜdñV H$aVmo ho Ooìhm Ë`m§Zm g_Oob Voìhm Ago ~oH$ma Vê$U ñdmWu amOH$maUmMo ~ir R>aUma ZmhrV.
7) gm{hË` d {MÌnQ> _mÜ`_m§Mm gH$mamË_H$ Cn`moJ :
Amnë`m XoemV AZoH$ g§V, _hmË_o hmoD$Z Jobo Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m {dMmamVyZ, boIUrVyZ, gm{hË`mVyZ CXma_VdmXr,
g{hîUy, _mZdVmdmXr _yë` ê$OdÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. Aem gm{hË`mMm àgma, àMma Pmbm nm{hOo. H$mhr
boIH$, H$dr Amnë`m {bImUmVyZ AZoH$ g_ñ`m, àíZ, Y_©, kmZ, amOH$maU `mda ^mî` H$aVmV. Á`mVyZ
Ym{_©H$ gwg§dmXmMo nyb ~m§Ybo OmVmV. ÛofmZo _yR>^a bmoH$m§Mm \$m`Xm hmoVmo d g§nyU© g_mO ^aS>bm OmVmo. `mMo
dmñVd {MÌU g_mOmÀ`m nmofUmgmR>r Cn`wŠV AgVo Aem gm{hË`mbm nwañH¥$V Ho$bo nm{hOo.
^maVm_Ü`o _Zmoa§OZmMo _mÜ`_ åhUyZ {MÌnQ> AË`§V bmoH${n«` AmhoV Oo {MÌnQ>mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ

10
g_mOmVrb dmñVì`mda àH$me Q>H$mbm OmVmo. Ë`mVyZ bmoH${ejUM hmoV AgVo. g_mOmMr _mZ{gH$Vm ~XbyZ
g{hîUwVm, _mZdVmdmX, ~§Y^w md, Xoeào_ {MÌnQ>mVyZ à^mdrnUo ê$OVo.
8) OZg§nH©$ _mÜ`_m§Mr O~m~Xmar d Ë`m§À`mda A§H$w e R>do Uo Amdí`H$ :
OZg§nH©$ _mÜ`_o XoemV KS>bëo `m KQ>Zm, KS>m_moS>tMo {díbofU H$aV AgVmV. A{bH$S>À`m H$mimV
BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ _mÜ`_mMm doJdmZ àgma Pmbm Amho. eo-XmoZeo dm{hÝ`m§À`m `m O_mÝ`mV AmnboM M°Zob
AJ«^mJr Agmdo `mgmR>r Ë`m§À`mV ñnYm© AgVo. Aemdoir H$emMohr VmaVå` Z ~miJVm A{Va§{OV ~mVå`m
gm§{JVë`m OmVmV. ZoË`m§Zr Ho$boë`m àjmo^H$ {dYmZmMo dma§dma àjonU Ho$bo OmVo. EImÚm KQ>ZVo _mUgmÀ`m
Ordmnojmhr Ë`mMm Y_© H$moUVm `m{df`r CWi MMm© Ho$br OmVo. Aem ~m~r g_mOmVrb {dg§dmX, gm§àXm{`H$
VUmd dmT>rg nmofH$ R>aVmV åhUyZM OZg§nH©$ _mÜ`_m§Zr O~m~XmanUo, {Z:njnmVrnUo, KQ>ZoMo dmñVd
Xe©{dUmè`m ~mVå`m àgm[aV Ho$ë`m nm{hOoV. gm§àXm{`H$ X§Jbr àg§Jr VmaVå` ~miJyZ ~mVå`m àgm[aV
Ho$ë`mg X§Jbr AmQ>mŠo `mV `oD$ eH$VmV. H$mhr doim amO{H$` nj _mÜ`_m§Zm hmVmer Yê$Z AdmñVd, ^S>H$
~mVå`m XoVmV `mMo g_mOmda {dnarV n[aUm_ hmoVmV åhUyZ OZg§nH©$ _mÜ`_o, BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ _mÜ`_o `mda
emgZmMm Ë`mdarb A§H$w e Ë`mda Agbm nm{hOo.
9) gm§àXm{`H$ X§JbrV nmobrgemgZ `§ÌUoMm H$m`©j_ gh^mJ :
nmobrg Amnë`m JwßVhoa d I~è`m§Ûmao JwÝhoJmar H¥$Ë`m§Mm emoY KoV AgVmV. Ë`mMnÕVrZo gm§àXm{`H$
VUmd {Z_m©U Pmë`mMm gwJmdm bmdyZ Vo X§Jbr d qhgmMma amoIy eH$VmV. Á`m ^mJmV X§Jbr KS>ë`m VoWo
{Z:njnmVrnUo X§JbImoam§Zm nH$S>Uo d Ë`m§Zm Ý`m`mb`mg_moa {dZm{db§~ C^o H$aÊ`mMr H$miOr KoVbr nm{hOo.
Aem KQ>ZmV ñdV§Ì Ý`m`mb`o ñWmnyZ, JwÝhoJmam§Zm H$m`ÚmVrb AmYma KodZy gwQ>Vm `oD$ Z`o `mMr XjVm KoVbr
nm{hOo. Aem JwÝhoJmam§Zm H$S>H$ emgZ hmoVo Ago bjmV Amë`mg BVa X§JbImoam§da dMH$ ~gob. `m{edm`
X§JbrV Pi ~gboë`m§Zm doirM _XV H$aUo, Ë`m§Zm ZmoH$ar_Ü`o g§Yr XoUo, Ë`m§Mo ì`dgm` nwÝhm C^o
H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{W©H$ _XV Ho$ë`mg Ë`m§Zm {Xbmgm {_iobM d emgZmdarb {dídmg dmT>b o . {^d§S>r gma»`m
g§dXo Zerb ^mJmV nmobrg `§ÌUoZo XmoÝhr g_wXm`mVrb _mÝ`da ì`ŠVtZm KoD$Z _m{hVr g{_Vr ñWmnZ H$ê$Z
X§Jb amoIÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. Ë`mM nÕVrZo g§dXo Zerb joÌmV, JmdmV XmoÝhr g_wXm`mVrb _mÝ`da ì`ŠVtZm
EH$mM ì`mgnrR>mda AmUë`mg Ym{_©H$ gU, CËgdmÀ`m àg§Jrhr em§VVm, gwì`dñWm àñWm{nV hmoB©b.
àjmo^H$ H¥$Ë` dŠVì` H$aUmè`m§Zm AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMm dmna H$ê$Z nH$S>Vm `oVo. Aem g_mOH$Q>§H$m§da
H$moUVrhr X`m_m`m Z XmIdVm H$R>mao H$madmB© Ho$br nm{hOo. nmobrg d emgZg§ñWoZo AemàH$mao H$m`© Ho$ë`mg
Ë`m§À`mda {ZanamY OZVm {dídmg R>do Vo.
ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ (Check your Progres) :
EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) ^maVmVrb g§àXm`dmXmMm à_wI AmYma H$moUVm?

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2) Y_©ajUmnojm g§àXm`dmXmV H$m` _hÎdmMo AgVo?
3) Ym{_©H$ H$_©H$m§S>o gm§àXm{`H$Vog H$Yr H$maUr^yV R>aVmV?
4) _ybVÎddmX H$emer {ZJS>rV AgVmo?
5) H$moUË`m Y_m©À`m n§Wm§_Ü`o hm g§Kf© Pmë`mMo AmT>iZy Ambo Amho?
6) qhXy d _wñbr_ {ddmhg§ñWoVrb à_wI {^ÝZVm H$moUVr?
7) qhXy d _wpñb_m§À`mV {dVwï> {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r {~«{Q>em§Zr H$moUVr {ZVr Adb§~br?
8) ñdmV§Í`mnydu Amnë`m amO{H$` _mJÊ`m§gmR>r _wpñb_m§Zr H$moUVm amO{H$` nj ñWmnZ Ho$bm?
9) ~hþVm§edoim {ZdS>UHw $m§_Ü`o C_oXdma {ZdS>rgmR>r H$moUVr nmÌVm _hÎdmMr _mZbr OmVo?
10) H$mpí_a_Yrb g§àXm`dmX dmT>rg H$moUË`m XoemMm hñVjon H$maUr^yV R>aVmo?
11) ^maVr` _wñbr_ nwê$f {ddmhmgmR>r H$moUË`m H$m`ÚmMm AmYma KoVmV?
12) _mohëbm g{_Vr H$emgmR>r Cn`wŠV Amho?
gmam§e (Let is sum up) :
^maVmVrb g§àXm`dmXmg Y_© O~m~Xma Zmhr Va H$_©H$m§S>mVrb ^oX^md, AkmZr, Y_©lÕmiy AZw`m`m§Mm
dmna H$ê$Z KoUmam nwamo{hV dJ©, Amnbr amO{H$` nH$S> KÅ> H$aÊ`mgmR>r, gÎmm àmßVrgmR>r ñdmWu amOH$maUr
Y_m©Mm dmna H$aVmV. Ym{_©H$ {dg§dmXmVyZM XoemÀ`m àJVrV, d¡km{ZH$ {dH$mgmV AS>Wim {Z_m©U hmoVmo. IaVa
OJmVrb gd© Ym{_©H$ {dMmagaUrV H$ë`mUH$mar VÎd Amho. Y_m©À`m Aä`mgH$m§Zr gd©gm_mÝ`m§Mo `m~m~V à~moYZ
Ho$bo nm{hOo. qhg|À`m, ÛofmÀ`m H$ëbmoimV Y_m©Vrb _mZdVmdmXr {dMma H$mZmda nS>V ZmhrV. Voìhm Iar
Ym{_©H$Vm g§nVo d Ym{_©H$ {dg§dmXmg gwê$dmV hmoV.o hoM ^maVr` g§àXm`dmXmMo \${bV Amho.
ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao (Answer to check your Progress) :
EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao
1) Y_© hm ^maVmVrb g§àXm`dmXmMm à_wI AmYma Amho.
2) g§àXm`mdmXmV Y_©ajUmnojm amO{H$` gÎmm d ZoVÎ¥ d {Q>H$dUo _hÎdmMo Amho.
3) Ym{_©H$ H$_©H$m§S>mZ§ m amO{H$` ñdê$n àmßV hmoVo Voìhm Vr gm§àXm{`H$Vog H$maUr^yV R>aVmV.
4) _ybVÎddmX Y_© d gÎmoer {ZJS>rV AgVmo.
5) qhXy, _wñbr_, {¼íMZ Y_m©À`m n§Wm_Ü`o g§Kf© KSy>Z Ambm Amho.
6) qhXy Y_m©_Ü`o {ddmh hm g§ñH$ma _mZbm OmVmo Va _wñbr_ Y_m©_Ü`o {ddmh hm H$ama _mZbm OmVmo.
7) qhXy-_wpñb_m§_Ü`o {dVwï> {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r "\$moS>m Am{U amÁ` H$am' hr {ZVr {~«{Q>em§Zr Adb§~br.
8) _wpñb_m§Zr Amnë`m _mJÊ`m§gmR>r "_wñbr_ {bJ' njmMr ñWmnZm Ho$br.

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9) Amnbr OmV d Y_© hr nmÌVm {ZdS>UHw $s_Ü`o C_oXdma {ZdS>rgmR>r _hÎdmMr _mZbr OmVo.
10) H$mpí_a_Yrb g§àXm`dmX dmT>rg nm{H$ñVmZ hñVjon H$aV AgVmo.
11) ^maVr` _wñbr_ nwê$f {ddmhmgmR>r e[a`V `m Ym{_©H$ H$m`ÚmMm AmYma KoVmV.
12) XmoZ g_wXm`mV g_Ýd` gmYyZ X§Jb amoIÊ`mgmR>r _mohëbm g{_Vr Cn`wŠV R>aVo.
gamdmgmR>r àíZ (Exercise/Home Assignment) :
1) g§àXm`dmXmMm AW© d ñdê$n ñnï> H$am.
2) g§àXm`dmXmMr H$maUo {deX H$am.
3) g§àXm`dmXmdarb Cnm``moOZm Cn`moJVm ñnï> H$am.
qMVZ d H$m`©
1) g§àXm`rH$ X§JbrV _hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m ~OmdUmè`m nmobrg A{YH$mè`mMr _m{hVr {_idm.
2) àË`oH$ Y_m©V Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m _mZdVmdmXr H$m`m©Mr _m{hVr Jmoim H$am.
A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ : (Suggested Readings)
1) H$m|S>Ho $a E. dm`. _mê$bH$a {df` : ^maVr` gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m, \$S>H$o àH$meZ.
2) _m`r gw{Zb : ^maVr` g_mO àíZ Am{U g_ñ`m, S>m`_§S> npãbHo$eÝg nwU-o 2009
3) am_ AmhþOm : gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mE, amdV npãbHo$eÝg, Ý`y {Xëbr.
4) gmiwI
§ o gO}amd : g_H$mbrZ ^maVmVrb gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m, Za|Ð àH$meZ, nwU.o
5) {Q>. Ho$ Amo_mZ (AZw. g§JrVm \$mQ>H$) : ^maVr` g_m{OH$ g_ñ`m d dmX, S>m`_§S> npãbHo$eÝg, nwU.o

13
 KQ>H$ - 2
ñÌr^«wUhË`m : AW©, H$maUo d Cnm``moOZm
(Female Foeticide : Meaning, Causes and Remedy)

KQ>H$-g§aMZm :
2.1 àñVmdZm
2.2 C{ÔîQ>ço
2.2 {df` {ddoMZ
2.3.1 ñÌr^«Uw hË`m AW© d ñdê$n
2.3.2 ñÌr^«Uw hË`m H$maUo
2.3.3 ñÌr^«Uw hË`m Cnm``moOZm
2.4 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZ
2.5 gmam§e
2.6 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
2.7 gamdmgmR>r àíZ J¥hnmR>
2.8 qMVZ d H¥$Vr
2.9 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$
2.1 àñVmdZm (Introduction) :
H$mhr AndmXmË_H$ g_mO gmoS>bo Va OJmV gd©ÌM qbJAmYm[aV ^oX^md AWdm {df_Vm AmT>iZy `oV.o
ñÌr-nwê$fm§_Ü`o {ZgJ©V: AgUmar Ag_mZVm gÝ_mZ{Z` _mZbr OmVo. H$maU Vr _mZdd§e d¥ÕrgmR>r Amdí`H$
Amho. Ë`m_wio àmMrZ H$mbI§S>mV ñÌrMm XOm© CÀM hmoVm. Ë`mZ§Va hiyhiy ñÌrÀ`m XOm©V KgaU gwê$ Pmbr.
ñÌr åhUOo naŠ`mM§ YZ, Hw$Qw>~§ mdaM§ AmoP,§ KamÊ`mMr A~«w `m Mm¡H$Q>rV ~§{XñV Pmbobr ñÌr ZH$moer Pmbr.
`mCbQ> _wbJm åhUOo _mb_ÎmoMm dmag, d§emMm {Xdm, Hw$Qw>~§ mMm nmofUH$Vm© d g§ajUH$Vm© `m_wio _wbm§À`m
OÝ_mMo ñdmJV hmoD$ bmJbo. ñÌr hr gd©ñdr nwê$fm§À`m AYrZ amhUmar Ë`mMr Xmgr ~Zbr. ñÌr _mUyg Amho.
{VÀ`m R>m`r ~wÕr, ^mdZm, {dMma, Y¡`,© H$ê$Um, ñZoh Ago JwU AmhoV. `mMm g_mOmbm {dga nSy> bmJbm.

14
{VMo ApñVÎd Cn^moJmMo gmYZ EdT>Mo Cabo. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va ^maVmV pñÌ`m§Zm g_mZVoM§ ñWmZ àmßV Pmb§.
ñdmV§Í`mnydu d Z§Vahr pñÌ`m§da hmoUmè`m AÝ`m`mÀ`m, AË`mMmamÀ`m {damoYmV H$m`Xo Ho$bo Jobo. Varhr
pñÌ`m§darb AË`mMmamV dmT>M hmoVmZm {XgyZ `oVo. H$m`Xo pñÌ`m§Zm g§ajU XoD$ eH$bo ZmhrV. g_mOmMr
_mZ{gH$Vm, pñÌ`m§H$S>o nmhÊ`mMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ `mV ~Xb Pmbm Zmhr Am{U pñÌ`m§darb AË`mMmam_Ü`o qhgoMo H«$w a
nmedr ê$n ñÌr^«Uw hË`oÀ`m ê$nmZo g_moa Ambo. åhUyZM AmnU ñÌr^«Uw hË`m hr g_ñ`m Aä`mgUma AmhmoV.
Ë`m_Ü`o ñÌr^«Uw hË`oMm AW©, ñÌr^«Uw hË`m hmoÊ`m_mJrb H$maUo d ñÌr^«Uw hË`m g_ñ`odarb Cnm``moOZm `m§Mm
Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.
2.2 C{ÔîQ>ço :
1) ñÌr^«wUhË`m åhUOo H$m` ho ñnîQ> hmoB©b.
2) ñÌr^«Uw hË`m `m g_ñ`oMr H$maUo g_OyZ KoVm `oVrb.
3) ñÌr^«Uw hË`m `m g_ñ`odarb Cnm``moOZm ñnï> H$aVm `oVrb.
2.3 {df` {ddoMZ :
19 ì`m eVH$mV {nV¥gÎmmH$ g_mOì`dñWoV ñÌrMo ñWmZ Xwæ`_ hmoV.o Oo nwê$fr Vo loð> Am{U Oo ~m`H$s
Vo H${Zð> Aer _ZmoYmaUm nwê$fm§Mr d pñÌ`m§Mrhr Pmbr hmoVr. Ë`mZ§Va gmVË`mZo pñÌ`m§Mo g_mOmVrb ñWmZ
BVHo$ ImbmdV Jobo H$s "_wbJr' ZH$moer R>ê$ bmJbr Am{U Zì`m V§ÌkmZmZ§ OÝ_mbm `oÊ`mAmYrM Ë`m§Zm
Zmhrgo H$aVm `oD$ bmJbo. AmO ñÌr^«Uw hË`m g_ñ`oZo J§^ra ê$n YmaU Ho$bo Amho åhUyZ AmnU ñÌr^«Uw hË`oMm
AW© d `m g_ñ`oMr ì`mnH$Vm {deX H$aUma AmhmoV. Xwgè`m ^mJm_Ü`o nam_e© KoUma AmhmoV d {Vgè`m
^mJm_Ü`o ñÌr^«Uw hË`m amoIÊ`mgmR>r H$aÊ`mV `oVrb Aem Cnm``moOZm§Mo {ddoMZ Ho$bo OmUma Amho.
2.3.1 ñÌr^«wUhË`m : AW© (Female Foeticide : Meaning) :
dmñVdVm qbJ{ZXmZ `m eãXmVM _wbJm d _wbJr hm ^oX^md AmT>iVmo. pñÌ`m§Mm XOm© gmVË`mZo
ImbmdV Mmbboë`m nwê$fgÎmmH$ ^maVr` g_mO ì`dñWoV _wbJr ho ZH$mo AgUmao AnË` Amho. {VÀ`m OÝ_mMo
H$YrM ñdmJV hmoV Zmhr. nydu ^maVmVrb H$mhr amÁ`m§_Ü`o ñÌr A^©H$m§À`m OÝ_mZ§Va bJoM hË`m Ho$ë`m OmV.
AmO gd©M g_mOmV J^©qbJ{ZXmZ V§Ìm_wio ñÌr^«Uw hË`m hm A_mZwf àH$ma, g_mOm_Ü`o ê$T> Pmbm Amho.
Ë`m_wio J^©Ob{M{H$Ëgm d gmoZmoJ«m\$s V§ÌmMm dmna H$ê$Z J^©[b§J{ZXmZ d J^©nmVmZo _wbJr Zï> H$aUo gmono
Pmbo Amho. ^maVr` g_mOm_Ü`o YmoH$mXm`H$[aË`m pñÌ`m§À`m à_mUmV KQ> hmoV Amho. `m_wiMo ñÌr^«Uw hË`m hr
g_ñ`m {Z_m©U Pmbr Amho. ""J^©qbJ{ZXmZ H$ê$Z ~oH$m`Xoera[aË`m _wbrMm J^© H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Uo, Zï> H$aUo
åhUOo ñÌr^«Uw hË`m hmo`.'' ñÌr-nwê$f à_mUmMm g_Vmob {~KS>Ê`mMo _w»` H$maU ñÌr^«Uw hË`m hmo`. Z¡g{J©H$[aË`m
OÝ_Umè`m _wbtMo à_mU Aä`mgë`mg Ago {XgVo {H$ Joë`m XeH$^amV "EH$ H$moQ>r' _wbtZm `m OJmV àdoe
H$aÊ`mnyduM Zï> Ho$bo Amho. H$m`Xm hmoD$Zhr _wbJr ZH$moM åhUUmao nmbH$ d d¡Ú{H$` kmZmMm ~mOma _m§S>Umao

15
Vk H$m`ÚmVrb nidmQ>mM§ m \$m`Xm KoV hm _mZdVobm H$m{i_m \$mgUmam Y§Xm H$aVmV. _wimV g_mOmMrM
_mZ{gH$Vm _wbtÀ`m OÝ_mda CR>br Agë`mZo `m g_ñ`oZo J§^ra ê$n YmaU Ho$ë`mMo {XgVo.
ñÌr^«U
w hË`m g_ñ`oMr ì`mnH$Vm :
àmMrZ H$mimV ~amo~arMm Agbobm ñÌrMm XOm© CÎma d¡{XH$ H$mbI§S>mnmgyZ ImbmdV Jobm. {nV¥gÎmmH$
ì`dñWoV pñÌ`m§M§ AmpñVËd Myb Am{U _yb `m _`m©XoV J¥{hV Yab§ OmD$ bmJb§. 19 ì`m eVH$mVrb
g_mOgwYmaH$m§À`m à`ËZm_wio ñdmV§Í`mnydu d ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va pñÌ`m§Zm g§ajU XoUmao AZoH$ H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
åhUyZ pñÌ`m§darb AË`mMmamMo à_mU H$_r Pmbo Ago åhUVm `oV Zmhr. CbQ> {d{dY ê$nmVrb AË`mMmamMo
àH$ma åhUOo ñÌr^«Uw hË`m hmo`. Joë`m ghm XeH$mVrb qbJ JwUmoÎmamÀ`m AmH$S>do marVyZ Ago {ZînÝZ hmoVo H$s
Xa hOmar nwê$fm§À`m VwbZoV pñÌ`m§Mo à_mU gmVË`mZo KQ>V Amho. (United Nations Fund for Population
Activities) À`m A§XmOmZwgma 2001 Vo 2002 `m dfm©V ^maVmV 6 bmI _wbtZm OÝ_mbmM `oD$ {Xbob§ Zmhr.
AW©Vk S>m.° A_Ë`© goZ `m§À`m _Vo ^maVmZo AmVmn`ªV 31 Xebj _wbr hadë`m AmhoV. Ë`mVyZM Zm{hem
hmoUmè`m _wbr (Missing Girls) hr g§H$ënZm nwT>o Ambr. _wbtÀ`m Amamo½`mH$S>o d {dH$mgmH$S>o hoVwnyd©H$ Ho$bo
OmUmao Xwbj
© `mMo H$maU Amamo½` gw{dYm d nmofUmnmgyZ pñÌ`m d§{MV ahmV AgVrb Va `m§Mm _¥Ë`yXa dmT>Vmo.
`mMm AZw^d 0 Vo 6 d`moJQ>mVrb _wbm-_wbtÀ`m ~mbqbJ JwUmoÎmamÀ`m Zm_mdbrVyZ `oVmo. Z¡g{J©H$[aË`m
_wbt_Ü`o AgUmè`m à{VH$ma j_Vo_i w o 1050 _wbt_mJo 1000 _wb§ ho Z¡g{J©H$ à_mU Amho. na§Vy _wbtÀ`m
Amamo½`m~m~V Ho$boë`m ^oX^mdm_wio 1991 À`m OZJUZoVrb ~mbqbJ JwUmoÎma amOñWmZ - 883, _hmamï´> -
883, n§Om~ - 875, d h[a`mUm - 819 BVH§$ KQ>b§ hmoV.§ Ë`m XeH$m_Ü`o n§Om~, h[a`mUmV ""AmO 500
ê$. IM© H$am d ^{dî`mV IM© hmoUmao 5 bmI ê$. dmMdm'' Aem Om{hamVr CKS>nUo Ho$ë`m OmV.
ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va ^maVmV J^©nmVmbm H$m`Xoera nadmZJr ZìhVr Voì§ hm AKmoar, AemñÌr` _mJm©Mm Adb§~
H$ê$Z J^©nmV Ho$bo OmV. Ë`m_wio ñÌrÀ`m Ordmg YmoH$m nmohMV Ago. g§gXo_Ü`o `mda MMm© Pmbr d 1971
_Ü`o MTP (Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act) H$m`Xm nmg Pmbm. J^©nmVmbm H$m`Xoera _mÝ`Vm
{_imbr. bmoH$g§»`m YmoaUmZwgma N>moQ>çm Hw$Qw>§~mMo _hÎd dmT>bo hmoVo. Ë`mgmR>rhr Cn`wŠV R>abo. Ë`mnyduM
d¡Ú{H$` joÌm_Ü`o "J^©Ob narjm'(Amnioccentesis) ho Zd V§Ì ^maVmV Amb§ hmoV.§ J^m©Vrb {dH¥$Vr emoYUo
d Ë`mZ§Va J^©nmV S>mŠ° Q>am§À`m gëë`mZo Ho$bm OmV Ago. na§Vy J^©Ob narjoVZy J^m©Mo qbJ hr H$iV Ago.
J^©Ob narjo_wio qbJ{ZXmZ H$aUo eŠ` Pmbo. 1981 _Ü`o _w§~B©Vrb EH$m ~hþamï´>r` H§$nZrVrb nwê$f
H$_©Mmè`m§Mr d¡Ú{H$` àVrnyVu {~bo `oV. Ë`mVrb ~hþg»§ ` {~b§ nËZrÀ`m J^©nmVmMr d Ë`mnydu Ho$boë`m
MmMUrMr AgV. `mMm emoY `m H§$nZrZo EH$m ñÌr g§KQ>ZÀo `m _XVrZo Ho$bm AgVm J^©qbJ{ZXmZ Ho$bo OmV
Agë`mMo CKS>H$sg Ambo. Ë`mZ§Va J^©qbJ{ZXmZ {damoYr A{^`mZmZo Omoa Yabm. na§Vy ^maVmV 1990 nmgyZ
J^©Obnarjm Ho$br OmV hmoVr d J^©nmVmMm H$m`Xm hm 1971 _Ü`o H$aÊ`mV Ambm. gw{e{jV, CÀM-
_Ü`_dJu` N>mQo >çm Hw$Qw>~§ mbm ng§Vr XoD$ bmJbo hmoVo na§Vy "_wbJm' hoM Ë`m§Mo hdo AgUmao AnË` hmoV.o n{hbr
_wbJr Agë`mg qbJ{ZXmZmMo à_mU A{YH$ hmoV.o

16
 `mMH$mimV (Ultra Sound Sconograply) V§ÌkmZ ^maVmV XmIb Pmbo. gmoZmoJm« \$s A{Ve` gmonr d
à`moJemioMr JaO Zgbobr nÕVr hmoVr. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU ^mJmVhr hr gmoZmoJ«m\$s H|$Ð dmT>m`bm bmJbr.
1980 XeH$mV ImOJr qbJAmYmarV H§$o ÐmMm ^maV^a àgma Pmbm. "gohV' (g|Q>a \$m°a BZŠdm`ar BZ Qy> hoëW
A±S> AbmB©S> Wråg, _§~w B©) `m g§ñWoZo _hmamï´>m_Ü`o qbJ JwUmoÎma à_mUmMm Aä`mg Ho$bm. Ë`m§À`m {ZîH$fm©Zgw ma
15% Q>ŠHo$ J^©nmV ho H$m`ÚmZwgma hmoVmV. _hmamï´>mgmR>r hr YmoŠ`mMr K§Q>m hmoVr. åhUyZM 1988 _Ü`o
_hmamï´>mZo qbJAmYmarV J^©nmV {damoYr H$m`Xm Ho$bm. Aem àH$maMm H$m`Xm H$aUmao _hmamï´> ho XoemVrb
n{hboM amÁ` R>abo. nwT>o BVa amÁ`m§Zrhr H$m`Xo Ho$bo. ^maV^a bmJy hmoUmam 1994 Mm OÝ_nyd© J^©qbJ {ZXmZ
à{V~§Y H$m`Xm (Pre-Natal Dignostic Techniques Act 1994) bmJy H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `m H$m`ÚmZo
qbJ{ZdS> H$aUmao H|$Ð, qbJ{ZXmZ H$aUmar ì`ŠVr, _Ü`ñWr H$aUmar ì`ŠVr, ñdV: J^©dVr ñÌr, gmoZmoJm« \$s
g|Q>gM© r Om{hamV H$aUmao `m§Zm Xmofr Yabo OmV hmoV.o na§Vy 2001 À`m OZJUZoVZy _wbrM§ à_mU KQ>bb o M§
AmT>iZy Amb§. n§Om~ - 798, h[a`mUm - 820, JwOamV - 883, {h_mMb àXoe - 897 Aer H$mhr amÁ`mV
_wbtÀ`m à_mUmV qMVmOZH$ KQ> {XgyZ `oV hmoVr. _hmamï´> hr Ë`mdoir 933 da Ag_mYmZH$maH$ pñWVrV hmoV.o
ho AmH$S>o H$m`Xm Ymã`mda ~gdbm OmVmo` `mMo {ZXe©H$M hmoV.o åhUyZM 2005 gmbr nwÝhm H$m`ÚmV Xwê$ñVr
H$ê$Z PCPNDT (Pre-Conception and Pre-Netal Duagnostic Techniques Act 2003) J^©YmaUmnyd©
Am{U àgw{Vnyd© J^©qbJ {ZXmZ H$m`Xm H$S>H$ H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `m_Ü`o H¥$Ìr_ J^©YmaUogmR>r gwÕm {b§J[ZdS>
Ho$br OmV Agë`mZo Ë`mMmhr `m H$m`ÚmV g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm.
Year wise child sex ratio and overall sex ratio in India

Year wise Child sex retio and overall sex retio in India.

Year Female sex retio Child sex retio

1961 941 976

1971 930 964

1981 934 962

1991 929 945

2001 933 927

2011 940 914

Source : Census of India - 1961 to 2011

17
 PCPNDT H$m`ÚmZwgma H$mhr _hÎdmÀ`m VaVyXr H$aÊ`mV Amë`m.
1) J^©YmaUoZV§ a d J^©YmaUmnyd© J^©qbJ {ZdS> MmMUrda ~§Xr KmbÊ`mV Ambr.
2) gmoZmoJm« \$s g|Q>gM© r Zm|XUr Amdí`H$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
3) AëQ´>mgmD§$S> _{eZ {dH«$sda {Z~ªY H$S>H$ Pmbo d Ë`mÀ`m {dH«$sg Zm|XUr ~§YZH$maH$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
4) AemàH$mao H$m`Xm^§J H$aÊ`mè`m§da H$m`Xoera H$madmB© d {ejoMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
5) d¡Ú{H$` ì`dgm{`H$mg 3 df} n`ªV H$mamdmg d 10,000 ê$. n`ªV X§S> VgoM nwT>rb Aem àË`oH$
AnamYmg nmM dfm©n`ªV H$mamdmg d EH$ bmI ê$. n`ªV X§S>mMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
6) `m H$m`ÚmA§VJ©V gd© JwÝho XIbnmÌ _mZbo OmVmV.
7) Aem àH$maMm JwÝhm AOm_rZnmÌ _mZbm OmVmo.
8) Aem àH$maMm JwÝhm AmngmV {_Q>dVm `oV Zmhr.
9) J^©qbJ MmMUrMr Om{hamV H$aUmè`mg VrZ dfm©n`ªV H$mamdmg d 10,000 ê$. n`ªV X§S> hmoD$ eH$Vmo.
ñÌr^«U
w hË`o g§X^m©V {ZXe©Zmg `oUmao R>iH$ _wÔo :
1) 0 Vo 6 d`moJQ>mVrb ~mbqbJ JwUmoÎma gmVË`mZo KQ>Vo Amho.
2) {dH$grV d Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm g~b Agboë`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ joÌm_Ü`o qbJ{ZXmZ d ñÌr^«Uw hË`oMo à_mU OmñV
Amho.
3) n§Om~, h[a`mUm, _hmamï´>, JwOamV `m {dH$grV amÁ`mV _wbtÀ`m qbJ JwUmoÎmamV KQ> {XgyZ `oV.o
4) {e{jV, CÀMdJu` Hw$Qw>~§ m_Ü`o qbJ {ZXmZmMo à_mU OmñV Amho.
5) {e{jV _mVm§Zm Xwgar _wbJr ZH$mo AgVo.
6) 1991 _Ü`o 850 à_mU AgUmam EH$M AgUmam EH$M {Oëhm hmoVm 2001 n`ªV `m_Ü`o 45 {Oëô`m§Mr
^a nS>br.
7) {OWo ghOnUo gmoZmoJ«m\$s g|Q>g© AmhoV Ago {dH$grV, g§nÝZ {Oëho, VmbwHo$ _wbtÀ`m à_mUmV KQ>
XmIdVmV.
8) Á`m amÁ`mV pñÌ`m§Mm gm_m{OH$ XOm© C§Mmdbobm Amho {VWo ñÌr-nwê$f à_mUmV Ag_Vmob AmT>iV
Zmhr.
_wbtMr KQ>Umar g§»`m hr Am{U~mUrMr pñWVr _mZyZ ^{dî`mMm {dMma Ho$bm Jobm Zmhr Va {ZH$mon,
gwÑT> g_mOmÀ` {dH$mgmg Iri ~gUma Amho d AZoH$ ^`mdh àíZ g_mOmg_moa C^o R>mH$Uma AmhoV. OodT>§

18
_wbtMo à_mU KQ>b o VodT>m pñÌ`m§Mm XOm© ImbmdV OmUma Amho. {VÀ`mdarb AË`mMmamV, qhgmMmamV dmT>M
hmoBb
© . nwê$fm§Zm b½ZmgmR>r _wbr {_iUma ZmhrV. n[aUm_r g_b¢{JH$VoV dmT> hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Amho. H$mhr
amÁ`mV b½ZmgmR>r _wbr {_iV ZmhrV åhUyZ BVa amÁ`mVyZ Jar~ _wbr AmUë`m OmV AmhoV. ñÌrM§ dñVwH$aU
hmoV Amho. `mn{bH$S>o OmD$Z `m àíZmVyZ AZoH$n{VËdmMr àWm {Z_m©U hmoBb© .
ñÌr^wU« hË`m g_ñ`oMr ì`mnH$Vm Aä`mgVm pñÌ`m§À`m OJÊ`mda CR>Uma§ ho V§ÌkmZ H$m`ÚmÀ`m Oa~oA^mdr
JwÝhoJmam§Zm _moH$mQ> gmoS>Vo Amho. `m_Ü`o S>mŠ° Q>am§Mr ^y{_H$m AË`§V _hÎdmMr AgVo nU ~è`mMdoim g_moaÀ`mMr
_mJUr d Am{W©H$ \$m`Xm ~{KVbm OmVmo. qbJ{ZXmZmÀ`m ~m~VÀ`m aoH$m°S>_© Ü`o KmoQ>mim H$aVmV. qbJ{ZXmZ
Ho$ë`mda gm§H$o {VH$ ^mfoMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. AZoH$ _Ü`ñW `m§V JwV§ bobo AgVmV. H$m`ÚmÀ`m H$MmQ>çmV
gmnSy> Z`o `mMr Vo XjVm KoVmV.
2.3.2 ñÌr^«U
w hË`m g_ñ`m : H$maUo
ñdmV§Í`mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV ^maVr` ñÌrÀ`m OrdZm_Ü`o Iyn _moR>o ~Xb Pmbo. na§Vy ñÌrH$S>o nmhÊ`mMm
Ñ{ï>H$moZ OwZmM na§namJV Amho. AmOhr ñÌrMm H$moUr nmbH$ Agmdm. Vr Hw$Um nwê$fmÀ`m A{YnÏ`mImbr
Agmdr Aer g_mOmMr ^mdZm Amho. AmOhr g_mO OrdZmÀ`m gd©M joÌmV ñÌr nwê$fm§nj o m H$_r XOm©Mr
_mZbr OmVo. ñÌr _mUyg Amho `mMm g_mOmbm {dga nS>V Mmbbm Amho. EH$ Cn^moJmMr dñVy EdT>Mo {VMo
ApñVÎd Cabo Amho. BVH§$ ZJÊ` ñWmZ AgUmar ñÌr OÝ_mbmM `oD$ Z`o `mgmR>r ñÌr^«Uw hË`m _moR>çm à_mUmV
KSy>Z `oV AmhoV. åhUyZM `m g_ñ`oÀ`m _wimer OmÊ`mgmR>r AmnU BWo ñÌr^«wUhË`og nmofH$ AgUmè`m
H$maUm§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.
1) nwê$fàYmZ g_mO ì`dñWm :
nwê$fàYmZ g_mOì`dñWoV "_wbJm' ho hdo AgUmao AnË` Amho. H$maU _wbJm Hw$Qw>~§ mMm dmag, ^{dî`mV
Hw$Qw>~§ mMm gm§^mi H$aUmam _mZbm OmVmo Va ñÌr naŠ`mMo YZ AgVo. {VMo H$m`©jÌo Myb Am{U _yb. {VÀ`mH$S>o
{H$Vrhr ~m¡{ÕH$ j_Vm Agbr Va Hw$Qw>§~mgmR>r OJUmar, nVr na_oída _mZUmar, ñdV:Mo ñdV§Ì ApñVÎd
ZmH$maUmar ñÌr ^maVr` g_mOmV AmXe© _mZbr OmVo. nwê$fàYmZ ì`dñWm ñÌrbm `m ^y{_Ho$VyZ ~mhoa nSy> XoV
Zmhr. ñÌr {ddmhrV AgU§, {Vbm _wb§ AgU§, Ë`mVhr _wbJm AgUmar ñÌr Agob Va g_mOmV à{Vð>m {_iVo.
`m gd© ~m~r nwê$fàYmZ g_mOì`dñWoV _wbJr ZH$mo hmM g§Xe o XoUmè`m AmhoV.
2) _wbJr ZH$mo hr _mZ{gH$Vm :
^maVr`m§À`m Ñï>rZo _wbJr åhUOo naŠ`mM§ YZ Amho. KamÊ`mMr A~«w Ë`m_wio Hw$Qw>~§ mbm {VMm gm§^mi
H$mMoÀ`m ^m§S>çmgmaIm H$amdm bmJVmo. {ddmh hr ñÌrgmR>r AË`mdí`H$ ~m~ Agë`mZo Ë`mgmR>r hþS§ >çmÀ`mê$nmZo
Hw$Qw>~§ mbm AmYrnmgyZM Am{W©H$ VaVyX H$amdr bmJVo. `m{edm` _wbrbm Hw$Ur \$gdy Z`o, \y$g bmdy Z`o, OmVr-
Y_m©~mhoa OmD$Z {ddmh H$ê$ Z`o, ñdV: {ddmh R>adÊ`mM§ ñdmV§Í` KoD$ Z`o `mgmR>r {VÀ`mda AZoH$ ~§YZo

19
Kmbmdr bmJVmV. `mMm VmU Hw$Qw>~§ mda AgVmo. `m{edm` g_mOmV pñÌ`m§darb N>imÀ`m, AË`mMmamÀ`m KQ>Zm
KS>VmV. Ë`mnmgyZ _wbtZm g§a{jV H$aÊ`mMmhr VmU Hw$Qw>~§ mda AgVmo. eodQ>r gJio H$ê$Z _wbJr gwIr hmoBb
©
`mMr ImÌr Hw$Qw>§~mbm ZgVo. åhUyZM g_mOmV _wbJr ZH$moM hr _mZ{gH$Vm {Z_m©U hmoVo.
3) gm§ñH¥${VH$ÑîQ>çm _wbmg àmYmÝ` :
nydunmgyZ ^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr _wbmÀ`m OÝ_mg àW_ ng§Vr XoVo H$maU _wbJm AmB©-d{S>bm§Mm d¥ÕmnH$mir
gm§^mi H$aVmo, Hw$Qw>§~mMm dmagm MmbdVmo, d§ena§nam Ë`mÀ`mÛmaoM amIbr OmVo Aer R>m_ g_OyV Amho.
`m{edm` àmMrZ qhXy na§naoZgw ma _¥Ë`yZV§ a _wbmZo Ap½Z {Xë`mg, qnS>XmZ Ho$ë`mg _moj {_iVmo. AmË_m _wŠV
hmoVmo. `mda AOwZhr g_mOmMm {dídmg Amho. åhUyZ H$mhr gm§ñH¥${VH$, àWm-na§nam§Mo nmbZ nwÌàmßVrZoM hmoD$
eH$Vo `m {dMmamZo _wbJm hm hdmM AgVmo.
4) pñÌ`m§Mm Xwæ`_ XOm© :
^maVr` g_mOmVrb ñÌrMm Amamo½`, {ejU, g§nÎmr, amoOJma g_mOmVrb ñWmZ `m àË`oH$ {R>H$mUr
^oX^mdnyU© dmJUyH$ {Xbr OmVo. OÝ_mnmgyZ {VÀ`m Amamo½`mH$S>o Xwbj
© Ho$bo OmVo. {ejUmnmgyZ d§{MV R>do bo
OmVo. pñÌ`m§Zm ZmoH$ar d amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yr ZmH$maë`m OmVmV AWdm _mo~Xbm H$_r {Xbm OmVmo. {VMm CËnmXH$
H$m_m_Ü`o gh^mJ ZgVmo. {ZU©` à{H«$`oV Vrbm gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoVbo OmV Zmhr. pñÌ`m§Mm Xwæ`_ XOm© _wbJr
ZH$mo `m _mZ{gH$Voer `oVmo. H$maU Á`m amÁ`mV BVa XoemV pñÌ`m§Mm XOm© C§Mmdbm Amho {VWo ñÌr-nwê$f
à_mUmV g_Vmob Agë`mMo AmT>iZy `oV.o
5) hþS§ >m àWm :
qhXy g§ñH¥$VrZwgma _wbr Am{U {ddmh hm n{dÌ g§ñH$ma _mZbm OmVmo. _wbrMo gmb§H¥$V H$Ý`mXmZ Ho$bo
OmVo. Ab§H$ma, dñVy d n¡go `m§gh Ho$bobo H$Ý`mXmZ _hÎdmMo R>aVo. Ë`mVyZM AmOVmJm`V h§Sþ >m XoÊ`mMr àWm
g_mOmV ê$Obr Amho. AmO g_mOmVrb e¡j{UH$ d Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm g§nÝZ Aem CÀM^«w dJm©_Ü`o _wbrbm hþS§ >m
{Xë`mM§ àXe©Z _m§S>b OmV. h§Sþ >m XoUmam {nVm à{V{ð>V åhUyZ {_adVmo. `mMm n[aUm_ J«m_rU, Am{Xdmgr,
_Ü`_dJu`, H$ï>H$ar dJm©dahr Pmbobm Amho. `m g_wXm`mVyZhr hþS§ >m XoUo Amdí`H$ _mZb OmD$ bmJbo Amho.
Va H$mhr doim hþS§ >çmA^mdr _wbtÀ`m {ddmhm_Ü`o AS>Wim `oV Agë`mMo {XgyZ `oV Amho. Ë`m_wio _wbJr
åhUOo hþS§ >m Hw$Qw>~§ mdarb Am{W©H$ ^ma `m {dMmamVyZ _wbrMm OÝ_M ZmH$mabm OmV Amho.
6) àWm, na§nam d OmVr-Y_m©Mo XS>nU :
^maVr` g_mOmV {Znw{ÌH$ ñÌrg {hZ dmJUyH$ {Xbr OmVo. Ë`m~amo~aM AnË`àmßVrnojmhr nwÌàmßVr
_hÎdmMr _mZbr OmVo. {VÀ`mnmoQ>r nwÌ OÝ_bm Zmhr Va Vrbm An_mZmñnX dmJUyH$ {_iVo. Omon`ªV _wbJm
hmoV Zmhr Vmon`ªV {VÀ`mda ~mi§VnU bmXë`mM§ nyduÀ`m {H$Ë`oH$ KQ>ZmVyZ {XgV§. _wbJm Zmhr Pmbm Va gdV
AmUVrb AWdm Zdam Amnë`mbm Q>mHy$Z XoBb © d n[aVŠVoM§ Am`wî` OJmd§ bmJob `mM§ XS>nU ñÌrda AgV.

20
`m{edm` OmV d Y_©nmbZmMr O~m~Xmar pñÌ`m§daM Amho Ago _mZbo OmVo. ~è`mMdoim OmVn§Mm`Vr, Y_©Jêw $
nma§nm[aH$ [aVr-ardmO, ê$T>tMo nmbZ H$aÊ`m~m~V AmJ«hr AgVmV. `m XS>nUmVyZM pñÌ`m {ejU d
amoOmJmamÀ`m g§YrnmgyZ d§{MV amhVmV.
7) pñÌ`m§darb AË`mMmamV dmT> :
ñÌr gmVË`mZo H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m ñdê$nmÀ`m AË`mMmambm ~ir OmV AgVo. åhUyZ pñÌ`m§darb
AË`mMmam{dê$Õ AZoH$ H$m`Xo Ho$bo Job.o nU H$m`Xm ñÌrbm gwa{jVVm XoD$ eH$bm Zmhr. AmOhr pñÌ`m§darb
AË`mMmamMo à_mU nm{hbo Va Vo dmT>VM Mmbë`mMo {XgVo. hþ§S>m~ir, ñÌrg hmoUmar _mahmU, H$m¡Qw>§{~H$
qhgmMma, N>So >N>mS>, {dZ`^§J, ~bmËH$ma Ago JwÝho {VÀ`m{damoYr KS>VM AgVmV. Ë`m_wio pñÌ`m g_mOmV
Agwa{jV AmhoV. bhmZ _wbr b¢{JH$ Xwê$n`moJ d em[aarH$ qhgobm ~ir nS>Ê`mMr eŠ`Vm Va àm¡T>nUr {d{dY
àH$maÀ`m AË`mMmamMr {^Vr AgVo Ë`m_wio pñÌ`m g_mOm_Ü`o gdm©V OmñV Agwa{jV _mZë`m OmVmV.
8) ghO CnbãY hmoUmao V§ÌkmZ :
bhmZ-bhmZ JmdmnmgyZ _moR>çm eham§_Ü`o J^©qbJ {M{H$Ëgm H|$Ðo ghOnUo CnbãY Pmbr AmhoV. Ho$Ч
gaH$maÀ`m Zm|XrZwgma ^maVmV 36000 gmoZmoJm« \$s _{eÝg AmhoV Or Amdí`H$Vonj o m OmñV AmhoV. ~è`mM
doim VoWo Nw>nm J^©qbJ {ZXmZMm Y§Xm MmbVmo. S>mŠ° Q>a, _Ü`ñW dm J«mhH$ `m gdmªZmM \$m`ÚmMo R>ab
o Ago
n°H$o O {Xbo OmVo. Ë`m_wio MmMUr H$aUo d J^©nmV H$aUo `m n°H$o O_wio ghO eŠ` hmoV.o
9) J^©dVr ñÌrMr AJ{VH$Vm :
`m nwê$fgÎmmH$ ì`dñWoZo Á`m àH$maMo Am`wî` ñÌrÀ`m dmQ>çmbm AmUbobo AgVo. Vgo Am`wî` Amnë`m
_wbrÀ`m dmQ>çmbm `ody Z`o. `m _mZ{gH$VoVyZ J^©dVr ñÌr ñÌr^«wUhË`oV gh^mJr hmoVo. H$mhr doim ZH$mo
Agboë`m ~mi§VnUmVyZ gwQ>H$m Pmë`mMm AmZ§X Vr _mZVo. `m ì`dñWoZo ñÌrbm BVHo$ AJ{VH$ ~Zdbobo AgVo
H$s `m gdm©V Vr Amnbm gh^mJ Zm|XdVo.
10) Cn^moJdmXr g§ñH¥$Vr :
OmJ{VH$sH$aUmZ§Va Cn^moJdmXr g§ñH¥$Vr ê$OV Mmbbr Amho. Cn^moJdmX _mZdVonojm n¡gm, ñdgwI
H|$ÐñWmZr _mZVmo. Aem g_mOmV Á`m ñÌrbm Jm¡U ñWmZ Amho. _mUyg åhUyZ gdm©V eodQ>r {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo.
d {VÀ`mH$S>o Ho$di Cn^moJmMr dñVy åhUyZ nm{hb§ OmV§. Cn^moJdmXr g§ñH¥$Vr ñÌrbm AJXr ZJÊ` _mZV Amho.
2.3.4 ñÌr^«wUhË`m : Cnm``moOZm (Female Foeticide : Remedy)

^maVr` g_mOmV ñÌr^«Uw hË`m `m g_ñ`oZo J§^ra ê$n YmaU Ho$bobo Amho. H$maU g_mOmVrb _wbtÀ`m
à_mUmV gmVË`mZo KQ> hmoV Amho. H$m`Xm Amho Ë`mMr A§_b~OmdUr H$mQ>Ho $moa ìhm`bm hdr. {VVHo$M hm àíZ
gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ OS>UKS>UrVyZ {Z_m©U Pmbobm Amho. `m_wio Ë`mda Cnm``moOZm H$aVmZm gm_m{OH$-
gm§ñH¥${VH$ {dMmagaUr, ê$T>r, na§nam, OrdZ nÕVr `mV ~Xb KS>dZy AmUUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
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 1) ñÌr-nwê$f g_VoMo _yë` ê$OdUo :
^maVr` g§{dYmZmV ñÌr-nwê$f g_mZVoM§ VÎd pñdH$mab Amho. Vg§ àË`j OrdZmVhr ñÌr-nwê$f
XmoKm§Zrhr g_mZVoZo àË`oH$mMo ñdmV§Í` A~m{YV R>do bo nm{hOo. ñÌr Am{U nwê$f `m XmoKm§Mho r ñWmZ g_mOm_Ü`o
_hÎdmMo Amho. Hw$Urhr loð> AWdm H${Zð> Zmhr. ho _yë` ê$OdÊ`mgmR>r g_mOmVyZ, Hw$Qw>~§ mVyZ à`ËZ ìhm`bm
nm{hOoV. pñÌ`m§Mm AZmXa H$aUmao dŠVì` d dV©Z `mda nwê$fm§Zr ~§YZ KmbyZ pñÌ`m§H$S>o gÝ_mZmZo nm{hb§
nm{hOo. `mVyZ ñÌr{damoYr nwê$f_mZ{gH$Vm ~Xbob.
2) ñÌr {ejUmda ^a XoUo :
ñÌr gmjaVm d OZZj_Vm `m§Mm g§~Y§ AZwH$y b Agë`mMo OJmVM Zmhr Va ^maVmVhr {gÕ Pmbo Amho.
^maVr` nwê$fm§À`m VwbZoV ñÌr{ejUmMo à_mU H$m`_ H$_rM am{hbo Amho. åhUyZM pñÌ`m§Mm AmË_{dídmg
dmT>dUmao Vrbm ñd`§nUy © ~ZdUmao {ejU {Xbo nm{hOo. Ho$ai gma»`m amÁ`mV ñÌr gmjaVm, pñÌ`m§Mm XOm©,
ñÌr amoOJmamM§ à_mU OmñV Amho. Ë`m_wio {VWo pñÌ`m§M à_mU nwê$fm§À`m VwbZoV OmñV Agë`mMo {XgVo.
åhUyZM pñÌ`m§Zm gdm©Wm©Zo gj_ H$aUmè`m {ejUmda ^a XoUo JaOoMo Amho.
3) ñÌr Amamo½` àíZmg àmYmÝ` XoUo :
^maVr` nma§nm[aH$ Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ ""ñÌrbm nm¡{ï>H$ AmhmamMr JaO ZgVo. Vr OÝ_V: gwÑT> AgVo.'' `m
{dMmamVyZ Vrbm nmofH$ AmhmamnmgyZ d§{MV R>do bo OmVo. {VÀ`m Amamo½` g_ñ`oH$S>o Xwbj
© Ho$bo OmVo. pñÌ`m§À`m
dmQ>çmbm `oUmao H$ï>, bdH$aÀ`m d`mV hmoUmao b½Z, bmXbo OmUmao _mV¥Îd `m_wio pñÌ`m§Mo Amamo½`mMo àíZ
{Z_m©U hmoVmV. VgoM ~mb_¥Ë`y, _mVm_¥Ë`yMho r à_mU dmT>V.o _mVm-~mbg§JmonZmda emgZ bj nwadV Agbo
Var `w{Zgo\$À`m åhUÊ`mZwgma ^maVmV 5 dfm©À`m AmVrb _wbtÀ`m _¥Ë`yMo à_mU OmñV Amho. åhUyZM
ImbÀ`m ñVamVrb, H${Zð> dJm©Vrb _wbtÀ`m nmofU, Hw$nmofU, Amamo½`, {ejU `mda OmñV bj H|$ÐrV
Ho$ë`mg _wbtMm Amamo½`àíZ àmYmÝ`mZo gwQ>b o .
4) pñÌ`m§Zm gwa{jV dmVmdaU {Z_m©U H$aUo :
_{hbm§da hmoUmao AË`mMma pñÌ`m§À`m g§Mma ñdmV§Í`mda ~§YZo AmUVmV. Agwa{jVVm Agob Va _wbr
{ejUmgmR>r, amoOJmamgmR>r ~mhoa nSy> eH$V ZmhrV. _wbtÀ`m g§MmamgmR>r gwa{jV n`m©daU {Z_m©U H$aUo hr
g_mOmMr O~m~Xmar Amho. pñÌ`m§{damoYr KS>boë`m JwÝô`mVrb AmamontZm {dZm{db§~ {ejm Pmë`mg d
nmo{bg`§ÌUm d Ý`m``§ÌUm gj_nUo H$m_ H$aVmV `mMm AZw^d Amë`mg _{hbm§gmR>r g_mOmV gwa{jV
dmVmdaU hmoBb© .
5) gmoZmoJm« \$s g|Q>g© d d¡Ú{H$` H$_©Mmè`m§da A§H$w e :
AmO Jmdm-JmdmVyZ gmoZmoJm« \$s g|Q>g© AmhoV. emgZ d Amamo½` {d^mJmMr `§ÌUm Aem g|Q>gd© a ~maH$mB©Zo
bj R>odVmV. Ë`m§Mo aoH$m°S>© VnmgVmV. na§Vy g_mOmVrb H$mhr à{V{ð>V ì`ŠVtMr `mda ZOa Agob Va

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JwÝhçmda _moR>çm à_mUmV A§H$w e R>do Vm `oBb
© . Ë`m-Ë`m H$m`©jÌo mVrb CÀMnXñW _{hbm, _{hbm S>mŠ° Q>g,©
gm_m{OH$ H$m`©H$Ë`m©, _{hbm dH$sb dm H$m`XoVk `m§Mo Aem g|Q>g©da bj Amho `m Om{UdoVyZ VoWrb
~oH$m`Xoera H¥$Ë`m§Zm Amim ~gob.
6) pñÌ`m§Mo gj_rH$aU :
pñÌ`m§À`m ~m~V Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m ^oX^mdnyU© {df_ dmJUwH$s_wio pñÌ`m§Mm XOm© ImbmdV Mmbbm
Amho. åhUyZM emgZmZo _{hbm gj_rH$aU YmoaU am~dbo. pñÌ`m§Mm {dH$mg hm ñÌr {ejU, {Vbm
AWm©OZmMr àmßV hmoUmar g§Yr d {ZU©` à{H«$`oVrb {VÀ`m gh^mJmda Adb§~yZ Amho. Ë`m_wio ñÌrbm g§Yr
XoVmZm {VÀ`m hŠH$mnmgyZ, A{YH$mamnmgyZ d {deof gdbVrnmgyZ {Vbm d§{MV R>odb§ OmV Zmhr Zm ho nmhU§
JaOoM§ Amho. pñÌ`m§Zm {ejUmnmgyZ amOH$maUmn`ªV àË`oH$ {R>H$mUr AJ«H«$_mZo g§Yr àmßV Pmë`mgm Vr
Iè`m AWm©Zo gj_ hmoB©b.
7) PCPNDT H$m`ÚmMr H$mQ>oH$moa A§_b~OmdUr :
ñÌr^«Uw hË`og O~m~Xma à_wI KQ>H$ åhUOo AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZ d S>mŠ° Q>g© hmo`. Ë`m_wio CÀM{ejrV S>mŠ° Q>a
_§S>itZr Am{W©H$ bmo^mnojm _mZdVoM _yë` OnU§ Amdí`H$ Amho. ~è`mMdoim S>mŠ° Q>a d BVa H$_©Mmè`m§Zm
àemg{H$` `§ÌUm nmR>rer KmbVo. Aem JwÝô`m§_Ü`o nmobrg d àemgZmZo Amnbo {hVg§~§Y ~mOybm R>odyZ
H$madmB© Ho$br nm{hOo. Aem JwÝømV gmnS>bëo `m Amamontda H$madmB© hmoVmZm {Xa§JmB© hmoD$ Z`o. AmamontZm Pmbobr
{ejm, Ý`m`mb`mV {ejm {Xë`mda Ho$bobr A§_b~OmdUr `m Jmoï>r g_mOmn`ªV nmohMë`m nm{hOoV. Ë`m_wio
Aem a°H$o Q>_Ü`o H$m_ H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVtda Oa~ ~gob. J«mhH$ AgUmao nmbH$, S>mŠ° Q>g,© _Ü`ñW, BVa V§Ìk
`m§À`mda dMH$ ~gë`m{edm` ñÌr^«Uw hË`ogmaIo JwÝho amoIVm `oUma ZmhrV. `mgmR>r (PCPNDT) H$m`ÚmMr
H$R>mao d H$mQ>Ho $moa A§_b~OmdUr AË`mdí`H$ Amho.
8) gm_m{OH$ à~moYZ :
emgZ d ñd`§gdo r g§ñWm§Zr ñÌr^«Uw hË`m, pñÌ`m§Mo KQ>Vo à_mU `m~m~V KmofdmŠ`, {^Îmr{MÌo, bKwnQ,>
Om{hamVr, g§XoemÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ g_mO à~moYZ Ho$ë`mg Vo à^mdr R>aVo. {ZH$mon, {ZamoJr, g_¥Õ g_mO
{Z{_©VrgmR>r pñÌ`m§Mo AgUmao _hÎd OZOmJ¥VrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ñnï> Ho$bo nm{hOo. Ë`mgmR>r Xya{MÌdmUr,
ao{S>Amo, g_mO_mÜ`_o "_wbJr dmMdm$' Aer Midi C^r H$aVm `oBb © .
`m{edm` 2011 gmbr Pmboë`m OZJUZoZ§Va gm{dÌr~mB© \w$bo O`§Vr 3 OmZo amoOr "gm{dÌrÀ`m boH$s'
ho A{^`mZ "~oQ>r ~MmAmo ~oQ>r nT>mAmo' åhUyZ gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. 2014 gmbr n§VàYmZ lr. Za|Ð _moXr
`m§Zr H|$ÐemgZmV\}$ _wbtÀ`m g§»`oV dmT> ìhmdr `mgmR>r "~oQ>r ~MmAmo ~oQ>r nT>mAmo' ho A{^`mZ gwê$ Ho$bo.
Ë`m_wio XoemVrb 100 {Oëho _wbtMr g§»`m dmT>dÊ`mgmR>r {ZdS>bo d Ë`mMr O~m~Xmar {Oëhm{YH$mè`m§da
gmondÊ`mV Ambr.

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 H$moëhmnya {Oëô`m_Ü`o ehamVrb gd© gmoZmoJ«m\$s g|Q>g© H|$Ðr` `§ÌUoer OmoSy>Z gmoZmoJ«m\$s g|Q>g©À`m
J¡admnamda A§H$w e R>do Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$boŠQ>a lr. bú_rH$m§V Xoe_wI `m§Zr Ho$bm. eodQ>r H$m`ÚmMr A§_b~OmdUrM
H$m_ Amamo½` `§ÌUm, emgZ H$aob nU d¡ÚH$emñÌmVrb {ZVr_wë`m§Zm OmJyZ S>mŠ° Q>am§Zr H$m_ Ho$bo Va hm àíZ
~amMgm AmQ>mŠo `mV `oBb © . Hw$Qw>~§ d g_mOmÀ`m `moJXmZmVyZ à~moYZmVyZ qbJ^oX^md Zï> H$aVm `oBb © .
2.4 ñd`§AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ (Check your Progress) :
(A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.
1) gwê$dmVrÀ`m H$mimV J^©qbJ {ZXmZmgmR>r H$moUVo V§Ì dmnabo OmV hmoV?o
2) 2001 Vo 2007 `m dfm©V {H$Vr _wbr OÝ_M KoD$ eH$ë`m ZmhrV?
3) hadboë`m _wbtMr g§H$ënZm Hw$Ur _m§S>br?
4) Z¡g{J©H$[aË`m _wbm-_wbtÀ`m OÝ_mM à_mU {H$Vr AgV§?
5) 1991 À`m OZJUZoV _wbtM§ qbJJwUmoÎma KQ>Umar amÁ` H$moUVr?
6) J^©Obnarjm d gmoZmoJm« \$s ho V§ÌkmZ _w»`V: H$emgmR>r Cn`wŠV Amho?
7) ^maVmV J^©qbJ{ZXmZ H$m`Xm H$moUË`m amÁ`mV d {H$Vr gmbr àW_V: Mmby H$aÊ`mV Ambm?
8) PNDT H$m`Xm ^maV^a H$Yr bmJy Pmbm?
9) 2003 À`m PCPNDT H$m`ÚmV H$emMm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm?
10) "ñÌr^«Uw hË`m' JwÝô`mVrb Amamonrg OmñVrV OmñV {H$Vr {ejm hmoV?o
11) ~mbqbJ JwUmoÎmamV _wbtMo à_mU (0 Vo 6 d`) KQ>Ê`mMo H$maU H$moUVo?
12) ñÌr^«Uw hË`og nmofH$ joÌ H$moUVo Amho?
13) "Ho$ai' amÁ`mV ñÌr-nwê$f à_mUmV g_Vmob AmT>iÊ`mMo H$maU H$moUVo?
14) "_wbJr ZH$mo' `m _mZ{gH$Vo_mJrb XmoZ H$maUo gm§Jm?
15) ñÌr^«Uw hË`m amoIÊ`mè`m _hÎdmÀ`m XmoZ Cnm``moOZm H$moUË`m?
2.5 gmam§e (Let us sum up) :
`m KQ>H$m_Ü`o AmnU ñÌr^«Uw hË`m `m g_ñ`oMm AW© ñÌr^«Uw hË`oMr H$maUo d Ë`mdarb Cnm``moOZm
nm{hë`m. àm_w»`mZo ^maVr` g_mOmV hmoV AgUmar qbJ ^oX^md, g_mOmV pñÌ`m§Zm {_iUmar {df_ dmJUyH$,
pñÌ`m§Zm g_mOmV AgUmao Xwæ`_ ñWmZ `m_wio pñÌ`m§Zm g_mZVoVZy {_iUmè`m g§YrnmgyZ d§{MV ahmdo bmJVo.
Ho$di Cn^moJmM§ gmYZ EdT>M {VM ñWmZ CaV. Aemdoir pñÌ`m§darb {d{dY AË`mMmamM à_mU dmT>V.§ ñÌr

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KamV, Kam~mhoa Agwa{jV AgVoM nU ñÌr^wU« hË`oÀ`m ê$nmZ _mVoÀ`m J^m©Vhr Vr Agwa{jV ~ZVo. ñÌr-nwê$f
Ag§Vb w Z, pñÌ`m§M§ KQ>V§ à_mU g_mOmda à{VHy$b n[aUm_ KS>dZy AmUV AmhoV Am{U ^{dî`mVhr J§^ra
n[aUm_m§Zm Vm|S> Úmd§ bmJUma Amho åhUyZ ñÌr^wU« hË`oMr H$maUo d Ë`mdarb Cnm``moOZm§Mm Aä`mg AmnU `m
KQ>H$m_Ü`o Ho$bm Amho.
2.6 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao. (Answer to Check your progress) :
1) gwê$dmVrÀ`m H$mimV J^©Ob{M{H$Ëgm ho V§Ì J^©qbJ {ZXmZmgmR>r dmnabo OmV hmoV.o
2) 2001 Vo 2007 `m dfm©V 6 bmI _wbr OÝ_M KoD$ eH$ë`m ZmhrV.
3) hadboë`m _wbtMr g§H$ënZm S>m°. A_Ë`© goZ `m§Zr _m§S>br.
4) Z¡g{J©H$[aË`m 1050 _wbt_mJo 1000 _wb§ ho OÝ_à_mU AgV§.
5) 1991 À`m OZJUZoV amOñWmZ, n§Om~, h[a`mU d _hmamï´> `m amÁ`mV _wbtM§ qbJJwUmoÎma KQ>b.§
6) J^m©Vrb ^wU« mV {dH¥$Vr Agë`mg J^©Ob {M{H$Ëgm d gmoZmoJm« \$s V§Ì Cn`wŠV R>aV§.
7) ^maVmV J^©qbJ{ZXmZ H$m`Xm àW_ _hmamï´>mV 1988 gmbr H$aÊ`mV Ambm.
8) PNDT H$m`Xm ^maV^a 1994 gmbr bmJy H$aÊ`mV Ambm.
9) 2003 À`m PCPNDT H$m`ÚmV àgwVrnyd©M ZmhrVa J^©YmaUmnyd© qbJ{ZdS>rg à{V~§Y H$aÊ`mV
Ambm.
10) ñÌr^«Uw hË`oÀ`m JwÝô`mVrb Amamonrg 5 dfm©n`ªV H$mamdmg d EH$ bmI ê$. n`ªVMm X§S> hr {ejm hmoD$
eH$Vo.
11) 0 Vo 6 d`mVrb ~mbqbJ JwUmoÎmamV _wbtMo à_mU KQ>Vo H$maU _wbtÀ`m nmofU d Amamo½`mH$S>o Xwbj
©
Ho$bo OmVo.
12) gmoZmoJm« \$s g|Q>gM© r ghO CnbãYVm d {dH$grV {Oëô`m§À`m {R>H$mUr ñÌr^«Uw hË`oMo à_mU OmñV Amho.
13) pñÌ`m§Mm CÀM XOm©, ñÌr gmjaVm d ñÌr amoOJmamMo à_mU OmñV Agë`mZo Ho$ai amÁ`mV ñÌr-nwê$f
g_Vmob AmT>iVmo.
14) nwê$fàYmZ g_mOì`dñWm d pñÌ`m§Mm Xwæ`_ XOm© hr H$maUo _wbJr ZH$mo hr _mZ{gH$Vm {Z_m©U H$aVmV.
15) PCPNDT H$m`ÚmMr H$R>mao A§_b~OmdUr g_mOà~moYZ Ho$ë`mg ñÌr^«Uw hË`m amoIVm `oVrb.

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2.7 gamdmgmR>r àíZ (Exercise/Home Assignment) :
1) ñÌr^«Uw hË`oMm AW© d ñdê$n ñnï> H$am.
2) ñÌr^«Uw hË`oMr H$maUo {deX H$am.
3) ñÌr^«Uw hË`o g_ñ`odarb Cnm``moOZm ñnï> H$am.
2.8 qMVZ d H$m`© (Reflection and Action) :
1) Amnë`m n[agamVrb A§JUdmS>rVrb _mJrb H$mhr dfm©Vrb 0 Vo 6 d`moJQ>mMo ~mbqbJ JwUmoÎmamVrb MT>
CVma Aä`mgm.
2) n{hb§ AnË` _wbJr AgUmè`m Xm§nË`mer MMm© H$am. _wbt{df`r ZH$mamË_H$ Ñï>rH$moZ AgUmè`m
Xm§nË`mM§ à~moYZ H$am.
2.9 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$ (Suggested Readings) :
1) Amem Im§S>Ho $a-JdB© : _{hbm§À`m _mZdm{YH$m§Mo Cëb§KZ, gwJmdm àH$meZ nwU.o
2) ^mJdV {dÚwV : ñÌr àíZmMr dmQ>Mmb, n«{V_m àH$meZ, nwU.o
3) Am. h. gmiwI
§ o : qhXy g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U ñÌr, bmoH$dmL_`J¥h, nwU.o
4) Xoh@am` ñdmVr, Vm§~o AZKm : H«$m§VrÁ`moVr gm{dÌr~mB© \w$boo ñÌr Aä`mg H|$Ð, nwUo {dÚmnrR>.

***

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 KQ>H$ - 3
gm_m{OH$ - Am{W©H$ g_ñ`m/_wÔo
(Socio - Economic Issues)

AZwH«$_{UH$m
3.1 àñVmdZm
3.2 C{ÔîQ>ço
3.3 {df` {ddoMZ
3.4 Xm[aÐçmMr g_ñ`m
3.4.1 Xm[aÐçmMr g§H$ënZm/AW©
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmRrMo àíZ - 1
3.4.2 Xm[aÐçmMr H$maUo
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ - 2
3.4.3 Xm[aÐç {Z_wb
© ZmMo Cnm` `moOZm
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ - 3
3.5 ~oamoOJmar
3.5.1 ~oamoOJmarMm AW©
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ - 1
3.5.2 ~oamoOJmarMr H$maUo
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ - 2
3.5.3 ~oamoOJmardarb Cnm``moOZm
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ - 3
3.6 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX

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B.A. SOCIO ISSUES UNIT 3 (81) MAR. 2021
3.7 gmam§e
3.8 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao
3.9 gamd/J¥hnmR>
3.10qMVZ/H¥$Vr
3.11 A{YH$ gamdmgmR>rMr nwñVHo$
3.1 àñVmdZm ( Introduction) :
`m àH$aUm_Ü`o AmnU gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$ g_ñ`m/_wÔo åhUyZ Xm[aÐ` d ~oamoOJmar `m XmoZ g_ñ`m§Mm
AmT>mdm KoUma AmhmoV. `m XmoÝhrhr g_ñ`m ^maVmÀ`m gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$ g_ñ`m AmhoV. Ë`mV àm_w»`mZo
Xm[aÐ` hm ^maVr` g_mO ì`dñWoMm ñWm`r^md Agbobm {XgyZ `oVmo. ^maVmÀ`m AW©ì`dñWo_Ü`o Xm[aÐ` hr
EH$ à_wI g_ñ`m åhUyZ g_m{dï> Pmbr Amho. Xm[aÐ`mMo ñdê$n Ho$di Am{W©H$ ZgyZ Vo amOH$s`-_mZ{gH$,
l{_H$, d¡km{ZH$, gm_m{OH$ Aem KQ>H$m§da Adb§~Zy AgVo. Xm[aÐ`mMm n[aUm_ hm ì`ŠVrMo Amamo½`, {VMo
amhUr_mZ, {ejUmMo à_mU, gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr `mgma»`m ~hþVHo $ gd©M KQ>H$m§da hmoV AgVmo. g_mOmVrb
à_wI gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$ àíZ åhUyZ `m KQ>H$m§V AmnU Xm[aÐ`mMm AW©, Xm[aÐ`mMr H$maUo d Xm[aÐ`
{Z_wb
© ZmgmR>r Cnm` `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.
VgoM Xwgar gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$ g_ñ`m åhUyZ ~oamoOJmar `m g_ñ`oMm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. ^maVr`
AW©ì`dñWog_moa {Z_m©U Pmboë`m g_ñ`m_wio XoemÀ`m {dH$mgmda à{VHy$b n[aUm_ hmoVmo Am{U `m gd©
g_ñ`m§Mo _yi ~oamoOJmarV AmT>iVo. ^maV XoemV eoVr, CÚmoJ d godm joÌmV nwae o m à_mUmV amoOJma g§Yr
{Z_m©U Z hmoD$ eH$ë`mZo XoemVrb ~oamoOJmarMo à_mU dmT>V Job.o 11 ì`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZmH$mimV XoemVrb
CnbãY l_eŠVrn¡H$s 8.2 H$moQ>r bmoH$ ~oamoOJma hmoV.o ~oamoOJmar_wio ì`ŠVrMo CËnÝZ, CËnmXH$Vm, Amamo½`
d _mZ{gH$Voda à{VHy$b n[aUm_ hmoVmV. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ g_mO ì`dñWm d AW©ì`dñWoda hmoVmo. åhUyZ EH$
à_wI gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$ àíZ åhUyZ `m KQ>H$mV AmnU ~oamoOJmarMm AW©, ~oamoOJmarMr H$maUo d ~oamoOJmardarb
Cnm`-`moOZm `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. `m KQ>H$m§À`m Aä`mgm_wio Xm[aÐ` d ~oamoOJmar `m XmoZ à_wI
g_ñ`m§À`m Aä`mgmbm _XV hmoUma Amho.
3.2 C{ÔîQ>ço (Objectives) :
`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va AmnUmg
1) Xm[aÐçmMr g§H$ënZm/AW© g_OyZ KoVm `oBb
© .
2) Xm[aÐçmMr H$maUo d Xm[aÐçmdarb Cnm` g_OyZ KoVm `oBb
© .
3) ~oamoOJmarMm AW© g_OyZ KoVm `oBb
© .

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4) ~oamoOJmarMr H$maUo d ~oamoOJmardarb Cnm`-`moOZm g_OyZ KoVm `oBb
© .
5) à_wI gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$ g_ñ`m åhUyZ Xm[aÐç g_ñ`oMm Aä`mg H$aUo d ~oamoOJmar `m g_ñ`oMm
Aä`mg H$aUo gmÜ` hmoUma Amho.
3.3 {df` {ddoMZ (Presentation of Subject Matter) :
^maVr` g_mOmVrb gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$ g_ñ`m åhUyZ Xm[aÐç d ~oamoOJmar `m XmoZ g_ñ`m§Mm Aä`mg
`m KQ>H$m§V H$aUma AmhmoV. Xm[aÐç hr EH$ J§^ra gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m Amho. _Zwî`mÀ`m à_wI _wb^yV JaOm
`m_wio nyU© hmoV ZmhrV. gd©gm_mÝ` OrdZ OJVmZm AZoH$ _wb^yV Jmoï>tMr H$_VaVm Xm[aÐ`m_wio {Z_m©U hmoV
AgVo. `m KQ>H$m§V AmnU Xm[aÐçmMr g§H$ënZm, Xm[aÐçmMr H$maUo d Xm[aÐ` {Z_wb
© ZmMo Cnm` `m§Mm Aä`mg
H$aUma AmhmoV. `m_wio AmnUmg Xm[aÐçmMr g§H$ënZm ñnï> hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoBb © .
~oamoOJmar hr EH$ à_wI gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m Amho. ~oamoOJmar, Xm[aÐç, JwÝhoJmar, ì`gZm{YZVm Aem
AZoH$ g_ñ`m§Zm MmbZm XoD$ eH$Vo. ~oamoOJmar_wio gd©gm_mÝ` Am{W©H$ OrdZ OJUohr eŠ` ZgVo Ë`m_wio `m
KQ>H$m§V AmnU ~oamoOJmarMm AW©, ~oamoOJmarMr H$maUo d ~oamoOJmardarb Cnm`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. `m
Aä`mgm_wio AmnUmg ~oamoOJmarMo _wi ñdê$n ñnï> hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoBb © .
3.4 Xm[aÐçmMr g_ñ`m :
Xm[aÐç hr Am{W©H$ g_ñ`m Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`mXoIrb Amho. Xm[aÐç qH$dm Jar~r
ì`ŠVrbm {_iUmè`m AË`ën CËnÞm_wio {Z_m©U hmoV.o CbQ> H$_r Agë`m_wio ì`ŠVr Amnë`m OrdZmdí`H$
JaOm§Mr nyVV© m H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. gm_mÝ`nUo Á`m§Zm Amnë`m _wb^yV ñdê$nmÀ`m OrdZmdí`H$ Aem JaOm§Mr
nyVV© m H$aVm `oV Zmhr. Aem§Mm g_mdoe "X[aÐr ì`ŠVr' `m gXamV H$amdm bmJVmo. `m g_mOmVrb ~hþg»§ `
bmoH$m§Zm {H$_mZ nmVirdaMo Am{W©H$ OrdZ OJVm `oV Zmhr. Aem g_mOmbm "X[aÐr g_mO' åhUV `oBb ©
{dgmì`m eVH$mVrb Á`m g_ñ`oZo AW©Vk d g_mOemñÌkm§Mo gdm©{YH$ bj doYbo Amho Am{U Á`m
g_ñ`oMr gmoS>dUyH$ `mo½` àH$mao Ho$br Jobr Zmhr Va gdmªÀ`m qMVoMr d qMVZmMr g_ñ`m ~ZUma Amho. Vr
g_ñ`m åhUOo Xm[aÐçmMr g_ñ`m hmo`. Xm[aÐ`mMr g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mg Am{W©H$ H$maUm§~amo~aM gm_m{OH$
H$maUoXI
o rb O~m~Xma AmhoV. Xm[aÐçmÀ`m g_ñ`oVZy JwÝhoJmar, ì`gZm{YZVm, AmË_hË`m, {^jmd¥Îmr, AZmamo½`
Aem AZoH$ gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVmV. åhUyZ g_mOemñÌkm§À`m _Vo, Xm[aÐç hr Ho$di Am{W©H$ g_ñ`m
Zmhr Va Vr EH$ gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m XoIrb Amho. Xm[aÐçmVyZ ì`pŠVJV Am{U gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Zmbm MmbZm
{_iy eH$Vo. åhUyZ Xm[aÐç hr J§^ra gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m Amho. `mZ§Va AmnU Xm[aÐçmMr g§^mì`Vm, H$maUo d
Cnm`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.
3.4.1 Xm[aÐçmMr g§H$ënZm/AW© :
Xm[aÐç hr EH$ gm_m{OH$ Am{W©H$ g_ñ`m Amho. Ë`m_wio {VMm Aä`mg g_mOemñÌm~amo~a AW©emñÌmVhr

3
Ho$bm OmVmo. ì`ŠVrMo EHy$U CËnÞ, IM©, Cn^moJ, _wb^yV JaOm Am{U CËnÝZmMr gmYZo `m_wio AW©emñÌmV
Xm[aÐ`mMm {dMma hmoVmo. Va ì`ŠVrMo amhUr_mZ, {ejU, Amamo½`, _ZmoaO§ Z, gm_m{OH$ g§~Y§ , gm_m{OH$ XOm©
d gm_m{OH$ ga§MZm `mda EHy$U gm§n[ÎmH$ pñWVrMm à^md nS>V Agë`m_wio g_mOemñÌmV hr g_ñ`m
_hÎdmMr _mZbr OmVo. àË`oH$ ì`ŠVrbm Ord§V amhÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm gm_mÝ` OrdZ OJÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr
Amdí`H$ JaOm§Mr nyVV© m hmoUo _hÎdmMo Amho. _moQ>ma, ñHy$Q>a, {\«$O, Q>r. ìhr., _ZmoaO§ Z `m Jmoï>r Amdí`H$
AmhoV. na§Vw `m dñVy OrdZmdí`H$ ZmhrV. ì`ŠVrbm Amnë`m OrdZmMm EH$ {H$_mZ ñVa {Q>H$dyZ R>do Ê`mgmR>r
AÝZ, dñÌ Am{U {Zdmam `m Jmoï>r Amdí`H$ AgVmV. Ooìhm ñdV: ì`ŠVr Am{U {VÀ`mda Adb§~Zy AgUmè`m
bmoH$m§À`m `m Amdí`H$ JaOm§Mr nyVV© m hmoV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio ì`ŠVrbm {H$_mZ Am{W©H$ nmVirdaMo OrdZ XoIrb
OJVm `oV Zmhr. Voìhm `m AdñWog Xm[aÐç Ago åhUVmV.
AZoH$ {dMmad§Vm§Zr Xm[aÐçmMr g_ñ`m d g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. gm_mÝ`nUo
Xm[aÐç hr EH$ Aer pñWVr Amho, {H$ Or EImÚmH$S>o H$m` Amho d H$m` Agmdo, `m~m~VrV {dg§JVr {Z_m©U
H$aVo. hoÝar ~añQ>oZ `m§Zr Xm[aÐ`mMo nwT>rb {ZXe©H$ _m§S>bo AmhoV. Ë`mV àm_w»`mZo Cn{OdrHo$À`m gmYZm§Mr
H$_VaVm, n¡gm-O_rZ `mgma»`m gmYZg§nÎmrMm A^md, Agwa{jVVoMr d Z¡amí`mMr ^mdZm VgoM gmYZ-
g§nÎmrÀ`m A^mdm_wio gm_m{OH$ g§~Y§ mV `oUmao AS>Wio B. Jmoï>r {ZXe©H$ _m§S>ë`m AmhoV. Xm[aÐçmÀ`m g§X^m©V
Am{W©H$ Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ AW©emñÌkm§Zr ì`m»`m {Xë`m AmhoV. Ë`mMà_mUo {J{bZ d JmoS>mS>© `m§Zr g_mOemñÌr`
Ñï>rZo ì`m»`m {Xë`m AmhoV. gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m `m ÑîQ>rZo Xm[aÐçmMm Aä`mg H$arV AgVmZm `m ì`m»`m
bjmV KoUo _hÎdmMo Amho.
Xm[aÐçmMr ì`m»`m :
1) {JbrZ Am{U {JbrZ : ""Xm[aÐç hr EH$ Aer n[apñWVr Amho {H$, Á`m_wio H$moUVrhr ì`ŠVr
Anwao CËnÞ qH$dm J¡admOdr IMm©_wio ñdV:Mm OrdZñVa C§Mmdy eH$V Zmhr. ì`ŠVr ñdV:Mr _mZ{gH$
V§Xêw $ñVr {Q>H$dyZ R>do y eH$V Zmhr. VgoM Vo Á`m g_mOmMo gXñ` AmhoV Ë`m g_mOmÀ`m OrdZ_wë`mà_mUo `mo½`
àH$mao H$m_ H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV. ''
2) JmoS>mS>© : ""EH$ ì`ŠVr Am{U {VÀ`mda Adb§~Zy AgUmao BVa bmoH$ `m§Mo ñdmñÏ`, Amamo½` d
Ë`m§Mr H$m`©j_Vm {Q>H$dyZ R>do Ê`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m dñVwM§ m Anwam nwadR>m åhUOo Xm[aÐç hmo`.''
3) _m`Ho$b h°[a½Q>Z§ :- ""{d{eï> g_mOmVrb _wë`o, {dídmg Am{U àM{bV V§ÌkmZmer {_iË`m-
OwiË`m AÝZ, dñÌ, {Zdmam, Amamo½`, {ejU Am{U _ZmoaO§ ZmnmgyZ d§{MV AgUo åhUOo Xm[aÐç hmo`.''
4) A_Ë`© goZ :- ""EImÚm ì`pŠVbm Ë`m§Zr Omonmgboë`m _wë`m§à_mUo OJVm Z `oUo åhUOo Xm[aÐç
hmo`.''
5) A°S>_ pñ_W :- ""Á`m ì`ŠVr CÎm_ àH$mao OrdZ OJÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ dñVwM§ m nwadR>m H$aVm

4
`oV Zgë`m_wio JwUdÎmm{hZ dñVwd§ a OJVmV Ë`m§Zr X[aÐr Ago åhUVmV.''
darb H$maUmdê$Z Xm[aÐçmMm AW© ñnï> hmoVmo. Xm[aÐ` hr Aer n[apñWVr qH$dm AdñWm AgVo {H$,
Á`mdoir ì`ŠVrÀ`m CËnÞm_Ü`o ì`ŠVr ñdV:À`m Am{U Amnë`m Hw$Qw>~§ mVrb gXñ`m§À`m Amdí`H$ JaOm§Mr
nyVV© m H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio ì`ŠVr d {VÀ`m Hw$Qw>~§ mVrb gXñ` {H$_mZ Am{W©H$ OrdZ ì`{VV H$ê$ eH$V
ZmhrV. Xm[aÐçm_wio bmoH$m§Zm Amnë`m _wb^yV JaOmXoIrb nyU© H$aVm Z Amë`mZo OrdZmMm EH$ Ý`yZV_ ñVa
XoIrb {Q>H$dyZ R>do Vm `ody eH$V Zmhr. Ë`m_wi,o Aem bmoH$m§Zm `mo½` Amhma, nwae
o r OrdZgÎdo, à{WZo d Cî_m§H$
{_iV Zgë`mZo Ë`m§Mo Amamo½` YmoŠ`mMo ~ZVo. Ë`m_wio Xm[aÐç hr J§^ra gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m Amho.
Xm[aÐçmMo àH$ma :
OJmVrb AZoH$ Xoem§V _moR>çm à_mUmV Xm[aÐç Amho. `m Xm[aÐçmMo _moO_mn H$aUo gmono Zmhr. darb
g_ñ`m§dê$Z Xm[aÐçmMm AW© ñnï> hmoVmo. _mÌ, {Zanoj Xm[aÐ` d gmnoj Xm[aÐ` XmoZ g§H$ënZm Aä`mgë`mZ§Va
Xm[aÐçmMm AW© ñnï> hmoBb
© .
1) {Zanoj Xm[aÐç :- ì`ŠVrbm Amnë`m {H$_mZ _wb^yV JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr {H$_mZ CËnÞ
{_iUo JaOoMo AgVo. Oa Ë`m ì`ŠVrMo CËnÞ {H$_mZ nmVirnojmhr H$_r Agob Va Vr ì`ŠVr {Zanoj Ñï>rZo
X[aÐr g_Obr OmVo. Xm[aÐçaofm {ZpíMV H$aVmZm {H$_mZ _wb^yV JaOm qH$dm {H$_mZ amhUr_mZmMr nmVir
{ZpíMV Ho$br OmVo. `mMmM AW© Xm[aÐçaofm {ZpíMV H$amdr bmJVo. Xm[aÐç aofÀo `mImbr CËnÞ AgUmè`m
ì`ŠVrbm Jar~ _mZbo OmVo. ì`ŠVrbm {H$Vr H°$barO AÝZ {_imbo nm{hOo, {H$_mZ dñÌ d {Zdmam `m§Mr
CnbãYVm Pmbr nm{hOo, ho Ë`m§À`m {H$_mZ _wb^yV JaOm§À`m {ZpíMVrgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgVo. `m {H$_mZ JaOm
^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r {H$Vr IM© bmJob ho Xm[aÐçaofÀo `m {ZpíMVrZo R>a{dbo OmVo. AemàH$mao {Zanoj Xm[aÐçm_wio
XaS>moB© CËnÞ, XaS>moB© Cn^moJ IM©, AÝZYmÝ`mMm XaS>moB© Cn^moJ, ì`ŠVrbm {_iUmè`m XaS>moB© H°$barO
BË`mXtMr H$ënZm `oV.o
2) gmnoj Xm[aÐç :- g_mOmVrb Am{W©H$ ñVamdarb Ag_mZVm qH$dm {df_Voda gmnoj Xm[aÐç
Adb§~Zy AgVo. EH$ ì`ŠVr qH$dm JQ>mÀ`m Am{W©H$ j_VoMr VwbZm Ooìhm Xwgè`m ì`ŠVr qH$dm JQ>mer Ho$br
OmVo Voìhm nañna VwbZoÀ`m AmYmao H$_r qH$dm {ZåZ ñVamVrb CËnÞ JQ>mVrb ì`ŠVr qH$dm g_whmbm X[aÐr
_mZbo OmVo. `mbmM gmnoj Xm[aÐç åhQ>bo OmVo. CXm- "A' ZmdmÀ`m CÚmoJnVrH$S>o 50 bmI ê$. H$ma Amho.
gmnoj AWm©Zo "~' ZmdmMm CÚmoJnVr ñdV:bm "A' ZmdmÀ`m CÚmoJnVrnojm Jar~ _mZVmo. A_o[aHo$Vrb
Jar~m§Mo CËnÞ XoIrb ^maVr` _Ü`_ dJu`mnojm OmñV AmT>iVo. hr gmnoj Xm[aÐçmMr CXmhaUo AmhoV.
Xm[aÐ` hr g§H$ënZm Iè`m AWm©Zo lr_§V-Jar~ `m ^oXmdê$Z R>aV Agbr Var gmnoj Xm[aÐç hr g§H$ënZm
Xm[aÐ`mMo {ZpíMV ñnï>rH$aU H$aÊ`mg Ag_W© R>aVo.
Xm[aÐç aofm (Poverty Line) :
Xm[aÐçmMr g§H$ënZm Zo_H$s ñnï> hmoÊ`mgmR>r Xm[aÐçaofMo m dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. àË`oH$ ì`ŠVrbm {VÀ`m
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earamgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmao Cî_m§H$ (Calories) XoUmè`m AmhmamgmR>r _{hÝ`mbm Omo _m{gH$ Cn^moJ IM©
`oVmo. `mdê$Z Xm[aÐçaofm {ZpíMV Ho$br OmVo. åhUOoM {H$_mZ OrdZ OJÊ`mgmR>r _wb^yV àmW{_H$ dñVy d
godm§Mr Cn^moJ IMm©Mr H$_rV-H$_r nmVir Á`m aofZo o Xe©{dbr OmVo {Vbm Xm[aÐç aofm åhUVmV. EImÚm
Hw$Qw>§~mbm _{hÝ`mH$mR>r {H$_mZ Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m AÝZ, dñÌ, {Zdmam, nmUr, {ejU, Amamo½` BË`mXr
dñVwM§ o à_mU R>a{dbo OmVo. Z§Va Ë`mMo qH$_VrV ê$nm§Va H$ê$Z OJÊ`mgmR>r {H$Vr {H$_mZ aŠH$_ Amdí`H$
Amho ho {ZpíMV Ho$bo OmVo. Vr {ZpíMV aŠH$_ Xm[aÐç aofm {ZpíMV H$aVo. Á`m§Mo CËnÞ `m aŠH$_onjo m H$_r
Amho. Aer ì`ŠVr Xm[aÐçaofI o mbr Amho Ago _mZbo OmVo.
Xm[aÐçmMo _mnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr {ZH$f R>adyZ Ë`m AmYmao Xm[aÐçmMr nmVir R>a{dbr OmVo. Vo {ZH$f
nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.
(A) XaS>mBo © Cî_m§H$mMo godZ :- S>m°. {d. _. Xm§S>oH$a `m§Zr hm {ZH$f _m§S>bm. _Zwî`mbm OJÊ`mgmR>r
Cî_m§H$m§Mr (Calories) JaO AgVo. Cî_m§H$mÀ`m AmYmao Xm[aÐçaofm {ZpíMV H$aVm `oV.o `moOZm Am`moJmÀ`m
_Vo J«m_rU ^mJmV àË`oH$ ì`ŠVrbm amoOÀ`m AmhmamVyZ 2400 Cî_m§H$ àË`oH$ {Xder Va ehar ^mJmV 2100
Cî_m§H$ àË`oH$ {Xder {_imbo nm{hOoV. åhUyZ Á`m§Zm EdT>m Cî_m§H$ {_iV Zmhr Ë`m§Zm X[aÐr g_Obo OmVo.
(~) XaS>mBo © Cn^moJ IM© :- AW©emñÌkm§À`m _Vo àË`oH$ ì`ŠVrbm AÝZm~amo~aM dñÌ, {Zdmam,
Amamo½`, _ZmoaO§ Z Aem ~m~tMr JaO AgVo. Ë`m_wio Xm[aÐçaofm {ZpíMV H$aVmZm Cî_m§H$m~amo~aM `m ~m~tMm
{dMma H$aUo _hÎdmMo Amho.
(H$) XaS>mBo © CËnÞ :- S>m°. aW `m§Zr XaS>moB© CËnÝZmMm {ZH$f dmnê$Z EHy$U amï´>r` CËnÝZmÀ`m XoemVrb
bmoH$g§»`oZo ^mJ {Xë`mg XaS>moB© CËnÞ {_iVo. S>m°. Xm§S>oH$a d aW `m§Zr XaS>moB© CËnÝZmÀ`m {ZH$fmdê$Z 1968-
69 _Ü`o Xm[aÐçaofm {ZpíMV Ho$br.
(S>) amhUr_mZmMm XOm© :- EImXr ì`ŠVr Amdí`H$ gwI-gmoB© {H$Vr à_mUmV nyU© H$aVo Ë`mda
ì`ŠVrMo amhUr_mZ Adb§~Zy AgVo. Anwao AÝZ, hbHo$ H$nS>,o A`mo½` {Zdmg, H$_Hw$dV Amamo½`, AmOmanU
hr {ZåZ amhUr_mZmMr bjUo AmhoV. hr bjUo X[aÐr bmoH$m§V AmT>iVmV. Xm[aÐçmMo _moO_mn H$aÊ`mgmR>r
hm {ZH$f `mo½` dmQ>bm Var bmoH$m§Mo amhUr_mZ XOm©Mo _moO_mn H$aUo H$R>rU Amho.
darb gd© Xm[aÐç {ZpíMVrMo {ZH$f {dMmamV KoVë`mg Ago {XgyZ `oVo {H$, Á`m ì`ŠVtZm {H$_mZ
Am{W©H$ nmVirdaMo OrdZ OJVm `oV Zmhr Ë`m§Zm X[aÐr åhQ>bo OmVo. Ë`mV Ë`m ì`ŠVrMo XaS>moB©
Cî_m§H$mMo godZ, XaS>moB© CËnÞ d XaS>moB© Cn^moJ IM© d EHy$U amhUr_mZ `mMm {dMma H$ê$Z Xm[aÐçaofm
{ZpíMV Ho$br OmVo.
darbà_mUo AmnU Xm[aÐçmMm AW©, ì`m»`m, àH$ma d Xm[aÐç aofm `mMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z Xm[aÐçmMr
g§H$ënZm g_OyZ KoVbr Amho.

6
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmMo àíZ - 1
àíZ - 1. Xm[aÐçmMr JmoS>mS>© `m§Mr ì`m»`m gm§Jm?
àíZ - 2. "Xm[aÐç aofm' AW© H$m`?
3.4.2 Xm[aÐ`mMr H$maUo :
Xm[aÐçmÀ`m H$maUm§Mm {dMma doJdoJù`m Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ Ho$bm OmVmo. gd© gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m§_Ü`o Xm[aÐç
hr EH$ J§^ra gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$ g_ñ`m Amho. nma§nm[aH$ g_mOmV Xm[aÐçmH$S>o EH$ emn åhUyZ nm{hbo OmV
hmoV.o _mÌ, AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmV ì`ŠVrbm amoOJma {_i{dÊ`mV Ambobo An`e, Am{W©H$ {df_Vm, g§YrMm
A^md, {ejUmMm A^md, AÝ`m` Aem AZoH$ AWm©Zo Xm[aÐçmH$S>o nm{hbo OmVo. ì`ŠVrJV OrdZ d
gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr `m Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ Xm[aÐçmÀ`m H$maUm§Mm AmT>mdm ¿`mdm bmJob. Xm[aÐç g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r
AZoH$ emgH$s` à`ËZ, emoY d g§emoYH$mH$Sy>Z à`ËZ Pmbo Amho. Ë`mV àm_w»`mZo S>po ìhS> Eëe d am_ AmhþOm
`m§Zr Xm[aÐ`mÀ`m H$maUm§Mm AmT>mdm KoVbm Amho. Ë`mMm AmnU {dñVmamZo Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.
(A) S>po ìhS> Eëe : `m§Zr Xm[aÐçmMr ì`ŠVr, g§ñH¥$Vr qH$dm Cng§ñH¥$Vr Am{U g_mOaMZm Aer VrZ H$maUo
gm§{JVbr AmhoV Vr nwT>rbà_mUo.
1) ì`ŠVr :- ì`ŠVrÀ`m ì`ŠVrJV OrdZmda AmYmarV ì`mßVrgmR>r Or {dMmagaUr gm§{JVbr OmVo
Ë`mdê$Z Xm[aÐ` {ZpíMV hmody eH$Vo. gd©gmYmaUnUo ì`ŠVrMo H$m¡eë`, H$m`©j_Vm, à`ËZerbVm, Ü`o`dmXr
d¥Îmr, ZH$mamË_H$ Ñï>rH$moZ, {_iUmar g§Yr Aem AZoH$ Jmoï>rda ì`ŠVrMo `e-An`e Adb§~Zy AgVo. _mÌ
ì`ŠVrZo Am{W©H$ pñWVr gwYmaÊ`mMo à`ËZ Z H$aUo, Amier AgUo, {ZU©` j_VoMm A^md, Ambobr g§Yr
gmoS>y Z XoU,o X¡ddmXr AgUo Aem {d{dY ~m~t_wio ì`ŠVrMr Am{W©H$ pñWVr X[aÐr ~ZVo. åhUOoM ì`ŠVr
Xm[aÐçmgmR>r H$maUr^yV R>aVo.
2) Xm[aÐçmMr g§ñH¥$Vr AWdm Cng§ñH¥$Vr :- g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVtÀ`m amhUr_mZmMo ñdê$n H$go
Amho. `mÀ`mer Xm[aÐçmMm g§~Y§ `oVmo. g_mOmVrb AZoH$ bhmZ-_moR>çm g_whmVrb AZoH$ ì`ŠVr H$nS>,o
amhUr_mZ, {dMma lÕm d OrdZ_wë`mV ghOmghOr ~Xb H$arV ZmhrV. CbQ> Amho Ë`m n[apñWVrV amhÊ`mMm
à`ËZ H$aVmV. Ë`m§Zm Vo amhUr_mZ gwa{jV dmQ>Vo. "Am°Šga bwB©g' `m§Zr 1959 _Ü`o _opŠgH$mo_Yrb
PmonS>nÅ>`mV Ho$boë`m Aä`mgmV Ago AmT>iZy Ambo {H$, Jar~ bmoH$ Amnbo amhUr_mZ ~Xby Z`o åhUyZ
Amnë`m Am{W©H$ XOm©V ~Xb H$aÊ`mMo Q>miVmV Am{U Ë`m_wiMo Aem ì`ŠVr Zoh_rM Xm[aÐçmV amhVmV.
åhUOoM Jar~m§Mr OrdZ OJÊ`mMr ñdV:Mr g§ñH¥$Vr AWdm Cng§ñH¥$Vr AgVo. Ë`m_wioM bwB©g `m§Zr
Jar~m§À`m à{VHy$b OrdZ OJÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrbm Xm[aÐçmMr g§ñH¥$Vr åhQ>bo Amho. AemàH$mao Jar~m§Zm Ë`m§Mo
ñdV:Mo EH$ àH$maMo amhUr_mZ AgVo d Vo {Q>H${dÊ`mMm à`ËZ XoIrb Ho$bm OmVmo. `mbmM Xm[aÐçmMr
g§ñH¥$Vr/Cng§ñH¥$Vr åhQ>bo OmVo.

7
 3) g_mO aMZm :- AmYw{ZH$ g_mOemñÌk g_mO aMZm ho Xm[aÐ`mMo H$maU _mZVmV. g_mOmVrb
Jar~rbm nmofH$ gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr, ~oamoOJmar, H$_r doVZmda H$amdo bmJUmao H$m_, Hw$eb _Zwî`~imMm A^md,
H$m¡eë`m§Mm A^md, nma§nm[aH$ ì`dgm` d g_OmVrb gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm `m_wio Xm[aÐç H$_r hmoV Zmhr. g_mOmVrb
H$mhr KQ>H$ Amnë`m gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ VgoM amOH$s` ñdmWm©gmR>r Xm[aÐçmMr n[apñWVr {Q>H$dyZ R>do Ê`mMm
à`ËZ H$aVmV. CXm. ^maVmV AZoH$doim {d{dY amOH$s` nj Xm[aÐç {Z_wb © ZmgmR>r {deof à`ËZm H$arV ZmhrV.
H$maU Xm[aÐçmV AgUmam dJ© Ë`m§Zm _VXmZmgmR>r ghOnUo dmnaVm `ody eH$Vmo. åhUOoM Xm[aÐç AgUmar EH$
{d{eï> g_mO aMZm {Q>H$dyZ R>do Ê`mMm Ho$bm Jobbo m à`ËZ ho Xm[aÐçmMo EH$ à_wI H$maU Amho.
(~) am_ AmhþOm : `m§Zr Xm[aÐçmMr Am{W©H$, bmoH$g§»`mË_H$ d gm_m{OH$ H$maUo gm§{JVbr AmhoV. Vr
nwT>rbà_mUo.
1) Am{W©H$ H$maUo :- gm_mÝ`nUo Xm[aÐçmMr Am{W©H$ H$maUo g§~{§ YV AgVmV. ì`ŠVrMo CËnÝZ,
H$m`©j_mV d amhUr_mZmMm XOm© Aem KQ>H$m§da Xm[aÐçmMo ñdê$n {ZpíMV hmoV AgVo. ì`ŠVrMm Am{W©H$ XOm©
R>adUmao KQ>H$ nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.
(A) Anwam {dH$mg :
^maVmVrb Xm[aÐçmbm gd©M joÌmVrb Anwam {dH$mg ho Am{W©H$ H$maU O~m~Xma Amho. {d{dY
n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm VgoM amÁ`m§Mo {d{dY àH$ën `mÛmao XoemV {dH$mgmMo {d{dY àH$ën am~{dÊ`mV Ambo VgoM
Xm[aÐçmVrb ì`ŠVtMm Am{W©H$ XOm© gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY H$m`©H«$_ AmIbo Jobo hmoVo. `mVrb AZoH$
H$m`©H«$_mbm Ambobo An`e Xm[aÐ` H$maUr^yV R>abo Amho. AW©ì`dñWoMm {dH$mg hmoÊ`mgmR>r Am¡Úmo{JH$
CËnÝZ dmhVyH$ Am{U XiUdiU gmYZm§V dmT>, amoOJma ì`dgm`mMm {dH$mg, bKwCÚmoJm§Zm MmbZm, H$O©naw dR>m,
AZwXmZ, eoVr joÌmMm {dH$mg, godm joÌmMm {dñVma VgoM _mZdr gmYZg§nÎmrMm {dH$mg Aem KQ>H$m§Mo
`moJXmZ Amdí`H$ AgVo. `m~amo~aM Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmÀ`m {d{dY àH$ënm§À`m A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r emgH$s`
nmVirda XyaÑï>r d CXmgrZVoMm A^md AgUo JaOoMo AgVo AÝ`Wm Xm[aÐ`mMo à_mU dmT>V OmVo.
2) dmT>Vr _hmJmB© d ^m§S>dbmMm A^md :- Anwam nwadR>m d dmT>Vr _mJUr `m_wio OrdZmdí`H$
dñVwÀ§ `m qH$_Vr dmT>VmV. `m~amo~aM AÝ` H$maUm§Zr _hmJmB© dmT>V.o `mMm n[aUm_ H${Zð> Am{W©H$ ñVamVrb
bmoH$m§Zm OrdZmdí`H$ dñVy {_idÊ`mgmR>r ñdV:Mo CËnÝZ Anwao R>aVo. `mVyZ Xm[aÐ` aofIo mbrb bmoH$g§»`oV
dmT> hmoV.o ì`ŠVrJV nmVirda Anwao Am{W©H$ CËnÝZ Ogo Xm[aÐçmbm H$maUr^yV R>aVo VgoM XoemÀ`m nmVirda
Anwao ^m§S>db g_mOmÀ`m {dH$mgmV AS>Wim ~ZVo. ^maVmV {Z`m©VrMo à_mU ho Am`mVrnojm H$_r Amho.
{Z`m©VrMo à_mU H$_r Agë`mZo naH$s` MbZmMm A^md {Z_m©U hmoVmo. Am`mVrgmR>r H$O©o H$mT>mdr bmJVmV.
Xoem§VJ©V Am{W©H$ {dH$mg d {Z`m©V dmT>rgmR>r Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmV dmT> H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. _mÌ Anwè`m
^m§S>dbm_wio Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ, godm joÌ VgoM BVa joÌmV dmT> Z Pmë`mZo Aem g_mOmV Jar~r dmT>V OmVo.
3) Hw$eb _Zwî`~imMm A^md :- Ooìhm ì`ŠVrOdi `mo½` d amoOJmam{^_wI {ejU, nmÌVm Am{U

8
H$m¡eë` `mgma»`m KQ>H$m§Mm A^md AgVmo Voìhm Aem ì`ŠVr `mo½` ñdê$nmMm amoOJma {_idÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo
Ag_W© R>aVmV. VgoM Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ, godm joÌ d eoVrjoÌmV amoOJma CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo `mo½`
g§Yr bmoH$m§Zm CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xë`m nm{hOoV. ~oamoOJmar Am{U Aën ñdê$nmMr amoOJmar `mMm XoemÀ`m
Am{W©H$ dmT>rda n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmo. AmO ^maVmV Hw$eb _Zwî`~img nwaío `m ZmoH$è`m CnbãY ZmhrV.
^m§S>dbmÀ`m A^mdm_wio ñd`§amoOJma VgoM bKwCÚmoJ {Z_m©U H$aVm `oV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio AHw$eb _Zwî`~im~amo~aM
Hw$eb _Zwî`~img XoIrb Xm[aÐ`mV OrdZ OJmdo bmJV Amho.
4) ~oH$marV dmT> :- ^maVmV Ooìhm `m§{ÌH$sH$aU gwê$ Pmbo Voìhm nma§nm[aH$ hñVì`dgm`, Hw$Q>ramoÚmoJ
`mda n[aUm_ hmodZy AZoH$ H$mamJra ~oH$ma Pmbo. nwT>o ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV eoVrMo `m§{ÌH$sH$aU hmoD$ bmJë`mZo
eoVmVrb amoOJma H$_r hmodZy eoV_Oya ~oH$ma Pmbo. ehamV Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmV dmT> Pmbr. _mÌ, Á`m VwbZoV
Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmV dmT> Z Pmë`mZo bmImo Vê$U ~oH$ma AmhoV. `m{edm` ñd`§M{bV `§Ìo, g§JUH$sH$aU
`m_wiXo I
o rb H$m_Jmam§Zm ~oH$ma ìhmdo bmJV Amho. VgoM amoOJmamMr g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$
Amho. Ë`m doJmZo hmoV Zgë`mZo ~oH$mar àM§S> à_mUmV dmTy>Z Xm[aÐçmMo à_mU dmT>V Amho.
5) nma§nm[aH$ eoVr ì`dgm` :- ^maV hm eoVràYmZ Xoe Amho. AmOhr 65 Q>ŠHo$ bmoH$ `m
ì`dgm`mda Adb§~Zy AmhoV. `m bmoH$g§»`oV AË`ën eoVr AgUmao d eoV_Owam§Mo à_mUm gdm©{YH$ Amho.
eoVrV AË`ën CËnÝZ d Ho$di gwJrÀ`m doirM {_iUmao H$m_ `m_wio Aën^ygY§ maH$ d eoV_Oya Jar~ amhVmV.
VgoM Or eoVr Ho$br OmVo Vr na§namJV d Z¡g{J©H$ bharda AmYmarV Agë`mZo Xm[aÐçmV ^a nS>V.o `m~amo~aM
eoVr d eoVH$è`m§{df`r Anwè` `moOZm, gwYmarV ~r-{~`mUo d IVo `m§Mm A^md, V§ÌkmZMm A^md, Anwao
^m§S>db, ~mOmanoR>m§Mo AkmZ, h_r^mdmMr AemídVr Aem AZoH$ ~m~t_wio eoVr ì`dgm`mV Am{W©H$
{dH$mgmMr JVr _§X amhrbr Amho. n[aUm_r nma§nm[aH$ eoVr ho Xm[aÐ`mMo à^mdr H$maU ~Zbo Amho.
(H$) bmoH$g§»`mË_H$ H$maUo :
^maVmV bmoH$g§»`oMr hmoUmar àM§S> dmT> Xm[aÐçmbm H$maUr^yV R>aV Amho. H$maU bmoH$m§À`m _wb^yV
JaOm§da hmoUmam IM© gmVË`mZo dmT>V Amho. `m _wb^yV JaOm§À`m qH$_Vrda bmoH$g§»`mË_H$ KQ>H$m§Mm n[aUm_
hmodZy g_mOmVrb ~hþg»§ ` bmoH$ Jar~rVM amhV AmhoV. AmO bmoH$g§»`oÀ`m dmT>Ë`m à^mdm_wio g_mOmMm
{H$_mZ {dH$mg, amoOJma g§Yr, {ejU, Amamo½` d {ZdmgmÀ`m gmoB© bmoH$m§Zm {_iV ZmhrV. AmO Hw$Qw>~§ mV
EH$mM {_idË`m ì`ŠVrda AmYmarV AgUmè`m§Mr g§»`m dmT>V Agë`mZo Ë`mMm n[aUm_ Hw$Qw>~§ mVrb Amamo½`,
{ejU d amhUr_mZmda Pmbm Amho.
dmT>Ë`m bmoH$g§»`o_wio AZoH$ ~m~r Xw{_©i hmoV Mmbë`m AmhoV. Xm[aÐçm_wio bmoH$m§Zm `mo½` d nwaogm
Amhma {_iV Zmhr. Xy{fV dmVmdaUmV ahmdo bmJVo. bmoH$m§Mo Amamo½` d H$m`©j_Voda Ë`mMm n[aUm_ hmodZy
Am{W©H$ CËnÝZ KQ>V.o Xm[aÐç d Amamo½`mMm OdiMm g§~Y§ Amho Am{U Am{W©H$ CËnÝZmMm {ejUmer g§~Y§
Amho. Ë`m_wio H$_r CËnÝZm_wio {ejU Zmhr, {ejU Zgë`mZo amoOJma Zmhr, amoOJma Zgë`mZo Jar~r dmT>V.o

9
åhUyZM bmoH$g§»`mË_H$ KQ>H$ Jar~rbm H$maUr^yV R>aVmV.
(S>) gm_m{OH$ H$maUo :
g_mOmVrb A§YlÕm, X¡ddmX, na§namdmX, OmVr`dmX, gm§àXm{`H$Vm d àmXo{eH$dmX Aem AZoH$
H$maUm§_wio XoIrb Jar~m§Mo à_mU dmT>V OmVo. `m gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$m§_wio ì`ŠVrMr _mZ{gH$Vm g§Hw${MV d
nyd©J«hXy{fV ~ZVo `mMm n[aUm_ ì`ŠVrÀ`m H$m`©j_Voda d Ñï>rH$moZmda hmodyZ Jar~r dmT>rVo. AZoH$ doim
X¡ddmX d na§nao_i w o bmoH$m§À`mV pñWVrerbVm `oV.o `m_wio bmoH$ à`ËZdmXr ~ZV ZmhrV. OmVrì`dñWo_i w o
ì`pŠVJV JwUdÎmonj o m OmVrMo ì`dgm` H$maÊ`mV àmYmÝ` {Xbo Job.o nma§nm[aH$ ì`dgm`m_wio ZdrZ V§Ì d
_§ÌmMm dmna Ho$bm Jobm Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Ho$di OJÊ`mÀ`m JaOm nyU© H$aÊ`mbm àmYmÝ` {Xbo Job.o Y_© d àWm-
na§naoÀ`m à^mdm_wio g_mO pñWVrerb ~Zbm. g§`Šw V Hw$Qw>~§ nÕVr_wio {ZpîH«$`Vm d Amier àd¥Îmr dmT>br.
pñÌ`m§Zm Zoh_rM nwê$fm§Mr _mb_Îmm g_OyZ {ejU d {dH$mgmnmgyZ gwê$ R>odbo Jobo. `m{edm` Xwgè`m àXoemV
H$m_ H$aVm `oUma Zmhr Aem AdmñVd ^rVr_wio bmoH$m§Mr H$m`©j_Vm H$_r hmoVo. Aem AZoH$ gm_m{OH$
H$maUm§_i w o Xm[aÐ` dmT>V OmVo.
(B) Z¡g{J©H$ d BVa H$maUo :
_hmnya, XwîH$mi, ^yH$§ n, _¥Ë`y, Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmrMr H$_VaVm, dmid§Q>r àXoe, à{VHy$b hdm_mZ
Aem H$maUm§_i w Xo I
o rb Jar~r dmT>V OmVo. `m ~amo~aM gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm, ^m§S>dbmMm A^md, ^«ï>mMma,
eoVO{_ZrMo Ag_mZ dmQ>n, amÁ`m§À`m g_Vmob {dH$mgmV AS>Wio, {ZajaVm, XmofnyU© {ejUì`dñWm, Amamo½`
gw{dYm§Mm A^md, {d{dY emgH$s` `moOZm§Vrb An`e, Am{W©H$ {df_Vm Aem AZoH$ H$maUm§_wio Jar~r
dmT>VM OmVo.
Aem àH$mao ì`ŠVrJV, Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, bmoH$g§»`mË_H$ d Z¡g{J©H$ H$maUm_wio Xm[aÐçmMo à_mU
gmVË`mZo dmT>V OmV Amho.
ñd`§ AÜ``ZgmR>rMo àíZ - 2
àíZ - 1. Xm[aÐçmMr ì`ŠVrJV H$maUo gm§Jm?
àíZ - 2. am_ AmhþOm `m§Zr gm§{JVbobr Xm[aÐçmMr H$maUo gm§Jm?
3.4.3 Xm[aÐç {Z_wb
© ZmgmR>r Cnm` `moOZm :
^maV XoemV Xm[aÐçmMr g_ñ`m J§^ra ñdê$n YmaU H$arV Amho. hr g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r ñdmV§Í`moÎma
H$mimV H|$Ð d amÁ` gaH$maZo AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m emgH$s` nmVirda Cnm` `moOZm A§_bmV AmUë`m AmhoV.
`m `moOZm§À`m _mÜ`_m§VZy àm_w»`mZo J«m_rU d ehar g_wXm`mVrb Xm[aÐçmMo à_mU H$_r H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ hmoV
Amho. Ë`m Cnm`-`moOZm nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.

10
(A) emgH$s` Cnm`-`moOZm :
ñdmV§Í` àmßVrZ§Va Jar~r {Z_wb
© ZmgmR>r emgH$s` nmVirda à`ËZ Ho$bo OmV AmhoV. Ë`mV n§Mdm{f©H$
`moOZm, amï´>r`rH$aU VgoM 20 H$b_r H$m`©H$« _mÛmao Jar~r {Z_wb
© ZmMo à`ËZ Ho$bo Job.o Ë`m~amo~aM nwT>rb
`moOZm am~{dÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV.
1) EH$mpË_H$ J«m_rU {dH$mg H$m`©H$« _ (IRDP)

(Integrated Rural Development Programme) :-

^maV gaH$maZo Xm[aÐçaofI
o mbrb Hw$Qw>~§ m§Mo CËnÝZ dmT>dUo, amoOJma CnbãY H$ê$Z XoU,o J«m_rU Hw$Q>ramoÚmoJm§Zm
MmbZm XoU,o AZwg{y MV OmVr-O_mVrÀ`m Hw$Qw>~§ m§Mo CËnÝZmV dmT> H$aUo. `m à_wI CÔoemVyZ _mM© 1976 _Ü`o
20 {ZdS>H$ {Oëô`m§_Ü`o hm H$m`©H$« _ gwê$ Ho$bm. nwT>o 2 Am°ŠQ>m~| a 1980 nmgyZ _hmË_m Jm§YrÀ`m O`§Vr{Z{_Îm
gd© Xoem§V hm H$m`©H«$_ bmJy Ho$bm.
2) {H$_mZ JaOm `moOZm (MNP) (Minimum Need Programme) :-
J«m_rU Xm[aÐç H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r 1974-75 nmgyZ hr `moOZm gwê$ Ho$br. Ë`mV {ejU, nmUr-nwadR>m,
Amamo½`, añVo, KaHw$b, drO, J{bÀN> dñVr gwYmaUo B. {H$_mZ JaOm§À`m nyVV© go mR>r H$mhr IMm©Mr VaVyX
H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
3) Jar~r hQ>md H$m`©H$« _ :-
19 _mM© 1971 _Ü`o VËH$mbrZ n§VàYmZ B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr "Jar~r hQ>md' H$m`©H$« _mbm àma§^ Ho$bm.
1975 _Ü`o Jar~r {Z_wb
© ZmMm 20 H$b_r H$m`©H$« _ V`ma H$ê$Z Ë`mMr A§_b~OmdUr g§nUy © XoemV Ho$br.
4) Odmha amoOJma `moOZm :-
X[aÐr Hw$Qw>~§ mVrb {H$_mZ EH$m ì`ŠVrg dfm©H$mR>r 50 Vo 100 {XdgmgmR>r Ë`mÀ`m KamOdiM amoOJma
CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r E{àb 1989 _Ü`o `m `moOZoMr KmofUm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m `moOZoAV§ J©V 50% H$m_
_{hbm§gmR>r amIrd R>do Zy `m `moOZoMr O~m~Xmar J«m_n§Mm`Vrda gmon{dÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr.
5) _{hbm d ~mb{dH$mg `moOZm :-
J«m_rU ^mJmVrb _{hbm§Zm ñd`§amoOJmamMo à{ejU d ~±H$o H$Sy>Z AW©ghmæ` XoÊ`mgmR>r 1982 _Ü`o hr
`moOZm gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m `moOZo A§VJ©V JamoXa _mVm§Mo nmofU, ~mbH$m§Zm nmofU Amhma, Amamo½` VnmgUr
Ago CnH«$_ am~{dÊ`mV Ambo.
6) amï´>r` J«m_rU `wdH$ ñd-amoOJma à{ejU `moOZm

11
 (TRYSEM - Training of Ruoal Toroth for Self Employment) :-
J«m_rU `wdH$m§Zm ñd`§amoOJmamMo à{ejU XoÊ`mgmR>r hr `moOZm 15 Am°JñQ> 1979 _Ü`o gwê$ H$aÊ`mV
Ambr. H$_r CËnÝZ JQ>mVrb ~oamoOJma ì`ŠVtZm ñdV:Mm CÚmoJ gwê$ H$aVm `mdm `mgmR>r hr `moOZm gwê$
H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m `moOZoV Xm[aÐçaofdo arb AZwg{y MV OmVr-O_mVr, _{hbm, An§J `m§Zm àmYmÝ`mZo g_m{dï>
H$ê$Z {d{dY ì`dgm`m§Mo à{ejU {Xbo Job.o `mMm n[aUm_ J«m_rU ^mJmV AZoH$ Vê$Um§Zr ñdV:Mm amoOJma
gwê$ Ho$bm.
7) J«m_rU ^y{_hrZ amoOJma H$m`©H$« _ :-
1983 nmgyZ J«m_rU ^mJmV ^y{_hrZ eoVH$ar, pñÌ`m, _mJmg OmVr-O_mVrÀ`m bmoH$m§Zm amoOJmamMr
g§Yr XoÊ`mgmR>r hm H$m`©H$« _ gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambm. amï´>r` J«m_rU amoOJma H$m`©H$« _ d J«m_rU ^y{_hrZ amoOJma
H$m`©H«$_ nwT>o EH$mpË_H$ J«m_rU {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_mV g_m{dï> Ho$bo Jobo.
8) amï´>r` J«m_rU amoOJma H$m`©H$« _ :-
1977 _Ü`o J«m_rU ^mJmVrb Xm[aÐçaofI o mbrb bmoH$m§Zm amoOJma CnbãY H$aÊ`mgmR>r hm H$m`©H$« _ gwê$
Pmbm. _mÌ 1980 _Ü`o Vmo amï´>r` J«m_rU amoOJma H$m`©H$« _mV g_m{dï> Ho$bm Jobm.
9) A§Ë`moX` AÝZ `moOZm :-
25 {S>g~| a 2001 _Ü`o hr `moOZm gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Xm[aÐçaofI
o mbrb Hw$Qw>~§ m§Zm AÝZ CnbãY H$ê$Z
XoUo hm `moOZoMm à_wI CÔoe hmoVm.
10) BVa emgH$s` `moOZm :-
1 E{àb 1999 amoOr ñdU©O`§Vr J«m_ñd`§amoOJma `moOZm bmJy H$aÊ`mV Ambr. VgoM 1 {S>g~| a 1977
nmgyZ ñdU©O`§Vr ehar amoOJma `moOZm gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m~amo~aM amï´>r` gm_m{OH$ ghH$mar `moOZm (15
Am°JñQ> 1995), dmë_rH$s Am§~So >H$a Amdmg `moOZm (2005), g§O` Jm§Yr {ZamYma `moOZm, Adf©U ^mJmgmR>r
H$m`©H$« _, eoVrbm ~ma_mB© nmUrnwadR>m Aem AZoH$ `moOZm bmJy H$aÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV.
^maV gaH$ma d amÁ` gaH$mam§À`m _m\©$V AZoH$ emgH$s` `moOZm bmJy H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. Ë`mM~amo~a
amï>>´ r` AÝZgwajm H$m`Xm - 2013, _mÜ`mÝh ^moOZ `moOZm - 1995, gdmªgmR>r Ka `moOZm, _hmË_m Jm§Yr
amï´>r` amoOJma h_r H$m`Xm, OZYZ `moOZm, CÁdbm J°g `moOZm, _oH$ BZ B§{S>`m, ñQ>mQ>© An B§{S>`m `m `moOZm§Zm
MmbZm XoÊ`mV Ambobr Amho. Ë`mVrb H$mhr `moOZm à^mdembr R>aë`m. _mÌ, n[anyU© Xm[aÐ` {Z_©b w Z `m
{d{dY `moOZmÛmao eŠ` Pmbo Zmhr.
(~) BVa Cnm` :

12
 Xm[aÐç {Z_wb
© ZmÀ`m darb emgH$s` `moOZm§~amo~a Imbrb BVa Cnm`m§Mm AmnU {dMma H$aUma AmhmoV.
1) bmoH$g§»`m {Z`§ÌU :- dmT>Vr bmoH$g§»`m AZoH$ g_ñ`m§Zm H$maUr^yV R>aVo Amho. XoemÀ`m amï´>r`
CËnÝZdmT>rg ~mYm AmUÊ`mMo H$m_ dmT>Vr bmoH$g§»`m H$aVo. Ë`m_wio bmoH$g§»`m {Z`§ÌUmMo H$m`Xo H$aUo
VgoM bmoH$g§»`mdmT>rMo Xwîn[aUm_ bmoH$m§Zm nQ>dZy XoU,o bmoH$g§»`m {ejU gŠVrMo àmW{_H$ {ejU OmUrd-
OmJ¥Vr Aem Cnm`m§Mr A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. bmoH$g§»`mdmT>r_wio _hmJmB©, ~oH$mar, Xm[aÐ` Aem
g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVmV åhUyZ bmoH$g§»`m {Z`§ÌU H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
2) H¥${fjoÌmMm {dH$mg :- ^maVmVrb 65% bmoH$g§»`m J«m_rU g_wXm`mV amhVo. J«m_rU g_wXm`
àm_w»`mZo eoVr d eoVrnyaH$ ì`dgm`mda Amnbo Am{W©H$ OrdZ OJVmo. Ë`m_wio eoVr {dH$mg, qgMZ àH$ën,
AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMm dmna, ^m§S>dbmMr CnbãYVm, h_r^md, ~mOmanoR>m, _mJ©Xe©Z H|$Ðo Aem {d{dY ~m~tZm
MmbZm XodyZ H¥${fjoÌmMm {dH$mg Ho$ë`mg Xm[aÐ` {Z_y©bZ eŠ` hmoB©b.
3) amoOJma g§Yr :- AmO J«m_rU, Am{Xdmgr d ehar g_wXm`mV ~oamoOJmar àM§S> dmT>br Amho.
Ë`mgmR>r {d{dY CÚmoJY§Xo d eoVr joÌmV dmT>rbm MmbZm XodZy amoOJmambm g§Yr XoUo JaOoMo Amho. bKwCÚmoJ,
Hw${Q>amoÚmoJ, J«m_rU CÚmoJm§Zm Am{W©H$ _XV XoU.o `m~amo~aM amoOJma h_r `moOZm, ñd`§amoOJmambm àmoËgmhZ,
à{ejU, H$O©naw dR>m, AZwXmZ XoUo Aem nÕVrZo amoOJma g§Yr {Z_m©U H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
4) A{^d¥ÎmrV ~Xb :- Xm[aÐçmMr g_ñ`m hr g§nUy © g_OmMr g_ñ`m Amho. emgZ YmoaUH$V},
gm_m{OH$ H$m`©H$V}, àemgZmVrb ZmoH$adJ©, O_rZXma Aem gd©M g_mOKQ>H$m§Zr Amnë`m A{^d¥ÎmrV ~Xb
H$ê$Z Xm[aÐç {Z_wb© ZmgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. ~oH$mar Am{W©H$ {df_Vm d Xm[aÐç `m à_wI g_ñ`m
gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r _mZdVmdmXr Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ gdmªZr à`ËZ H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. VgoM àË`jmV Xm[aÐçmV
AgUmè`m bmoH$m§Zr XoIrb Amnbr A{^d¥Îmr ~XbV à`ËZdmXr ~Zbo nm{hOo. {ejU, Amamo½`, à`ËZmV
gmVË`, H$ï> `m _mJm©Zo Xm[aÐçmVyZ ~mhoa nS>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm nm{hOo d `mgmR>r emgZ d g_mOmMoXIo rb
ghH$m`© Ano{jV Amho.
Xm[aÐç {Z_wb© ZmgmR>r gdm©V _hÎdmMo åhUOo {d{dY emgH$s` `moOZm§Mr à^mdrnUo A§_b~OmdUr hmoUo
JaOoMo Amho. VgoM g_mOmVrb {d{dY KQ>H$m§Zm `m `moOZm§Mr _m{hVr XoU,o OmUrd-OmJ¥Vr H$aUo `mgmR>r à`ËZ
hmoUo JaOoMo Amho. `m{edm` BVa Cnm`m§MmXoIrb {dMma _hÎdmMm Amho. Á`mdoir gdmªZm hm àíZ J§^ra Amho
`mMr OmUrd hmoBb © d gd©M g_mOKQ>H$ Ë`m§À`m A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r à`ËZ H$aVrb Ë`mdoir Xm[aÐç {Z_yb © Z
eŠ` hmoBb © .
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ - 3
1. Xm[aÐç {Z_wb
© ZmMo emgH$s` Cnm` gm§Jm?
2. Xm[aÐç {Z_wb
© ZmMo BVa Cnm` gm§Jm?

13
3.5 ~oamoOJmar (Unemployment) :
àñVmdZm :
~oamoOJmarMr g_ñ`m OmJ{VH$ ñdê$nmMr Amho. A{dH$grV, {dH$gZerb, amï´>m§~amo~aM {dH$grV
amï´>m§VXoIrb hr g_ñ`m AmT>iVo. H$moUË`mhr XoemÀ`m AW©ì`dñWog_moa Xm[aÐç, Am{W©H$ {df_Vm Am{U
~oamoOJmar VrZ à_wI g_ñ`m AgVmV. _mÌ, àË`oH$ XoemVrb ~oamoOJmarMo ñdê$n EH$gmaIo Agy eH$V Zmhr.
^maVmVrb ~oamoOJmar hr àm_w»`mZo Xm[aÐç Am{U Am¡Úmo{JH$ _mJmgbonUmer g§~§{YV Amho. Va {dH$grV
amï´>mVrb ~oamoOJmar EopÀN>H$, AZ¡pÀN>H$, g§Kf©OÝ` d g§aMZmË_H$ ñdê$nmMr AgVo. AàJV Xoem§_Ü`o VgoM
^maVmgma»`m XoemV Or ~oamoOJmar AmT>iVo Vr dñVwM§ r _mJUr H$_r Agë`m_wio ZgVo. H$maU Aem Xoem_Ü`o
gd©M dñVwM§ m VwQ>dS>m AgVmo. Ago AgyZhr ~oamoOJmar dmT>Ê`mMo _w»` H$maU åhUOo ^m§S>dbmMm A^md, VgoM
CÚmoJY§Úm§Zm Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m _wb^yV gmo`tMm A^md AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Am¡Úmo{JH$aU, ì`mnmad¥Õr,
godmjoÌmMm {dH$mg, eoVrjoÌmMm {dH$mg H$aUmè`m§_Ü`o AS>Wim `oVmo. Ë`m_wio Xm[aÐç Am{W©H$ {df_Vo~amo~aM
~oamoOJmar dmT>Vo.
3.5.1 ~oamoOJmarMm AW© :
~oH$mar Am{U ~oamoOJmar ho XmoÝhr eãX gd©gm_mÝ`nUo EH$mM AWm©Zo dmnabo OmVmV. _mÌ emñÌr` AWm©Zo
`mV \$aH$ Amho. gm_mÝ`nUo ~oH$ma hm eãX ZmoH$arMm A^md `m AWm©Zo dmnabm OmVmo. åhUyZ ~oH$marnojm
~oamoOJmar hm eãX {ZpíMV AWm©Zo dmnabm OmVmo. ~oH$mar hr EopÀN>H$ Agy eH$Vo. na§Vw ~oamoOJmar _w»`V:
Jar~r d H$m_ CnbãY ZgÊ`mer {ZJS>rV AgVo. Á`m ì`ŠVr_Ü`o H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm d BÀN>m Amho Varhr
Ë`mMm àM{bV doVZmda qH$dm Am{W©H$ _mo~Xbm {_idyZ XoUmao H$m_ {_iV Zmhr Aer ì`ŠVr åhUOo ~oamoOJma
ì`ŠVr hmo`. ~oamoOJmar hr g_mOmZo bmXbobr AgVo. Vr AZ¡pÀN>H$, Adm§N>Zr` AgVo.
~oamoOJmar hr g§H$ënZm A{Ve` d¡{eîQ>çnyU© Amho. gm_mÝ`nUo hr g§H$ënZm H$Ë`m© bmoH$g§»`oer
g§~{§ YV Amho. H$Ë`m© bmoH$g§»`oV 15 Vo 60 df} d`moJQ>mVrb bmoH$g§»`oMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. bhmZ _wbo d
d¥Õm§Mm ~oamoOJmarer g§~Y§ Zmhr. gd©gmYmaUnUo Xoem§V ApñVÎdmV Agboë`m doVZXmamda H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr
Á`m§Mr BÀN>m AgVo d Oo H$m_ H$aÊ`mg em[aarH$ d ~m¡ÕrH$ÑîQ>çm g_W© AgVmV Aem bmoH$m§Zm H$m_
H$aÊ`mMr d CËnÝZ {_idÊ`mMr g§Yr {_iV Zmhr. Ë`m§Zm ~oamoOJma åhQ>bo OmVo. àmo. Ho$Ýg `m§Zr 1936 _Ü`o
{b{hboë`m (The General theory of Employment Interest and money) `m J«W§ mV ~oamoOJmarMr ì`m»`m
{Xbr Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, àM{bV doVZ Xamda H$m_Jma em[aarH$ qH$dm ~m¡ÕrH$ amoOJma {_i{dÊ`mV Ag_W©
R>aVmV. Aem§Zm ~oamoOJma g§~moYbo OmVo. EImÚm ì`ŠVrZo EImÚm joÌmV H$m`© H$aÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmao à{ejU
KoVbo Amho, H$m¡eë` hñVJV Ho$bo Amho qH$dm H$moUVohr emar[aH$, ~m¡ÕrH$ l_ H$aÊ`mMr V`mar Amho, {_iob
Ë`m doVZXamda H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr V`mar Amho. nU Ë`mbm H$m_M {_iV Zmhr Aem ì`ŠVrg ~oamoOJma _mZbo
OmVo. ~oamoOJmarÀ`m H$mhr ì`m»`m Aä`mgë`mZ§Va ~oamoOJmarMo Zo_Ho$ ñdê$n Amnë`m bjmV `oBb © .

14
~oamoOJmarÀ`m ì`m»`m :
1) \o$Aa MmB©ëS> :- ""_Owar H$aUmè`m gm_mÝ` dJm©À`m EH$m gXñ`mbm gm_mÝ` doimV, gm_mÝ`
doVZmda Am{U gm_mÝ` H$m_ H$aÊ`mÀ`m n[apñWVrV doVZ {_iUmè`m H$m_mnmgyZ A{ZÀN>Zo o qH$dm O~aXñVrZo
doJio R>do bo OmVo Voìhm Ë`mbm ~oamoOJmar Ago åhUVmV. ''
2) H$mb© {à~«m_ :- ""~oamoOJmar hr l_~mOmamMr Aer pñWVr Amho {H$, Á`m_Ü`o CnbãY g§YrÀ`m
g§»`nojm l{_H$m§Mm nwadR>m A{YH$ AgVmo.''
3) JwÝZma {_S>rb> :- ""H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm d BÀN>m AgyZhr Á`m§Zm amoOJma {_iV Zmhr Aem
n[apñWVrbm ~oamoOJmar åhUVmV. H$m_ {_iUo qH$dm Z {_iUo ho EH$Q>çm ì`ŠVrÀ`m hmVmV ZgyZ EHy$U
bmoH$g§»`oV Agboë`m H$m_mÀ`m CnbãYoÀ`m n[apñWVrda ~oamoOJmar Adb§~Zy AgVo.''
4) àmo. {nJy :- ""amoOJma Zgboë`m na§Vw amoOJma {_imdm Aer BÀN>m Agboë`m ì`ŠVrbm ~oamoOJma
åhUVm `oBb
© .''
5) Am§Vaamï´>r` l_ g§KQ>Zm> :- ""H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr BÀN>m d gm_Ï`© AgyZhr àM{bV doVZXamda
H$m_mÀ`m emoYmV AgVmZm Á`m§Zm H$m_ {_iV Zmhr Aem gdmªMm g_mdoe ~oamoOJma `m g§H$ënZoV Ho$bm
OmVmo.''
darb ì`m»`m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mg ~oamoOJmarMo ñdê$n ñnï> hmoVo {H$, H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr ì`ŠVrMr
em[aarH$, ~m¡ÕrH$ d _mZ{gH$ j_Vm Amho. EImÚm H$m_mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmao {ejU, à{ejU d H$m¡eë`
{VZo àmßV Ho$bo Amho, {_iUmè`m doVZXamda H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr Ë`mMr V`mar Amho. na§Vw BÀN>m AgyZhr {Vbm
amoOJma {_iV Zmhr Aem gdmªZm ~oamoOJma g§~moYbo OmVo.
^maVmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ YmoaUm§Mo amoOJma {Z{_©Vr ho _hÎdmMo CÔrîQ>ç Amho. ^maV ho {dH$gZerb
amï´> Amho. Ë`m_wio ^maVmVrb ~oamoOJmarMo ñdê$n {dH$grV amï´>mnojm doJù`m ñdê$nmMo Amho. ^maVmV J«m_rU
d ehar ^mJmVrb ~oamoOJmarMo ñdê$n doJdoJio Amho. J«m_rU g_wXm`mV àm_w»`mZo A{e{jVm§Mr d AHw$eb
bmoH$m§Mr ~oamoOJmar AmT>iZy `oV.o Va ehar g_wXm`mV e¡j{UH$ d Vm§[ÌH$ ~oamoOJmar AmT>iZy `oV.o ^maVmV
eoVr, CÚmoJ d godm joÌmV nwae o m à_mUmV amoOJma {Z{_©Vr Z Pmë`mZo ~oamoOJmar dmT>V OmV Amho. 11 ì`m
n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZmH$mimV XoemVrb CnbãY l_eŠVrn¡H$s 8.2 H$moQ>r bmoH$ ~oamoOJma hmoV.o ^maVmV ~oamoOJmarMo
_mnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Mmby X¡{ZH$ pñWVr, gmßVm{hH$ pñWVr d gm_mÝ` pñWVr `m VrZ nÕVtMm Adb§~ Ho$bm
OmVmo. ^maVmVrb {d{dY amÁ`mVrb ~oamoOJmarMm {dMma Ho$ë`mg Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZm§Mo Ag_mZ {dVaU, Ag_Vmob
{dH$mg `m_wio {d{dY amÁ`mVrb ~oamoOJmarÀ`m XamV \$aH$ AmT>iZy `oVmo.
gm_mÝ`nUo ^maVmV J«m_rU ^mJmnojm ehar ^mJmV ~oamoOJmarMo à_mU OmñV AmT>iVo. nwê$fmnojm
pñÌ`m_Ü`oo ~oamoOJmar A{YH$ AmT>iVo. H¥$fr joÌm_Ü`o Am¡Úmo{JH$ d godm joÌmnojm OmñV ~oamoOJmar, Nw>nr

15
~oamoOJmar, Iwbr ~oamoOJmar, gw{e{jVm§Mr ~oamoOJmar, h§Jm_r ~oamoOJmar, ehar ~oamoOJmar, J«m_rU ~oamoOJmar,
EopÀN>H$ d AZ¡pÀN>H$ ~oamoOJmar, g§Kf©OÝ` ~oamoOJmar d ga§MZmË_H$ ~oamoOJmar Ago {d{dY àH$ma AmT>iVmV.
_hmamï´>mVrb ~oamoOJmarMm {dMma Ho$ë`mg Ago {XgyZ `oVo {H$, _hmamï´> amÁ`mÀ`m dmQ>çmbm XoemVrb
9.4 Q>ŠHo$ ^m¡Jm{bH$$joÌ Ambo AgyZ XoemVrb 10.2 Q>ŠHo$ l_eŠVr amÁ`mV Amho. amÁ`mVrb 80 Q>ŠHo$ eoVr
H$moaS>dmhÿ ñdê$nmMr Agë`mZo eoVrjoÌmMm \$magm {dH$mg hmoD$ eH$bobm Zmhr. Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmMm amÁ`mV
{dH$mg Pmbm Agbm Var dmT>Ë`m l_eŠVrbm `m joÌmV nwae o m amoOJma g§Yr {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$boë`m ZmhrV.
Ë`m_wio ehar VgoM J«m_rU g_wXm`mV ~oamoOJmarMr g_ñ`m J§^ra ~Zbr Amho.
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmRrMo àíZ - 1
1) ~oamoOJmarMr \o$Aa MmB©ëS> `m§Mr ì`m»`m gm§Jm?
2) Am§Vaamï´>r` l_ g§KQ>ZMo r ì`m»`m gm§Jm?
3.5.2 ~oamoOJmarMr H$maUo :
H$moUË`mhr XoemVrb CnbãY Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZmÀ`m VwbZoV bmoH$g§»`m A{YH$ à_mUmV dmT>ë`mg qH$dm
g§gmYZmÀ`m Anwè`m {dH$mgm_wio ~oamoOJmarMr g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVo .o ~oamoOJmar_wio XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmda
à{VHy$b n[aUm_ hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio BVa AZoH$ g_ñ`m§Zm MmbZm {_iVo. gm_mÝ`nUo gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d
d¡`pŠVH$ H$maUm_wio ~oamoOJmar {Z_m©U hmoV OmVo. ~oamoOJmarÀ`m H$maUm§Mm AmT>mdm nwT>rbà_mUo KoVm `oB©b.
1) bmoH$g§»`m dmT> :- bmoH$g§»`oV hmoUmar doJdmZ dmT> ho ^maVmVrb ~oamoOJmarMo _wb^yV H$maU
Amho. 1951 _Ü`o XoemMr bmoH$g§»`m Ho$di 36 H$moQ>r hmoVr. Vr dmT>V OmdyZ 1991 _Ü`o 84.6 H$moQ>r,
2005 _Ü`o 102.9 H$moQ>r Pmbr Va 2011 _Ü`o bmoH$g§»`m 121.02 H$moQ>rn`ªV dmT>br. `m bmoH$g§»`m
dmT>r_wio l_mMm nwadR>m dmT>V OmVmo. åhUOoM àË`oH$ dfu Zì`mZo amoOJma _mJUmè`m§Mr g§»`m àM§S> dmT>Vo.
na§Vw Ë`m à_mUmV H$moUË`mhr joÌmV amoOJma CnbãY hmody Z eH$ë`mZo XoemVrb ~oamoOJmar dmT>V OmV Amho.
2) _mJmgbobr eoVr> :- ^maVr` eoVr {ZgJm©da Adb§~Zy Amho. XoemVrb bmJdS>r `mo½` eoVrn¡H$s
3.5 Q>ŠH$o$ eoVrbm ObqgMZmÀ`m gw{dYm CnbãY AgyZ 65 Q>ŠHo$ eoVr H$moaS>dmhÿ Amho. qgMZgw{dYm
CnbãY AgUmè`m eoVrV amoOJma CnbãY hmoD$ eH$Vmo. _mÌ H$moaS>dmhÿ eoVr Ho$di h§Jm_mV amoOJma CnbãY
Pmë`mZo h§Jm_r ~oamoOJmar dmT>V OmVo. `m~amo~aM CÚmoJ d godm joÌm§À`m {dH$mgm_wio eoVr joÌmVrb A{V[aŠV
bmoH$g§»`m CÚmoJ d godm joÌmV gm_mdbr OmUo Ano{jV AgVo. _mÌ `m joÌmZo \$maM H$_r bmoH$g§»`m
gm_mdyZ KoVë`mZo eoVr_Ü`o Nw>nr ~oamoOJmar, AW© ~oamoOJmar, CKS> ~oamoOJmar dmT>V OmVo. AmOXoIrb
gaH$maH$Sy>Z eoVrjoÌmV nwae
o m à_mUmV JwV§ dUyH$ Ho$br OmV Zmhr. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ hmodZy Ob{g§MZ, IVo, añVo,
drO, H¥$fr AdOmao, eoV_mb {dH«$sì`dñWm, Am{W©H$ g§ñWm, eoV_mbmbm h_r^md, à{H«$`m CÚmoJ Aem
_wb^yV gmoB©-gw{dYm§Mm {dH$mg hmoD$ eH$bobm Zmhr. Ë`m_wio eoVrjoÌmV amoOJma {Z{_©Vr H$_r Pmë`mZo

16
~oamoOJmar dmT>V OmVo.
3) J«m_rU Hw${Q>amoÚmoJm§Zm KaKa :- J«m_rU g_wXm`mVrb Hw$Q>raCÚmoJ, bKwCÚmoJ, hñVCÚmoJ ho
^y{_hrZ eoV_Oya d BVam§À`m M[aVmWm©Mo à_wI gmYZ Amho. _mÌ Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$`oV AZoH$ CÚmoJm§Zr
Cn^mo½` dñVwÀ§ `m CËnmXZmV àdoe Ho$bm Amho. `m CÚmoJmV V`ma hmoUmè`m dñVy `m XO}Xma, gw~H$ d ñdñV
Agë`mZo J«m_rU bKw d Hw$Q>ra CÚmoJm§Zm Ë`m§À`mer ñnYm© H$aUo eŠ` hmoV Zmhr. n[aUm_r J«m_rU ^mJmVrb
AZoH$ bKw d Hw$Q>ra CÚmoJ ~§X nS>V Mmbbo AmhoV. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU ^mJmV ~oamoOJmar dmT>V Amho.
4) `§Ì d V§ÌkmZmË_H$ àJVr> :- Vm§{ÌH$ n«JVr_wio Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmbm MmbZm {_iVo. na§Vw
CÚmoJY§Úm_YyZ A{YH$ CËnmXZ d A{YH$ Z\$m {_idÊ`mgmR>r _mZdr eŠVrnojm `m§{ÌH$ eŠVrbm àmYmÝ`
{Xbo OmVo. CËnmXZ IM© H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñd`§M{bV `§Ìo d g§JUH$mMm dmna dmT>V Amho. VgoM CÚmoJ
joÌm~amo~aM ~m§YH$m_, añVo d aoëdo ~m§YUr, ImUH$m_, eoVrMr _emJV Aem AZoH$ H$m_mgmR>r AmYw{ZH$
`§Ìgm_J«rMm dmna Ho$bm OmV Amho. AmYw{ZH$ `§Ìgm_wJr« CÚmoJm§V g§JUH$mMm dmna, ñd`§M{bV gmYZo ho
^maVmgma»`m àM§S> bmoH$g§»`m Agboë`m XoemgmR>r A`mo½` Agbo Var CËnmXZ IMm©V ~MV d Zâ`mÀ`m
àmßVrgmR>r `mMm gd©Ì dmna Ho$bm OmV Amho. Ë`m_wio amoOJma{Z{_©Vr H$_r hmodZy ~oamoOJmar dmT>V OmVo.
5) CÚmoJ d ì`dgm`mVrb MT>-CVma> :- CÚmoJ d ì`mnma ì`dgm`mV gmVË`mZo {d{dY H$maUm§_i w o
MT>-CVma hmoV AgVmV. CÚmoJ VmoQ>çmV OmUo, gaH$mar YmoaUmVrb ~Xb, H$aaMZm, CÚmoJmVrb l_ d
Q>mio~X§ r, ì`dñWmnZ d H$m_Jma g§Kf©, Am§Vaamï´>r` ~mOmamVrb MT>-CVma, Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr, ~mOmamVrb
ñnYm© Aem AZoH$ ~m~r_wio CÚmoJY§Xo d ì`mnma ì`dgm`mV VmU-VUmd amhVmV. Ë`mVyZ H$m_Jma H$nmV hmoV
AgVo. Aem CÚmoJ-ì`dgm`mV ZdrZ amoOJma {Z_m©U hmoV Zmhr. n[aUm_r ~oamoOJmar dmT>V OmVo.
6) {ejU ì`dñWoVrb Xmof> :- gd©gmYmanUo _Zwî`~imMm {dH$mg KS>dZy AmUyZ Ë`m§Mr CËnmXH$Vm
d H$m`©j_Vm dmT>dUo, ñd`§amoOJmarMo _yë` dmT>{dUo d Ver _mZ{gH$Vm V`ma H$aUo. hm {ejU d à{ejUmMm
_w»` CÔoe AgVmo. na§Vw {~«{Q>e H$mimnmgyZ MmbV Ambobr ^maVmVrb {ejU nÕVr hr H$mb~mø AgyZ
nma§nm[aH$ {ejUm_wio amoOJma d ñd`§amoOJmamV dmT> hmoV Zmhr. gXmof {ejUnÕVr_wio CÚmoJmgmR>r Amdí`H$
AgUmao H$m¡eë`, `mo½`Vm d Hw$dV {Z_m©U hmoV Zmhr. `mCbQ> amoOJmargmR>r emgZmda Adb§~Zy amhÊ`mMr
_mZ{gH$Vm Aem XmofnyU© {ejUnÕVrVyZ {dH$grV hmoV Jobr. Ë`m_wio XoemV gw{e{jV ~oamoOJmarV _moR>çm
à_mUmda dmT> hmoV Amho.
7) emgH$s` `moOZm§Mo An`e :- dmT>Ë`m bmoH$g§»`o~amo~aM l_eŠVrMo `mo½` {Z`moOZ H$aUo
gaH$mabm eŠ` Pmbobo Zmhr. XoemVrb gd© joÌm§Zm bmJUmè`m Vm§{ÌH$ d à{e{jV _Zwî`~imMr _mJUr bjmV
KodZy Ë`mMo `mo½` {Z`moOZ Ho$ë`mg ~oamoOJmarMr g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoV Zmhr. na§Vw ^maVmV n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm d
BVa YmoaUm§_Ü`o amoOJma{Z{_©VrÀ`m CÔoembm Xwhao r ñWmZ XoÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`m_wiMo g§ñWm A{^`m§{ÌH$s, d¡ÚH$s`
d nma§nm[aH$ {ejU joÌmV Hw$eb _Zwî`~imV dmT> hmoV AgyZ Ë`m à_mUmV amoOJma {Z_m©U Pmë`mZo ~oamoOJmar

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dmT>V Amho.
8) amOH$s` ApñWaVm d àemgZ> :- XoemÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r Am{W©H$ ñW¡`© d amOH$s` ñW¡`m©Mr JaO
AgVo. ^maVmV H|$Ð d amÁ` nmVirdarb Ag§»` amOH$s` njm§À`m ApñVÎdm_wio H|$Ð VgoM amÁ` nmVirda
H$moUË`mhr EH$m amOH$s` njmbm ~hþ_V {_iV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio {^ÝZ Ñï>rH$moZ d {dMmagaUr AgUmao AZoH$
amOH$s` nj EH$Ì `odZy gaH$ma ñWmnZ H$aVmV. _mÌ ñdmWu amOH$s` àd¥Îmr, {hVg§~Y§ d {d{dY njm§gmR>r
KoVbobo AZwHy$b {ZU©` `m_wio amOH$s` AñW¡`© dmT>Vo. emgH$s` `moOZm d {d{dY H$m`©H«$_m§Mo `e ho
àemgH$s` `§ÌUoÀ`m H$m`©j_Voda Adb§~Zy AgVo. amOH$s` ApñWaVo_iw o àemgH$s` `§ÌUm H$m`©j_VoZo H$m_
H$arV Zmhr. n[aUm_r ~oamoOJmargmaIo àíZ {Z_m©U hmoVmV.
9) ì`pŠVJV KQ>H$> :- ~oamoOJmar g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mg AZoH$ ì`ŠVrJV KQ>H$ H$maUr^yV R>aVmV.
Ë`mV àm_w»`mZo `mo½` d`mV amoOJma Z {_iUo, AZoH$ Vê$Um§Zm Ë`m§Mr j_Vm d AmdS> `m{df`r nwago o kmZ ZgVo.
~hþVHo $ doim EImÚm {d{eï> ì`dgm`mV JaOonj o m A{YH$ à{e{jV ì`ŠVr à`ËZerb AgVmV. Ë`m_wio àË`oH$mbm
amoOJma {_iV Zmhr. `m~amo~a amoOJmam{^_wI {ejUmMr _m{hVr ZgUo, Ë`m_wio KoVbobo {ejU amoOJma VgoM
ì`dgm`mgmR>r nwago o R>aV Zmhr. gw{e{jV Vê$Um§Zm gm_m{OH$ÑîQ>çm CÀM àVrMo amoOJma {_idÊ`mMr BÀN>m AgVo
Ë`m_wio H$_r àVrMo amoOJma H$aÊ`mg g§H$w {MV dmQ>V.o CXm - A°Q>mo [ajm qH$dm Q>Š° gr MmbdUo, goëg_Z,
eoVrVrb H$m_, hm°Q>ob_Yrb H$m_ BË`mXrbm Vê$Um§Mr Zmng§Vr AgVo. amoOJma d ì`dgm` hm Amnë`m
JmdmOdi VgoM Mm§Jë`m ehamV nm{hOo. `m _mZ{gH$Vo_i w o Amnbm àXoe gmoS>y Z XwgarH$S>o ñWbm§Va H$aÊ`mMr
Vê$Um§Mr _mZ{gH$Vm ZgVo. Ago AZoH$ ì`ŠVrJV KQ>H$m§_i w o ~oamoOJmarMr g_ñ`m Vrd« ~ZVo.
darbà_mUo ^maVr` g_mOmV ~oamoOJmar {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMr H$maUo AmhoV. ~oamoOJmar_wio ì`ŠVrMo CËnÝZ,
CËnmXH$Vm, Amamo½`, _mZ{gH$Voda à{VHy$b n[aUm_ hmoVmo. XoemÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoda {dnarV n[aUm_ hmoVmo.
^maVmV Xm[aÐ` hm ~oamoOJmarMm gdm©V _moR>m n[aUm_ Amho. ~oamoOJmar Xm[aÐ` dmT>dVo, Xm[aÐ`m_wio bmoH$m§Zm
`mo½` {ejU, Amamo½` d CnbãY g§YrMm bm^ KoVm `oV Zmhr. àJVrgmR>^ nmofH$ dmVmdaU {_iV Zmhr. `mMm
EH${ÌV n[aUm_ gm_m{OH$ Amamo½` YmoŠ`mV `oV.o Xm[aÐ`, Hw$nmofU, ^yH$~ir, {ZH¥$îQ> amhUr_mZ, JwÝhoJmar,
PmonS>nÅ>r, bmMImoar Aem AZoH$ g_ñ`m ~oamoOJmar_wio {Z_m©U hmoVmV.
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmR>rMo àíZ> - 2
1) ~oamoOJmarMr H$maUo gm§Jm?
3.5.3 ~oamoOJmardarb Cnm` `moOZm :>
ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV doJmZo dmT>Umè`m bmoH$g§»`o_wio ~oamoOJmar, Xm[aÐ` d Am{W©H$ {df_Vm `m
g_ñ`m§Mr Vrd«Vm dmT>V Jobr. Ë`m_wio Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmda {dnarV n[aUm_ hmodZy {dH$mgmÀ`m _mJm©V AZoH$
AS>Wio {Z_m©U Pmbo. àm_w»`mZo ~oamoOJmar_wio ì`ŠVr, Hw$Qw>~§ VgoM g_mOì`dñWoda dmB©Q> n[aUm_ hmoVmV.

18
~oamoOJmar_wio bmoH$m§À`m kmZ d H$m¡eë`m§Zm dmd Z {_imë`mZo {Zamem dmT>V OmdyZ ì`ŠVtMo _mZ{gH$
IÀMrH$aU hmoVo. hm g_mO AmnUmg OJÊ`mMr gmYZo nwady eH$V Zmhr. `m _mZ{gH$VoVyZ ì`ŠVrJV d
gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Zmbm MmbZm {_iVo. Ë`mVyZ JwÝhoJmar, ì`gZm{YZVm, AmË_hË`m, Mmoar, H$m¡Q>w {§ ~H$ g§Kf© Aem
AZoH$ g_ñ`m§Zm MmbZm {_iVo. g_mO ñdmñÏ` YmoŠ`mV `oV.o åhUyZ ~oamoOJmar Zï> H$aUo d g_mOmV g§Vb w Z
amIUo hr emgZmMr d gd© g_mOmMr O~m~Xmar ~ZVo. Ë`mgmR>r EH${ÌV à`ËZm§Mr Amdí`H$Vm {Z_m©U hmoV.o
~oamoOJmar hr EH$ J§^ra gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$ g_ñ`m Amho. hr g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r {Z`moOZ~Õ
à`ËZm§Mr JaO AgVo. emgH$s` d gm_m{OH$ nmVirda {ZamH$aUmË_H$ à`ËZ hmoUo JaOoMo Amho. ~oamoOJmar
H$_r H$aÊ`mÀ`m Cnm`m§_Ü`o Xm[aÐ` {Z_w©bZmgmR>rMo emgH$s` H$m`©H«$_m§Mm XoIrb g_mdoe hmoVmo. `mVrb
_hÎdmÀ`m Cnm`-`moOZm nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.
1) bmoH$g§»`m {Z`§ÌU :-> ^maVmVrb AZoH$ gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$ g_ñ`m bmoH$g§»`m dmT>r_wio
{Z_m©U hmoV AmhoV. 1951 _Ü`o XoemMr bmoH$g§»`m Ho$di 3.6 H$moQ>r hmoVr. Va 2011 _Ü`o Vr 121.02
H$moQ>rn`ªV nmohMbr Amho. AmO ^maVmVrb bmoH$g§»`m dmT>rMm Xa OJmV gdm©{YH$ Amho. `m dmT>Ë`m
bmoH$g§»`oV Hw$eb d AHw$eb _Zwî`~i àM§S> à_mUmV {Z_m©U hmoV Amho. `m dmT>Ë`m _Zwî`~imgmR>r
Amdí`H$ amoOJma g§Yr CnbãY hmoV ZmhrV. hr dñVwpñWVr Amho. àM§S> bmoH$g§»`o_i w o _mJUr Am{U nwadR>m
`m§Mo à_mU ì`ñV ~ZVo Am{U ~oamoOJmar dmT>V.o `mgmR>r Hw$Qw>~§ _`m©XrV R>do Uo, g§VVr {Z`_Z H$aUo, Hw$Qw>~§
{Z`moOZ, Hw$Qw>~§ H$ë`mU, bmoH$g§»`m {ejU, g_mO à~moYZ, OmUrd-OmJ¥Vr Aem {d{dY _mJm©Zo bmoH$g§»`m
{Z`§ÌUmgmR>r à`ËZ hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
2) emídV Am{W©H$ {dH$mg :-> ~oamoOJmarMr g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`m`gmR>rMm à^mdr _mJ© åhUOo
emídV Am{W©H$ {dH$mg hmo`. Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r CÚmoJm§Mm {dH$mg, eoVr à{H«$`m CÚmoJ, CÚmoJm§Mo
{dH§$o ÐrH$aU, godm joÌmMm {dH$mg H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. XoemVrb añVo, aoëdo, drO, nmUrnwadR>m, Xoem§VJ©V
{d_mZ godm, Am§Vaamï´>r` {d_mZVio, gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVyH$ gw{dYm, e¡j{UH$ H|$Ðo, n`©Q>Z CÚmoJm§Zm MmbZm Aem
nm`m^yV gw{dYm§Mm {dH$mg H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Xoem§Vrb H$a aMZm à{H«$`oV gwQ>gQw >rVnUm AmUUo Amdí`H$
Amho. `m_wio Xoem§Vrb gd©M joÌmVrb CÚmoJ ì`dgm`m§Zm MmbZm {_iyZ amoOJma dmTy> eHo$b.
3) Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg :-> amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yr {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>r CÚmoJY§ÚmMm {Z`moOZnydH© $ {dH$mg
H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. `m_Ü`o ^maVmV CnbãY AgUmè`m Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZ gm_J«rMm {dMma H$ê$Z Ë`mg§~Y§ r
CÚmoJY§X,o bKwCÚmoJ, J«m_moÚmoJ, Hw$Q>ramoÚmoJm§Mm {dH$mg Ho$bm nm{hOo. eoVrjoÌmV AmO gdm©{YH$ _Zwî`~i
Amho. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU ^mJmV eoVrà{H«$`m CÚmoJm§Zm MmbZm XoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. J«m_rU ^mJmVrb CÚmoJ d
ehar ^mJmVrb CÚmoJ `m§À`mV nañna g_Ýd` {Z_m©U Ho$ë`mg H$ÀMm _mb, à{e{jV _Zwî`~i, ~mOmanoR>m
`mV g_Ýd` {Z_m©U hmodyZ CÚmoJm§Mm {dH$mg hmoB©b. `m~amo~a emgZmZo XoIrb CÚmoJdmT>rgmR>r MmbZm XoUmao
YmoaU am~dUo JaOoMo Amho. Oo CÚmoJ gdm©{YH$ H$m_Jma ^aVr H$aVrb Ë`m§Zm BVa gdbVr XoU,o ñWm{ZH$

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H$m_Jmam§Zm àmYmÝ` XoUo Ago YmoaU am~d{dë`mg amoOJma {Z{_©Vr hmoD$ eHo$b.
4) eoVr d eoVrnyaH$ ì`dgm`m§Mm {dH$mg :-> ^maV hm eoVràYmZ Xoe Agë`mZo eoVr {dH$mg d
eoVrnyaH$ ì`dgm`m§À`m {dH$mgmda A{YH$ bj H|$ÐrV H$aUo _hÎdmMo Amho. eoVr{dH$mgmgmR>r ObqgMZ
gw{dYm, AmYw{ZH$ {nH$ nÕVr, hdm_mZmZwgma {nH$m§Mo {Z`moOZ, gm_y{hH$ eoVr, JQ> eoVr, J«m_rU H¥$fr d
_mJ©Xe©Z H|$Ðo, amgm`{ZH$ IVo d ~r-{~`mUm§Mm `mo½` dmna, nS>rH$ O{_ZtMm {dH$mg, \$i~mJ {dH$mg
`moOZm, J«m_rU ~mOmanoR>mM§ r {Z{_©Vr `mgmR>r à`ËZ hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. `m~amo~aM Xw½Yì`dgm`, Hw$ŠHw$Q>nmbZ,
_Yw_{jH$m nmbZ, damh-nmbZ, eoir nmbZ, aoer_ CÚmoJ Aem eoVrnyaH$ ì`dgm`m§Zm MmbZm XodZy gaH$maZo
Ë`mgmR>r H$O©naw dR>m, AZwXmZ XoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
J«m_rU ^mJmV na§naoZo AZoH$ Hw$Q>ramoÚmoJ, J«m_moÚmoJ d hñVCÚmoJ Ho$bo OmVmV. CXm - Q>mno ë`m {dUUo,
XmoaI§S> H$aUo, gwVmaH$m_, bmohmaH$m_, Hw$§ ^maH$m_, bmH$S>r IoiUr ~ZdUo B. Aem J«m_rU CÚmoJm§Zm àmoËgmhZ
XoU,o ho CÚmoJ {Q>H$dyZ R>do Zy Ë`m§Zm ehar ~mOmanoR>m CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. `m{edm` eoVrV
ì`mnmar VÎdmda CËnmXZ KoÊ`mgmR>r bmoH$m§Zm àmoËgmhZ {Xbo nm{hOo. Ë`mV àm_w»`mZo Zmai, H$mOy, Mhm,
H$m°\$s, Ambo, V§~mIy, D$g, H$mnyg, H$S>YmÝ`o, Vob{~`m, \$i^mÁ`m Aem AZoH$ CËnmXZm§Mm g_mdoe H$aUo
JaOoMo Amho. `m~amo~a H¥$fr à{H«$`m§Zm Ë`m-Ë`m àXoemVrb {nH$nÕVrZwgma àmoËgmhZ XoUo, H¥$fr n`©Q>Zmbm
MmbZm XoU,o ehamVrb ~mOmanoR>mV§ , eoVH$ar ~mOmanoR>m {Z_m©U H$aUo. Aem {d{dY Cn`m§Mr A§_b~OmdUr
Ho$ë`mg J«m_rU ^mJmV amoOJma {Z{_©Vr hmoD$ eHo$b.
5) e¡j{UH$ gwYmaUm :-> ^maV XoemV {~«{Q>eH$mimnmgyZ MmbV Amboë`m e¡j{UH$ nÕVrV AZoH$
Xmof AmhoV. Amnë`mH$S>rb {ejU ho amoOJmam{^_wI, ñdmdb§~Z d H$m¡eë` {Z_m©U H$aUmao Zmhr Va Vo Ho$di
nXdr {Z_m©U H$aUmao Amho. ^maVmV AmOn`ªV ^maVr` g_mOmÀ`m JaOm§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z e¡j{UH$ à{H«$`m
am~{dbr Jobb o r Zmhr. `m {ejU nÕVrZo AmOn`ªV Ho$di ehar ^mJmVrb JaOm§Mm A{YH$ dmna Ho$bm. Ë`m
VwbZoV J«m_rU ^mJmMm \$magm {dMma Ho$bobm AmR>dV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio {ejUnÕVrVrb Xmof Xya H$ê$Z gwYmaUm
Ho$ë`m nm{hOoV. Ë`mgmR>r g§nyU© Xoem§V g_mO{ejU àUmbr am~{dUo, àmW{_H$ {ejU gŠVrMo H$aUo,
{ejUmV ñWm{ZH$ Jmoï>tZm àmYmÝ` XoUo, {dÚmÏ`m©Vrb H$m¡eë` emoYyZ Ë`mMm {dH$mg H$aUo, H$m¡eë`
{dH$mgmbm àmYmÝ` XoU,o CÀM{ejUmV g§emoYZ d {dH$mgmbm MmbZm XoU.o `m~amo~aM nma§nm[aH$ {ejUm~amo~aM
ì`dgm` {ejUmbm MmbZm XoUo, ñd`§amoOJmamgmR>r à{ejU H|$Ðom {Z_m©U H$aUo Aem {d{dY Cn`m§Mr
A§_b~OmdUr H$ê$Z e¡j{UH$ gwYmaUm Ho$ë`mg Hw$eb _Zwî`~imMr {Z{_©Vr hmoD$ eHo$b. `m_wio amoOJma d
ñd`§amoOJmamg ghH$m`© {_iob.
6) emgH$s` `moOZm d H$m`©H$« _ :-> AmOn`ªV {d{dY n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm§Ûmao Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg d
eoVr {dH$mg `m _mÜ`_mVyZ _moR>çm à_mUmV amoOJma {Z{_©VrgmR>r à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. `mV àm_w»`mZo H¥$fr
joÌmV Jw§VdUyH$ Cn^mo½` dñVy CËnmXZ CÚmoJm§Zm àmoËgmhZ, CÚmoJm§Mo J«m_rU ^mJmV {dH|$ÐrH$aU, J«m_rU

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CÚmoJm§Zm MmbZm, godmjoÌmMm {dH$mg Aem AZoH$ ~m~rda ^a XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho. `m{edm` Xm[aÐ` {Z_wb © Z
d amoOJma {Z{_©VrgmR>r H|$Ð d amÁ`gaH$mam§Zr doVZ AmYmarV amoOJma `moOZm CXm - amoOJma h_r `moOZm, amï´>r`
J«m_rU amoOJma `moOZm B. VgoM ñd`§amoOJma AmYmarV amoOJma `moOZm CXm - ñdU©-O`§Vr J«m_ ñdamoOJma
`moOZm, ñdU©-O`§Vr ehar amoOJma `moOZm B. Aem AZoH$ `moOZm am~{dë`m AmhoV. Ë`mMm AmT>mdm
nwT>rbà_mUo KoVm `oB©b.
(A) H|$Ð emgZmMo H$m`©H$« _ :>
{Z`moOZ H$mimV H|$Ð gaH$maZo amoOJma {Z{_©VrgmR>r {d{dY `moOZm d H$m`©H$« _ gwê$ Ho$bo. `m `moOZmgmRr
gaH$maH$Sy>Z 50 Q>ŠHo$ Vo 75 Q>ŠŠ`m§n`ªV AZwXmZ CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbo OmVo. H|$Ð nwañH¥$V `moOZm§Mr
A§_b~OmdUr amÁ`gaH$mam§H$Sy>Z Ho$br OmVo. `m `moOZm nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.
1. gm_m{OH$ {dH$mg àH$ën Am{U amï´>r` {dñVma godm.
2. àH${f©V H¥$fr {Oëhm H$m`©H$« _ (1960-61)
3. {Oëhm J«m_rU {dH$mg g§ñWm (1964)(1993)
4. Adf©U àdU joÌ H$m`©H$« _ (1923)
5. gr_m§V eoVH$ar Am{U eoV_Oya {dH$mgm `§ÌUm (1973-74)
6. S>mJ| ar joÌ {dH$mg H$m`©H$« _ (1971-72)
7. drg H$b_r H$m`©H$« _ (1975)
8. amï´>r` J«m_rU {dH$mg g§ñWm (1977)
9. J«m_rU Am¡Úmo{JH$aU d {Oëhm CÚmoJ H|$Ð (1977)
10. EH$mpË_H$ J«m_rU {dH$mg H$m`©H$« _ (1980-81)
11. J«m_rU `wdH$m§gmR>r ñd`§amoOJma à{ejU H$m`©H$« _ (15 Am°Jï> 1979)
12. J«m_rU joÌmVrb _{hbm d ~mb{dH$mg H$m`©H$« _ (1982)
13. B§{Xam Amdmg `moOZm (1985)
14. àYmZ_§Ìr J«m_ gS>H$ `moOZm (25 {S>g| 2000)
15. amï´>r` J«m_rU amoOJma h_r `moOZm (2 \o$~«dw mar2006)
`m `moOZm§~amo~aM AZoH$ amoOJma d ñd`§amoOJmamÀ`m `moOZm H|$ÐemgZmZo am~{dë`m AmhoV.

21
(~) amÁ` emgZmMo H$m`©H$« _ :>
_hmamï´> amÁ`mV amoOJma {Z{_©Vr d J«m_rU {dH$mgmgmR>r H|$Ð emgZmZo nwañH¥$V Ho$boë`m {d{dY `moOZm
am~{dë`m OmVmV. `m `moOZm§~amo~aM amÁ` emgZmZo amÁ`mVrb JaOm {dMmamV KodZy nwT>rb H$mhr `moOZm
am~{dë`m AmhoV.
1. amoOJma h_r `moOZm (3 E{àb 1975)
2. g§O` Jm§Yr ñdmdb§~Z `moOZm (2 Am°ŠQ>m~o a 1980)
3. Odmha {d{har H$m`©H$« _ (1 Am°ŠQ>m~o a 1980)
4. amoømo A§VJ©V \$i~mJ bmJdS> `moOZm (1 OyZ 1990)
5. gw{e{jV ~oamoOJmam§gmR>r drO ^m§S>db `moOZm
6. amoOJma d ñd`§amoOJma _mJ©Xe©Z H|$Ð
7) BVa Cnm` :>
~oamoOJmar {Z_wb
© ZmgmR>r darb {d{dY Cnm`m§~amo~aM Imbrb H$mhr _w>Úm§Mm {dMma hmoUo _hÎdmMo Amho.
1) H$O©, drO, nmUr, añVo Aem gmo`r CnbãY H$ê$Z nmM Vo nÝZmg hOma bmoH$g§»`oÀ`m N>mQo >çm ehamV CÚmoJ
dmT>rgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo.
2) O_rZ, ^m§S>db Aem CnbãY CËnmXZmÀ`m gmYZm§À`m VwbZoV l_mMr g§»`m dmT>V Joë`mZo l_{Z`moOZmg
àmYmÝ` XoUo _hÎdmMo Amho.
3) Cn^mo½` dñVwÀ§ `m CÚmoJmMm {dñVma Ho$ë`mg ^mddmT> H$_r hmodZy amoOJma {Z{_©Vr hmody eHo$b.
4) Á`m CÚmoJm§V gdm©{YH$ amoOJma {Z_m©U hmoBb
© Aem CÚmoJm§Zm H$a, H$O© BË`mXr~m~V gdbVr XoÊ`mMo YmoaU
ñdrH$mabo nm{hOo.
5) ñWm{ZH$ CÚmoJ d CÚmoOH$m§Zm gdbVr XoU.o
6) {ejUnÕVr hr Ho$di nwñVH$s kmZmn`ªV _`m©XrV Z R>do Vm, ì`dgm`m{^_wI {ejUnÕVrbm àmYmÝ`
Úmdo. `mgmR>r CÚmoJm§Zm Amdí`H$ AgUmao à{e{jV _Zwî`~i nwa{dÊ`mgmR>r {ejU g§ñWm d CÚmoJm§Zm nañna
gm_§Oñ` H$ama H$aÊ`mgmR>r àmoËgmhZ Úmdo.
7) J«m_rU ^mJmV añVo, aoëdo, nyb, emim ~m§YH$m_, eoVVir B. H$m_m§Zm àmYmÝ` XodZy amoOJma {Z{_©Vr
H$amdr.
darbà_mUo ~oamoOJmar {Z_wb
© ZmgmR>r {d{dY Cnm` `moOZm gm§JVm `oVrb. `m{edm` `mM àH$aUmVrb

22
Xm[aÐ` `m g_ñ`odarb amoOJma{df`H$ `moOZm§Mm {dMma H$aUoV `mdm. `m{edm` amÁ`KQ>ZVo rb H$b_ 39
Zwgma "H$m_mMm hŠH$' (Right to work) _mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. `mZwgma Ago _mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho
{H$, ~oamoOJmar Zmhrer H$aÊ`mgmR>r amÁ`mZo Ë`mÀ`m Am{W©H$ j_VoÀ`m d {dH$mgmÀ`m _`m©XVo amhÿZ H$m_mMm
hŠH$, {ejU `mÛmao gmd©O{ZH$ ghmæ`Vm àXmZ H$amdr.
ñd`§ AÜ``ZmgmRrMo àíZ - 3
1. ~oamoOJmarMo Cnm` gm§Jm?
2. ~oamoOJmarMo emgH$s` H$m`©H«$_ gm§Jm?
3.6 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX :
1) gd©H$f Xm[aÐ` :- emar[aH$ H$m`©j_Vm d _wb^yV Amamo½` {df`H$ JaOm§Mr nyVV© m H$aÊ`mgmR>r
gmYZgm_J«rMm A^md AgUo.
2) Xm[aÐçmMr g§ñH¥$Vr :- ì`ŠVrbm Amnbr Xm[aÐçmMr OrdZnÕVr ~Xbm`Mr ZgVo. Amho Ë`m
g§ñH¥$VrV OrdZ OJÊ`mbm àmYmÝ` {Xbo OmVo.
3) gmnoj Xm[aÐç :- EImÚm d[að> Am{W©H$ g_whmMm H${Zð> Am{W©H$ g_whmer VwbZm H$ê$Z lr_§Vr
AWdm Jar~r {Z{íMV H$aUo.
4) ~oamoOJmar :- ì`ŠVrV H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm d BÀN>m AgVo. Varhr {Vbm àM{bV doVZmda H$m_
{_iV Zmhr.
5) h§Jm_r Xm[aÐ` :- eoVr d BVa joÌmV Ho$di EH$m {d{eï> H$mimV H$m_ {_iUo d BVa doir Z
{_iUo.
3.7 gmam§e :
`m KQ>H$m§_Ü`o ^maVmVrb à_wI gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$ g_ñ`m åhUyZ Xm[aÐç d ~oamoOJmar `m XmoZ à_wI
g_ñ`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. Xm[aÐ` `m g§H$ënZoMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm Xm[aÐçmMr g§H$ënZm, AW©,
ì`m»`m, Xm[aÐçmMo àH$ma, Xm[aÐçmMr H$maUo d Cnm`-`moOZm§Mm {dMma H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. Xm[aÐçm_wio
g_mOmV gm_m{OH$ Amamo½` {dñH$irV hmodZy gm_m{OH$ {dKQ>Zmbm MmbZm {_iVo. Xm[aÐçm_wio ì`ŠVr d
g_mOmÀ`m {dH$mgmbm AS>Wim {Z_m©U hmoVmo. åhUyZ hm àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r ì`ŠVrJV gm_m{OH$ d
emgH$s` nmVirda gdmª{JU à`ËZ Pmë`mg Xm[aÐ` {Z_wb © Z hmodZy g_mOmMm {dH$mg eŠ` hmoVmo.
~oamoOJmar hr g_ñ`m XoIrb Am{W©H$ ì`dñWoer g§~{§ YV Amho. ~oamoOJmar Xm[aÐç d Am{W©H$ {df_Vobm
MmbZm XoV.o g_mOmV JwÝhoJmar, ì`gZm{YZVm, AmË_hË`m, ^«ï>mMma Aem AZoH$ g_ñ`m§Zm ~oamoOJmar MmbZm
XoV.o `m KQ>H$mV AmnU ~oamoOJmarMm AW©, ì`m»`m, H$maUo d ~oamoOJmardarb Cnm``moOZm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm

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Amho. gm_mÝ`nUo ~oamoOJmar H$Ë`m© bmoH$g§»`oer g§~§{YV AgVo. hr bmoH$g§»`m XoemV {dH$mgmVrb à_wI
_Zwî`~i åhUyZ H$m_ H$aVo. Aem bmoH$g§»`obmM Vo em[aarH$ d ~m¡ÕrH$ÑîQ>çm gj_ AgVmZm àM{bV
doVZXamV H$m_ {_iV Zmhr. Ë`mdoir ~oamoOJmar {Z_m©U hmoV.o hr ~oamoOJmar _mZ{gH$ d gm_m{OH$ Amamo½`
{dñH$irV H$ê$ eH$Vo. `mgmR>r emgZñVamda `mda Cnm`-`moOZm H$aÊ`mMm gmVË`mZo à`ËZ hmoV AmhoV.
3.8 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao :
3.4 Xm[aÐçmMr g_ñ`m :
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao - 1
CÎma - 1 - JmoS>mS>© - ""EH$ ì`ŠVr Am{U {VÀ`mda Adb§~Zy AgUmao BVa bmoH$ `m§Mo ñdmñÏ`, Amamo½`
d Ë`m§Mr H$m`©j_Vm {Q>H$dyZ R>do Ê`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m dñVwM§ m Anwam nwadR>m åhUOo Xm[aÐ` hmo`. ''
CÎma - 2 - Xm[aÐçaofo_wio AmnUmg Xm[aÐçmMo _moO_mn H$aVm `oVo d Aem Xm[aÐçaofoÀ`m ImbnmgyZ
Xm[aÐ`mMr gwadmV hmoVo d Ë`m aofÀo `mdaVr Xm[aÐçmMm eodQ> hmoVmo.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao - 2
CÎma - 1 - ì`ŠVr, Xm[aÐ`mMr g§ñH¥$Vr d g_mOaMZm hr Xm[aÐ`mMr ì`ŠVrJV H$maUo AmhoV.
CÎma - 2 - am_ AmhþOm `m§Zr Xm[aÐçmMr, Am{W©H$ H$maUo, bmoH$g§»`mË_H$ H$maUo d gm_m{OH$ H$maUo
gm§{JVbr AmhoV. Am{W©H$ H$maUm§V Anwam {dH$mg, dmT>Vr _hmJmB© d ^m§S>dbmMm A^md, Hw$eb _Zwî`~imMm
A^md, dmT>Vr ~oH$mar, nma§nm[aH$ eoVr ì`dgm` ho _wÔo gm§{JVbo AmhoV.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao - 3
CÎma $:- 1 - Xm[aÐç {Z_wb
© ZmMo AZoH$ emgH$s` Cnm` AmhoV. Ë`mMm g{dñVa AmT>mdm àH$aUmVrb `m
_wÚm§À`m AmYmao ¿`mdm.
CÎma :- 2 - BVa Cnm`mV bmoH$g§»`m {Z`§ÌU, H¥${fjoÌmMm {dH$mg, amoOJma g§Yr, A{^d¥ÎmrV ~Xb B. Mm
{dMma H$amdm bmJob.
3.5 ~oamoOJmarMr g_ñ`m :
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao - 1
CÎma - 1 - \o$Aa MmB©ëS> - _Owar H$aUmè`m gm_mÝ` dJm©À`m EH$m gXñ`mbm gm_mÝ` doimV, gm_mÝ`
doVZmda Am{U gm_mÝ` H$m_ H$aÊ`mÀ`m n[apñWVrV doVZ {_iUmè`m H$m_mnmgyZ A{ZÀN>Zo o doJio R>do bo OmVo
Voìhm Ë`mbm ~oamoOJmar Ago åhUVmV.

24
CÎma - 2 - Am§Vaamï´>r` l_ g§KQ>ZZo gw ma ""H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr BÀN>m d gm_Ï`© AgyZhr àM{bV doVZXamda H$m_
emoYV AgVmZm Á`m§Zmm H$m_ {_iV Zmhr Aem§Zm ~oamoOJma åhQ>bo OmVo.''
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao - 2
CÎma - 1 - bmoH$g§»`m dmT>, _mJmg eoVr, J«m_moÚmoJm§Mm èhmg, `§Ì d V§ÌkmZmË_H$ àJVr, CÚmoJ d
ì`dgm`mVrb MT>-CVma, {ejU ì`dñWoVrb Xmof, amOH$s` g§aMZm, ì`ŠVrJV KQ>H$ hr ~oamoOJmarMr H$maUo
AmhoV.
ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao - 3
CÎma - 1 - bmoH$g§»`m {Z`§ÌU, emídV Am{W©H$ {dH$mg, Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg, eoVr d eoVr-nyaH$
ì`dgm`m§Mm {dH$mg, e¡j{UH$ gwYmaUm ho ~oamoOJmarMo Cnm` AmhoV.
CÎma - 2 - ~oamoOJmargmR>r AZoH$ emgH$s` H$m`©H«$_ d `moOZm§Mm {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`mV H|$Ð d
amÁ`emgZmÀ`m H$m`©H$« _m§Mm g_mdoe Amho. g{dñVa CÎmamgmR>r àH$aUmVrb _wÔo nhmdoV.
3.9 gamd/J¥hnmR> (Exercise/Home Assignment) :
_hm{dÚmb`mÀ`m J«W§ mb`mVrb Xm[aÐ` d ~oamoOJmar g§~Y§ rÀ`m nwñVH$m§Mo dmMZ H$am. Amnbmm VmbwH$m,
Jm§d `oWrb Xm[aÐ` d ~oamoOJmar {Z_w©bZ H$m`©H«$_m§Mm AmT>mdm ¿`m.
3.10 qMVZ Am{U H¥$Vr (Reflection and Action) :

Vw_Mo Jmd, VmbwH$m d ehamVrb Xm[aÐ`mg§~§Yr H|$Ðmbm ^oQ> Úm. gaH$mar H$m`m©b`mV VmbwŠ`mVrb
~oamoOJmarMm AmT>mdm ¿`m. VmbwH$m/{Oëhm CÚmoJ H|$Ðo d gaH$mar ~±H$m§Zm ^oQ>r Úm.
3.11 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$> (Suggested Reading Books) :
1. Ahuja Ram : Social Problems in India, Rawat Publication Jaipur (2003)

2. Sharma. Ram Nath : Indian Social Problems, Media Promoters Bombay (1982)

3. Ghate P. : Direct Attack on Poverty, Concept Publishing New Delhi (1984)

4. Shankar Rao C.N. : Sociology Primary Principles, Chand & Co. Delhi (2004)

5. g_H$mbrZ ^maVmVrb gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m - àm. O`§V KmQ>Jo

6. ^maVmVrb gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m - àm. _mo{hVo, àm. H$m|S>Ho $a, \$S>H$o àH$meZ.
7. g_H$mbrZ ^maVmVrb gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m, gmiwI
§ o OÌmQ>H$a, _mê$iH$a - Za|Ð àH$meZ, nwU.o
8. e_m© Or. Eb. - gm_m{OH$ _wÔ,o amdV npãbHo$eZ, O`nya.

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9. ^Jobrdmb Q>r. EZ. - l_ AW©emñÌ Ed Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~Y§ , gm{hË` ^dZ, AmJ«m.
10. MìhmU EZ. Eb.- ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoMm {dH$mg-1 àem§V npãbHo$eZ, OiJm§d
11. agmi amO|Ð - ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm, gŠgog npãbHo$eZ, nwU.o
12. {eaJm§d,o JmoS>g,o gmiwI
§ ,o gmimoIo - ^maVmVrb gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m, {Zambr àH$meZ, nwU.o
13. AmJbmdo, àXrn - ^maVr` g_mO àíZ Am{U g_ñ`m, lr gmB©ZmW àH$meZ, ZmJnya.
14. _mê$iH$a, nmS>iH$a - ^maVmVrb gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m, \$S>H$o àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.

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