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Republic of the Philippines

PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Piccio Garden, Villamor, Pasay City

LEARNING MODULE 3

Subject : GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 (CHEM 111)

Department : General Education Department, Institute of Liberal Arts and Science

MASS RELATIONSHIPS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES
Learn and understand the concepts of chemistry in relation to the Air Transportation profession.
Apply their knowledge of general chemistry in analyzing the properties of different substances, and
their reactions.
Identify key chemistry concepts related to the specific field of Air Transportation.

TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES

Ability to calculate the atomic mass of an atom
Able to calculate the molar mass of a compound
Ability to calculate the percent composition of compounds
Identify the types of chemical reaction
Writing of chemical equation
Calculate the number/amount of reactants and product
Ability to Define the limiting reagent
Calculate the percent yield of reaction

MODULE LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this module the students should be able to:
Calculate the atomic mass of an atom
Calculate the molar mass of a compound
Calculate the percent composition of compounds
Identify the types of chemical reaction
Writing of chemical equation
Calculate the number/amount of reactants and product
Define the limiting reagent
Calculate the percent yield of reaction

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HONESTY CLAUSE
“The College takes a strict view of cheating in any form, deceptive fabrication, plagiarism and violation
of intellectual property and copyright laws. Any student who is found to have engaged in such misconduct
will be subject to disciplinary action by the College.”

________________________
Name and Signature

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TOPIC PAGE TIME ALLOTMENT
Atomic mass 2 15 minutes
Average atomic mass 2 15 minutes
Exercise 3.1 3 15 minutes
Molecular mass 3 30 minutes
Exercise 3.2 3 15 minutes
Percent Composition of Compounds 3 60 minutes
Exercise 3.3 4 20 minutes
Chemical reaction and Chemical Equation 4 60 minutes
Types of Chemical Reaction 5 30 minutes
Exercise 3.4 6 30 minutes
Limiting Reagents 7 30 minutes
Reaction yield 7 30 minutes

Atomic Mass
ATOMIC MASS
Sometimes calls as ATOMIC WEIGHT
Define as exactly equal mass to one-twelfth the mas of one CARBON-12 atom.

For example:
Hydrogen atom is 8.400 percent as massive as the carbon-12 atom. So, if one Carbon-12 is having a mass of exactly 12 amu.
Then, one Hydrogen atom must be 0.084x12.00 amu or 1.008 amu

Average Atomic Mass

AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS
Since elements can exist in various isotopic form then the average atomic mass is defined as the representative
atomic mass for that element.
This is the atomic mass indicated in our periodic table
It is calculated by adding the product of all isotopic atomic mass of an element and its abundance

For example:
Carbon has several know isotope in which carbo-12 and carbon-13 are the only stable in relevant significant amount in
nature. Thus, these two isotopes are the only ones considered in calculating the average atomic mass of carbon
Ave. atomic mass of C = (atomic mass of Carbon-12 X abundance of Carbon-12) + (Atomic mass of Carbon-13 X abundance
of Carbon-13)
= (12.00 amu x 0.9894) + (13.0034 amu x0.0107)
= 11.972 amu + 0.139 amu
= 12.011 amu or 12.01 amu Amount seen in periodic table

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Time Allotment
15 MINUTES
EXERCISE 3.1 Average atomic mass
Potassium has 3 know stable isotopes, Potassium-39, Potassium-40 and Potassium-41fine its average atomic mass based
on the table below

ATOMIC PERCENT SOLUTION HERE

ISOTOPE
MASS (AMU) ABUNDANCE

Potassium-39 38.9637 93.2581%

Potassium-40 39.9640 0.0117%

Potassium-41 40.9618 6.7302%

Molecular Mass
MOLECULAR MASS
Sometimes called as molecular weight
Sum of atomic masses (in amu) in a molecule

MOLAR MASS
Can be determine by multiplying the atomic mass of each element by the number of atoms of that element present
in the molecule
Molar mass (in GRAMS) is numerically equal to its Molecular mass (in amu)

For example:
The molecular mass of H2O is 2(atomic mass of H) + (atomic mass of O)

molecular mass of H2O = (2 x atomic mass of H) + (atomic mass of O)

Molecular mass of H2O = (2 x 1.008 amu) + (1 x 16.00 amu)
= 2.016 amu + 16 amu
= 18.016 amu or 18 amu

Since molecular mass is numerically equal to molar mass then the MOLAR MASS of 1 mole of H2O is 18.016 g or 18 g

Time Allotment

EXERCISE 3.2 Molecular mass and Molar mass 15 MINUTES

Calculate the molecular mass and molar mass of the following compound
1. FeSO4
2. C4H10O
3. BaCl2
4. SbCl5
5. CH3COOH

Percent Composition of Compounds

PERCENT COMPOSITION
Define as the percent express in mass of each element in a compound
Obtained by dividing 1 mole of the compound by the molar mass of the compound multiplied by 100
percent
n X molar mass of the element
Percent composition of an element = X 100%
Molar mass of the compound

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For example:
1 mole Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contains 2 moles of Hydrogen atoms and 2 moles of Oxygen atoms. Their
molar masses is as follow 34.02 g, 1.008 g, and 16.00 g, respectively. Therefore, the percent composition of
H2O2 is calculated as follows:

2 X 1.008 g
%H = X 100% = 5.926%
34.02 g

2 X 16.00 g
%O = X 100% = 94.06%
34.02 g

To check add the percent composition of each element and its answer must be equal to 100. Thus, 5.926% +
94.06% = 99.99 %

Note: The small discrepancy from 100 percent is due to the way we rounded off the molar masses of the elements.
Time Allotment

EXERCISE 3.3 Percent composition of Compounds

20 MINUTES
Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is a colorless, syrupy liquid used in detergents, fertilizers, toothpastes, and in carbonated
beverages for a “tangy” flavor. Calculate the percent composition by mass of H, P, and O in this compound.
Write your solution below

Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations

CHEMICAL REACTIONS
A scientific process in which substance or substances change into one or more NEW substance
Substances are chemically combined to produce new substances. Thus, the newly produced substance
cannot be reverted back to its original for by ordinary means.
Represented by standard use of chemical equation

EVIDENCE OF CHEMICAL REACTION

Change in color
Formation of bubbles or evolution of gas
Absorption of heat (warming, cooling, formation of flames or sparks
Produced precipitate (insoluble solids)
Change in odor

WRITING CHEMICAL EQUATION

New substances are always produced during chemical reaction. In which it is always represented by
using chemical equation
A chemical equation shows the nature of the reactants and product and its relative amount consumed
or produced in chemical reaction

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In chemical reaction, REACTANTS are always written in the left side of the arrow while PRODUCT is always
written on the right side of the arrow
REACTANTS PRODUCTS
For example:
Hydrogen gas (H2) combined with Oxygen gas (O2) will produced H2O or water.it is written in chemical
equation as

H2 + O2 H2O
Below are the symbols used in Chemical Equations

SYMBOLS USED IN CHEMICAL EQUATION

SYMBOL FUNCTION
Written between the symbols and/or formulas of
+ reactants and product
Separates reactants and products

(s) Indicates solid reactants or products

(l) Indicates liquid reactants or products

(g) Indicates gaseous reactants or products

Indicates that the reactants or products is in an
(aq) aqueous solution
Indicates that HEAT must be supplied to reactants
before reaction occurs
catalyst
The substance written above the arrow is a
catalyst or a solvent

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTION

Chemical reaction can be classified into Four basic types, each involving one or several reactants to for a
product
1. Synthesis or Combination Reaction
A type of reaction where two or more reactants COMBINE to form a SINGLE PRODUCTS

2. Decomposition or Analysis Reaction

this is the opposite of synthesis or combination reaction. The process involves only one reactant
that undergoes chemical reaction and yields two products. The product can be either the
constituent elements of the reactants or a simpler compound derived from the reactants.

3. Single Replacement or Substitution Reaction

This process is described where a MORE ACTIVE METAL or NON-METAL replaced a lesser active
element in a compound

4. Double Replacement or Metathesis Reaction

Occur when two ionic compounds exchange cations and anions with each other

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Time Allotment

EXERCISE 3.4 Types of Chemical Reaction

30 MINUTES

Identify the type of reaction used in the following equation.

___________________1. Na3PO4 + KOH → NaOH + K3PO4

___________________2. MgF2 + Li2CO3 → MgCO3 + LiF
___________________3. P4 + O2 → P2O3
___________________4. RbNO3 + BeF → Be(NO3)2 + RbF
___________________5. AgNO3 + Cu → Cu(NO3)2 + Ag
___________________6. CF4 + Br2 → CBr4 + F2
___________________7. HCN + CuSO4 → H2SO4 + Cu(CN)2
___________________8. GaF3 + Cs → CsF +Ga
___________________9. BaS + PtF2 → BaF2 + PtS
___________________10. N2 + H2 → NH3
___________________11. NaF + Br2 → NaBr + F2
___________________12. Pb(OH)2 + HCl → H2O + PbCl2
___________________13. AlBr3 + K2SO4 → KBr + Al2(SO4)3
___________________14. CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
___________________15. Na3PO4 + CaCl2 → NaCl + Ca3(PO4)2

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Reaction Yield
REACTION YIELD
Also known as THEORETICAL YIELD or 100% yield
Can be determined by knowing the amount of the limiting reagent present at the beginning of
the reaction.
It is the maximum obtainable yield predicted by a BALANCED EQUATION

ACTUAL YIELD
It is the actual amount or product obtained in the reaction.
It is always less than the theoretical yield

PERCENT YIELD
To determine the efficiency of a chemical reaction chemist used percent yield
Describes as the proportion of the actual yield to the theoretical yield.
It may range from a fraction of 1 percent to 100 percent
Can be affected by temperature and pressure
Expressed as:

actual yield
Percent yield = X 100%
theoretical yield

Limiting Reagents
LIMITING REAGENT
Reactants that consumed first in a reaction is called the limiting reagent
The maximum amount of product formed DEPENDS on oh how much this reactant was originally present.

EXCESS REAGENT
are the reactants present in quantities greater than necessary to react with the quantity of the limiting
reagent.

The concept of LIMITING REAGENT and EXCESS REAGENT can be explained to the relationship of men and women
in a dance contest. For example, there 14 men and only 9 women, the only 9 pairs of men and women can be
formed. Thus, the number of women LIMITS the number of men who can dance and there will be 5 men that is
EXCESS in the competition.

Reference
• Materials (Textbooks, References, Journals, Onlines)
• General Chemistry 8th Edition by: HOLTZCLAW ROBINSON
• Chang, R. (2010) Chemistry, 10th Ed. McGraw Hill
• Bayquen, A. and Pena,G , Exploring Life through Science series, General Chemistry 1

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