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c.._· ,nt ilh me ric or oligon1eri
c pr ote in. The bon· ,/ ··: Pt'P ti,,\4(!
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1norc J'-Olv1wP h ~ Ponsibjl:
. r f fogct (!T JO a l.__ '
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Jre ,c; 111,iJa r to t osc
J. 5. l ~ functions of Proteins ng-pr ote ins fou nd in
m on· Jy- oc cu rri. · • . nan.ire al 0
Table 3.3 lists so me of the com po rta nt functions of pr ote ins are as und er: ng
. . . So e of the im
-
,-v,th thc1r {un cti on s. m -
(i) They a re the major co ns ti tue
n ts of pr oto pla sm . .
tio n.
(ii) They are essential for cell div
isi on , gr ow th , re pa ir an ~ rep rod uc
t .
of the cells are e_xdus1vely made of pro e1r15
...) M-. tub Jnc an d niicrofiJaments
u \. . • • k
_
porting
,cr o
co ns tit ute the cy tos ele ton (or sup
7
(flt -
Besides oth er functions, the tw o
ma teria I) of the protopla sm· types uf protein fibres-
(iv) Co nn ec tiv e tis su e of an im
als is su pp orted by hv o
collagen an d eJa stin. nails, scQ lcs
(v) ln Jnimals, protein!> f orn1
ex terna l p rotec tive s tru ctu res lik e
'
etc.
hoofs, feathers, ho rn y layer of skin , le .
res of the mu scles Jre co n tracti
t
(vi) Myosin and act in pro -tein (ib lk reilcfions of
(vii) Many of th e proteins (or m
enzymL,s, \vhich con tro l the n1 eta bo
the ccJJs. ! "'-"Or kin g of
(viii) Nuclcoproteins pcrforn1 an
important h1nctton in controlH ng tht
DNA.
(ix) Rhodopsin or visual purpJt!
of Jn inl Jls is ;i co n1u g.1tc pr ot ein .
th t1 trans port o f .' ,ub ~t Jn cr s~ t'.X· ,
oxygen by
(x) Some pr ote ins tak e part in
ha emog lobin.
.
(xi) Re serve proteins pr ovide Jll
Hn o Jo d~ for g ro\ vl h J_nd rcp ,u r
molecules
(xii) Hun1an memory .is bt•Iicvcd
to occu r co de d in the form of protetn
present in brain cells .
t ibocf ies .
(xiii) Son1e proteins function as an
for reJc,'1 sc of
(xi v) In en1e~gency,_ pr~teins bre
ak do wn to prov ide orgJ nic ac ids
drJtcs an d fats ar e in sh ort su pp
ly.
energy 1~ respirati on, \-vhcn c,1rbohy
prote in aceo us in na tu ree.
(xv) Many anuna1 horn1on es are
y resist the chan ge in pf-I of th e cells.
(x~~) They act as buf.fers, since the , - . .- .
nt macromolecules which -
(xvu) They are n1ult1vaJe can carr} on a nurnber of
chen1ical reactions.
 0
I
O= P-0
I
H H 0 .
I I I .
Polar Head
H- C- -- C - CH 2
I' I
o· o
I I
C =O C =O
I
I I
I ---------------
R2 1
I Non-p olar Toils
R,
R1, Ri represent fatty acids.
X represents a polar group.
Fig. 3.6. General Structure of phosphoglycerides.
(6) Glyco lipids . They are those fats or lipids in whic h the termi nal hydro xyl
group of glycerol is attached to a sugar instead of fatty acid. They oc~ur
especially in the chloroplast membranes.
3.3.1. Function• of Fata and Lipid •
s
(1) They serve as food reserve in both plants and animals. Their oxida tion yield
energy for growth.
(it) They function as concentrated food because as comp ared to carbo hydr
ates,
they yield more than twice as much energ y per unit weig ht.
(iii) They function as--a protective comp onen t of the cell walls of bacte ria,
plan t
le~ves and skin of vertebrates.
-
(iv) In seeds -and spores, they help in therm al insul ation , prote ction from ultra
violet radiations, and loss of water .
 Ta bl e 3.1 . Co mt no nl y oc
. '3.1 S
- - - - - - - - - - -- - - - : . : = - : : ~ ~ . ·
CU Tn ng ph os ph og lyceri
de!,.'
~- 0
GE NE RA L CH II
ST RU CT UR E \ \H -c H 2 -0 -P -O -X
2

0 O \
\ \ 0
Rl R2
wh er e R~ an d }½ re pr es en t fatty ac ids ; an d
X lS on e of the fo llo wi ng po lar
gr ou ps :
X
Name of phosphoglyceride
-0 -C ~ -C 8 i- N 8 i
ph os ph ati dy l eth an ola mi ne
-0 -C I:½ ... :_ _c H -N C H
2 3 ph os ph ati dy l ch oli ne
-O -C H 2- C H -C O O H
2 ph os ph ati dy l ser ine
-0 -C i-½ -C H O H -C H
20H ph os ph ati dy l gly cer ol
(v) Vi tam in s A, D, E an
d K ar e so lub le in fats. Th ere
tra ns po rta bl e en er gy su pp ly fo re, the y fu nc tio n as a
. Th ey also pr ote ct the vit am
(v,) ln an im als , fat s fo rm ins fro m oxidation.
an ins ula tin g lay er be low the
\o w tem pe ra tu re . Th e \ay er sk in for pr ote cti on ag ain st
als o ro un ds -o ff the bo dy co nto
(vi,) In an im als , th e fats pr cx iuc ur s.
e a sh oc k ab so rb in g cu sh io
ki dn ey , an d ot he r v ita l or ga n ar ou nd ey e ba lls ,
ns .
(viii) Se ve ra l pl an t fat s ar e ed ib le
. So are an im al fats pr es en t in
(ix) mi lk.
Cu tin re du ce ep id er m al tra
ns pi rat ion .
(x) Su be rin pr ov id es str en gt h an
d im pe rm ea bi lit y to co rk ce
(xi ) W ax es fo rm a pr ot ec tiv e la lls.
ye r ov er the an im al fu r. Th ey
lea ve s of ac qu ati c pl an ts ag pr ot ec t the flo ati ng
ain st we tti ng . In lan d pl an ts,
the y re du ce the rat e
of tra ns pi ra tio n.
(xii) Th ey fu nc tio n as str
uc tu ra l components of memb
glycolipids an d ranes. Phospholipids,
sphingo--lipids are important co
nstituents of cell membranes.
(xiii) Dr yi ng oi ls ha vi ng
un sa tu ra te d fatty acids are em pl oy ed
in pa in t in