PERSONAL IDENTITY

IDENTIFICATION identification means establishment of individuality of a person

o COMPLETE IDENTIFICATION Complete identification means absolute fixation of individuality of a
person and Or Determination of the exact place in the community occupied by him.
o PARTIAL IDENTIFICATION Partial identification means ascertainment of only some facts about identity
and others remain still unknown .

Q 4) WHY IDENTIFICATION IS NECESSARY IN LIVING?

Identification is necessary of persons accused of any crime, such as murder, rape, assault,in absconding Soldiers, in
cases of inheritance or adults who have lost their memory
Q 5) WHY IDENTIFICATION IS NECESSARY IN DEAD?
Identification is important in cases of mutilated, decomposed or fragmentary remains of body such as in cases of
bomb explosions, fire, air crash, building collapse, railway accidents or bodies recovered from sea, rivers, canals,
wells etc
Q 6) WHAT ARE THE PARAMETERS OF IDENTIFICATION?
1. Race
2. Sex
3. Age
4. Complexion and features
5. Hair
• Anthropometry or Bertillon System.Bertillonage
• Dactylography or Galtons system of Finger prints. (Galtonage)
• Lucards system of poroscopy
• Potriat Parley System
6. lip prints
7. Foot prints
8. Deformities and birth marks
9. Scars
10. Tattoo marks
11. Occupational marks
12. Hand writing
13. Clothes, ornaments and articles in pocket
14. Speech, voice, accent and language
15. Gait
16. Manners and habit
17. Mental power, memory and education
18. Stature and weight
19. Teeth, dentures, filled cavities
20. Dr. Sirinivas method
21. Genetics
22. Miscellaneous data
7) WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO KNOW RACE IN DEAD BODIES?
If people of different races die in a common disaster e.g., aircrash, if we know the race we can dispose the dead body
according to its religion
Q 8) WHAT ARE THE VARIOUS METHODS OF DISPOSAL OF DEAD BODIES?
In Muslims the bodies are buried in coffine of white cloth in graves
In Christians the bodies are buried in wooden coffins in their grave yards
In Hindus the bodies are cremated ie burnt
In Parsies the bodies are placed over tower of silience

Q 9) WHAT IS CEPHALIC INDEX?

It is an index which gives the race of a person and is measured by
Maximum breadth of the skull measured transversely x 100
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum anterio posterior length of the skull

Q 10) WHAT IS DOLICO CEPHALIC OR LONG HEADED?

A skull is dolico cephalic or long headed when cephalic index ranges between 70 and 74.9 e.g. Negroes, Aborigines

Q 11) WHAT IS MESATICEPHALIC OR MEDIUM HEADED?

A skull is mesaticephalic when cephalic index ranges between 75 to 79.9 e.g. Europeans, Pakistanis, Chinese, Indians.

Q12) WHAT IS BRACHYCEPHALIC OR ROUND HEADED AND SUPER BRACHCEPHALIC?

When the cephalic index is 80 to 84.9 e.g. Mongols. And super brachycephalic when cephalic Index is 85 or more

Q 13) WHAT IS SADRA?

• It is a vest like under clothing made of muslim cloth and is worn by Parsies
Q 14) WHAT IS KUSTI?
• It is a sacred thread made of lamb’s wool and is worn around the waist over sadra in Parsies
THIS SYSTEM IS REPLACED BY FINGERPRINTING

Q 15) WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO ESTABLISH SEX POSITIVELY?

• For purpose of simple identification in a living or dead person
• For purpose of heirship, disposal of property, marriage, education, liability of army service.
• In cases of impotency, rape, legitimacy, divorce, paternity etc
• For determining whether an individual can exercise certain civil rights reserved to one sex only
EVIDENCE OF SEX
1. Presumptive evidence
2. Highly probable
3. Certain or definitive
Q 16) WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY PRESUMPTIVE EVIDENCE OF SEX?
• This is based upon the outward appearance of an individual such as features and genera contours of the face,
the presence and distribution of hair over the body e.g. in Males pubic hair are thick and extend upward
towards umbilicus while in females pubic hair are horizontal and cover pubic region only, other presumptive
evidences are shaving of beard, length of scalp hair, voice, clothes habits and manners

Q 17) WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY HIGHLY PROBABLE EVIDENCE OF SEX?

The possession of external sexual structures such as in females-developed breasts, appropriate distribution of hair,
muscular development, distribution of subcutaneous fat and vagina, while in males absence of breast tissue, general
male physical characteristics and penis

8) WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY CERTAIN OR DEFINITE EVIDENCE OF SEX?

• In males- presence of penis and testicles with emission of semen
• In females- presence of ovaries with periodic menstrual discharge

Methods of determination
• General appearance
• Sec sex characters
• Gonadal test
• Nucealr
• Mones especially in mutilated bodies

. SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERS: This is highly probable evidence of sex and in this aspect, we observe the
possession of external characters like
• Development of breast
• Development of vagina
• Distribution of hair
• Presence of male or female genitalia

GONADAL TEST:This includes the presence of:

• OVARIES IN CASES OF FEMALES • TESTICLES IN CASES OF MALES

Q 19) WHAT IS NUCLEAR SEXING?

A 19 To determine inter sex states, nuclear sexing is done by seeing presence or absence of condensed mass of
chromatin inside the nucleus of a cell known as BARR BODY, which is seen in females on only

Q 20) HOW WILL YOU DO NIUCLEAR SEXING IN LIVING?

We take scrapings from buccal mucosa and see for Barr bodies. If present the person is
chromatin +ve i.e female. If no Barr bodies are seen the person is chromation –ve i.e male
Q 22) HOW WILL YOU DO NUCLEAR SEXING IN DEAD BODIES?
In dead and putrefied bodies we take hair from scalp and on section of hair root we look for Barr
bodies

Q 21) WHAT IS A BARR BODY?

A 21) It is a nodule of chromation attached to the nuclear membrane of nucleus, in nucleated
cells of females
Q 23) WHAT ARE DAVIDSON BODIES?
In polymorphs (neutrophils) of female blood there are drum stick like projections from
the nucleus known as Davidson body. These Davidson bodies are absent in males

Q 24) WHAT IS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MALE AND FEAMLE BLOOD?

In females presence of Barr bodies and in polymorphs presence of Davidson bodies. These
are absent in males
Q 25) WHAT IS TURNERS SYNDROME?
• XO short stature, sexual infantilism, congenital anomalies
• External appearance is of females but ovaries do not develop. The nucleus sexing is
chromatin -ve i.e males

Q 26) WHAT IS KLEIN FELTERS SYNDROMEL?

• Person is externally a male but the testis fail to develop and nuclear sexing is if females i,e
Chromation +ve
• - XXY—small testes, gynecomastia, eunuchoidism

• True hermaphrodite - ext. & int.

genitalia may consist of both
sexes; development of both male
& female gonads in the same
individual
• Pseudo hermaphrodite - there is
lack of clear-cut differentiation of
ext. genitalia while int. genitalia
are isosexual

TEST OF SEX IN ADULTS:

o Possession of testis & emission of semen in males
o Possession of ovaries with periodic menstruation in cases of females
o Local examination regarding external genitalia
 o Gonadal test

Q 27) WHAT IS THE DIFFERNCE BETWEEN HIGRAS AND ZANANAS?

In higras sexual organs are castrated i,e that’s is penis and testicles are cut while in zananas sexual
organs are intact and they only dress and disguise themselves as females

Q 28) WHAT IS THE MEDICOLEGAL IMPORTANCE OF AGE?

A 28) 1. As an aid to identification
2. Criminal responsibility ie liability for punishment
3. Marriage contract
4. Kidnapping
5. Sexual offences such as rape etc
6. Attainment of majority
7. Competency as a witness
8. Eligibility for employment
9. Judicial punishment
10. Infanticide
11. Criminal abortion
12. In making valid will
13. As regards capacity for procreation e.g. impotency, legitimacy
14. Regarding recruitment for army services

Q 29) NAME THE IMPORTANT MEDICOLEGAL AGES?

A 29) 1. Below 7 months of intro uterine life-criminal abortion
2. 7 months of intra uterine life foetus is viable
3. 7 months of intra uterine life- 1 year after birth infanticide
4. 7 years exempted from criminal responsibility except under section 140 of railways act
5. 7-12 years maturity of understanding the nature and consequences of act on a particular
occasion are taken for granted by law
6. 13 years – sexual intercourse with wife if she is under 13 years of age is rape
• .14 years-age of kidnapping a male if under 14 years -Age of consent for sexual intercourse by a
female person can work in factory under certain conditions that is not more than 8 hours a day
and not between 7 p.m. to 6 a.m.
8. 15 years- age for entering army as cadet
9. 16 years- age of kidnapping for females age for civil marriage in females
10. 17 years- person cannot work in coal mines
11. 18 years- Adult (attainment of minority) age for civil marriage in males, Age for casting vote
in National and Provincial elections

12. 21 years- Adult, if under supervision of a guardian appointed by the court of law.
Age for casting vote in national and provincial elections
13. 25 years- maximum age for entering government service can stand in national or provincial
elections as a candidate
14. 30 years- maximum age for entering government service as doctors
15. 45 years- age of menopause in females. Exempted from the punishment of whipping
16. 60 years- Age of retirement from government service

Q 30) WHAT ARE THE VARIOUS METHODS OF ESTIMATON OF AGE?

A 30) a) General examination
b) Forensic odontology
c) Radiology
FORESNIC ODONTOLOGY By seeing number of teeth and knowing their period of eruption
help in estimation of age Deals with application of dental knowledge in the administration of law
and justice.
➢ In human beings the teeth are replaced only one time. Deciduous teeth are replaced by
permanent teeth.
PHYODONTY Study of eruption of teeth i.e. process of dentition is known as phyodonty
MONOPHYODONTY Single dentition e.g. rats
DIPHYODONTY Two dentitions, almost diagnostic of all mammals except rats
➢ Diphyodont is the term applied to such a specie in which teeth get replaced once or there
are two set throughout their life.
POLYPHYODONTY Many dentitions e.g. non mammalian vertebrates

PARTS OF TEETH A tooth consists of three parts;

• Crown- projecting above the gum
• Root- embedded in the jaw
• Neck- connecting the crown and the root ,surrounded by gum

STRUCTURAL COMPOSITION
1. Pulp
2. Dentine
3. Enamel
4. Cementum
5. Periodontal memberane
TYPES AND CLASSIFICATION Can be categorized as;
1. Incisors – central, lateral
2. Canine
3. Premolars
4. Molars
HOW MANY TYPES OF TEETH ARE SEEN IN HUMAN BEINGS?
o Temporary or milk teeth
o Permanent teeth
Can even be classified according to their cusps:
1. Unicuspid –incisors and canines
1. Bicuspid –premolar
1. Tricuspid –molars

TOOTH SURFACE NOMENCLATURE

Each tooth presents 5 surfaces which are termed as follows:
1. Occlusal surface –surface in contact with the opposite tooth or the chewing surface.
2. Mesial surface –surface directed towards midline
3. Distal surface –is the surface that faces away from midline
4. Buccal or labial surface –is the surface facing cheek or lips
5. Lingual surface – is the surface facing towards tongue
DETERMINATION OF AGE
• ? Deciduous / permanent
• ? Depend upon tooth development
FACTORS
• ? Extent of its eruption
• ? Root development
• ? General condition
• ? Two period
• ? Prenatal period
• ? Postnatal period
EXAMINATION OF TEETH
o ? Period of mixed dentition is 6 to 12 or 13 years
o ? Permanent teeth erupt first in lower jaw
o ? Eruption of third molar is 17 to 25 years.
After eruption of 2nd molar the mandibular ramus extends backward to make space
for eruption of third molar. Initially the space is small known as half space (14-
15yrs) and later its known as full space (15-17yrs).
o In some individuals eruption of third molar may be delayed while its also possible
that they may not erupt at all
o ? The X-ray or more preferably OPG of the jaw shows developmental status of un-
erupted tooth and the degree of its calcification.
o ? A tooth erupts in an oral cavity only when there is half root formation within the
jaw.
o ? Teeth develop earlier in females as compared to males.

PRENATAL PERIOD
o ? Calcification starts from 5th month of I.U. phase
o ? Tips of incisors, canine, molars
POSTNATAL PERIOD
o ? Primary / Milk/ Deciduous / Temporary
o ? Secondary / Permanent

Q 39) AT WHAT AGES TEMPORARY TEETH FALL?

• Central incisors -- at 4 year
th

o Lateral incisors -- at 5 year

th

o First molars -- at 6 year

th

o Second molars -- at 7 year th

 o Canine -- at 8 year
th

Q 38) WHAT IS SEQUENCE OF ERUPTION OF TEMPORARY TEETH?

Temporary teeth are 20 in number and each half of the jaw contains 2 Incisors, 1 Canine 2 Molars.
Sequence of eruption of temporary teeth is:
Central incisors • Upper 7-9 months
• Lower 6-8 months

Lateral incisors • Upper 9 months

• Lower 10 months

Canine • 18 months

Molar • First molars – 12 months

• Second molars— 2 years months

Q 40) WHAT IS THE ERUPTION PERIOD OF PERMANENT TEETH?

Permanent teeth are 32 in number and each half of the jaw contains 2 Incisors, 1 Canine, 2
Premolars and 3 Molars.
Sequence of eruption of permanent teeth is:
• First molars -- at 6 year
th
 • Central incisors -- at 7 year
th

• Lateral incisors -- at 8 year

th

• First premolars (bicpsid ) -- at 9 year

th

• Second premolars -- at 10 year

th

• Canine -- at 11 year th

• Second molars -- at 12-14 years

• Third molars -- at 17-25 years
(wisdom teeth)

Q 44) WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT

TEETH?
TEMPORARY TEETH PERMANENT TEETH
• 20innumber. 32 in number.
• Neck more constricted. Neck less constricted
• Roots of molars are smaller and more Roots of molars are bigger and less divergent.
divergent
• Edges are serrated Edges are not serrated
• No temporary premolars Premolars present
• Temporary incisors are The permanent incisors inclined forward slightly.
vertical
• There is a thick ridge at junction of crowns No thick ridge at the junction of crowns and fangs
AND fangs.
• The crowns of temporary teeth are china The crowns of permanent teeth are ivory white in
white in colour colour
• Anterior teeth vertical Ant teeth usually inclined and somewhat forward

Q 41) BESIDES SEEING TEETH, WHAT ELSE WILL YOU SEE IN THE GUMS?
We will put our little finger behind to see the space for the third molar
Q 42) WHAT IS OVERBITE AND CROSSBITE?
In overbite incisors of the upper jaw are protruding forward and overlapping lower Incisors.
In crossbite lower incisors are protruding forward.
Q 43) WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TEETH BITE AND FROST BITE ?
Teeth bite is a patterned or imprint abrasion while frost bite is injury due to exposure to Excessive
cold.
Q 45) WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY HUTCHISONS TEETH?
A 45) Notched and stunted upper central incisors of inherited syphilis are known as Hutchisons
Teeth and are always permanent.
ESTIMATION OF AGE DURING EXTRA-UTERINE LIFE
■ Functional changes occur in circulation—1-2 days
■ Ductus arteriosus closes----------------------1-2 weeks
■ Foramen ovale closes--------------------------1-3 months
■ Foetal Hb changes to adultHb---------------up to 6 months
■ Changes in umbilical cord (sloughs off)---10 days

AREAS OF STUDY
1. GENERAL APPEARANCE
a. ht & wt relationship
b. puberty changes
c. senile changes
2. BONES
3. TEETH

HT. & WT. RELATIONSHIP It is not very reliable method, certain scales are present to calculateit
❑ Birth weight = 6-8 lbs.
❑ After 6 months = double the wt. at birth
❑ After 12 months = 3 times wt. at birth
❑ After 1 year the increase in ht. & wt. are not regular or reliable

PUBERTY CHANGES:The secondary sexual characters appear at 13-14 years. The changes are:
❑ Change of voice
❑ Change in hair distribution
❑ Appearance of pubic & axillary hair
❑ Onset of menstruation
❑ Distribution of fat

SENILE CHANGES:
❑ Wrinkling of skin occurs
❑ Archus senalis appears around cornea after 40 years
❑ Cataract appears usually after 40 years
❑ Baldness & graying of scalp hair occurs after 40 years
❑ Menstrual cycle stops at 45-50 years & atrophy of uterus occurs
❑ Brown atrophy of heart occurs after 60 years
❑ Costal & laryngeal cartilages ossifies after 40 years

Bones
• In decomposed bodies the sex determination is a problem.
• In early stages of putrefaction the non-gravid uterus & prostate,
because of their higher fibromuscular content are helpful in sex
determination as they are last to putrefy.
• In decomposed bodies, examination of bones provides the best guide.
• Sexual differences at puberty are marked in pelvic bones; skull;
sternum; long bones; mandible.
• Pelvic bones are helpful even in infancy.

METHODS OF EXAMINATION
OBJECTIVE METHOD
■ Increase in length of long bones is directly proportional to increase in height up to 20-
25 years. Femur is the preferred bone. Maximum length of femur is taken without its
epiphysis and then compared with standard graphs prepared and thus age is estimated.
SUBJECTIVE METHOD
■ It means examination of bones itself. It is the most reliable source during PRE & POST
NATAL life. This examination depends upon:
1) Period of appearance of ossification centres (primary) and extent of development
2) Period of appearance of sec. ossification centres with each other
3) Degenerative changes in the bones like osteoporotic changes & lipping of joints etc.

■ The order of time regarding these changes is good guide to determine the age of individual
■ The age estimation from skeleton depends upon:
a) Inspection of bones
b) Dissection of bones
c) Radiological examination
First 2 methods help in age estimation in cases of remains of dead body where as 3rd method
helps in age estimation of living.

Examination is done by studying the morphological features of the bone as follows:

• General Features-male bones are rough & rigid having prominent muscular ridges, thick in
consistency, large & prominent.
• Special Features-these are as follows;

Q 58) WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BEWEEN THE MALE AND FEMALE SKULL?
A 58) MALE
1. Bigger, heavier and much more rugged.
2. Cranial capacity almost 10 % more.
3. Frontal sinuses more developed.
4. Fronto-nasal angulation distinct.
marked.
5. Glabella, supra orbital ridges, zygomatic
zygomatic arch, mastoid process, occipital
protuberance protuberance, occipital condyles, and
attachments muscle attachments more pronounced
6. Orbital opening comparatively small
and and rounded.
7. Facial bones are massive and not delicate
in in texture.
FEMALE
Smaller, lighter and much less rugged.
Cranial capacity almost 10% less.
Frontal sinuses less developed.
Fronto-nasal angulation not well
Glabella, supra orbital ridges,
arch, mastoid process, occipital
occipital condyles and muscle
less pronounced.
Orbital opening comparatively large
rectangular.
Facial bones less massive and delicate
texture.

Except the difference in frontal sinus and fronto nasal angulation, most of the differences
can only be assessed by a skilled anatomist.
Q59) WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE MANDIBLE?
A 59) MALE FEMALE
1. Lower jaw more massive. Lower jaw less massive.
 2. Chin( symphysis menti) square
round
3. Symphyseal height more.
4. Ramus more broad.
5. Angle region everted.
Q 57) WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A MALE AND A FEMALE PELVIS?
A 57) PELVIS:-
1. Bony framework massive
2. Deep and narrow.
3. Ilium less expanded and hence walls
are not splayed.
4. Anterior superior iliac spines
not widely separated.
5. Pubic symphasis bigger.
6. Pubic arch narrow , not more than
about 70 degrees and hence less
distance between ischia.
7. Ischial tuberosities inverted.
8. Obturator foramina ovoid.
9. Greater sciatic notch narrow.
• Preauricular sulcus narrow , shallow
and without marked edges .
11. Sacrum long and narrow and promont
-ory well marked
12. The curve of sacrum is more or less equal sacrum practically straight in the first three
Chin (symphysis menti) small and
Symphseal height less.
Ramus less broad.
Angle region not everted.
Bony framework less massive.
Shallow and wide.
Ilium more expanded and hence
walls are splayed.
Anterior superior iliac spines
widely separated.
Pubic symphysis smaller.
Pubic area wide ,practically
right angled and hence increased
between ischia.
Ischail tuberosities everted.
Obturator foramina triangular.
Greater sciatic notch almost a
right angle or even greater
Preauricular sulcus broad and
deep in parous women.
sacrum wide and short, and promontory
well marked
 over the entire length.
point
vertebra.
13. Articular surface of sacrum extends
to 2 ½ to 3 vertebral bodies
14. Acetabula wider and deeper
segments, the curve being confined to a
below the centre of the 3 rd
sacral
Articular surface of sacrum
extends to 2 to 2 ½ vertebral bodies.
Acetabula narrower and shallower.
Q 84) WHAT IS MULTIPLICATION FACTOR?
A 84) It is a factor which is specific for individual bone. If we multiply length of a bone with its
multiplication factor, we will get the height of the skeleton.

Q 85) MENTION MULTIPLICATION FACTORS OF SOME IMPORTANT BONES?

A 85) Humerus -- 5.3
Radius -- 6.3
Ulna -- 6.0
Femur -- 3.6
Tibia -- 4.2
Fibula -- 4.4
Clavicle -- 11.2

Q 86) HOW WILL YOU KNOW HEIGHT OF A PERSON IF ONLY ONE FEMUR IS
AVAILABLE?
A 86) We will place the femur in its anatomical position and measure its length, which is
multiplied by Its multiplication factor which is 3.6 . this will give height of the skeleton. To this
we add 1-1.5” For soft tissues of scalp and sole. This will give us actual height of the person.

The sec. sex characters appear one year earlier in females

Q 46) HOW DOES RADIOLOGY HELP US IN ESTIMATION OF AGE?
We see for union or non union of epiphysis and diaphysis of long bones and if we know the Period
of union we can draw inference regarding age.

Q 47) WHICH IS THE LAST CARPAL BONE TO APPEAR AND AT WHAT AGE?
Pisiform bone at the age of 7-12 years.

Q 48) WHAT IS CARPAL BONE FORMULA FORESTIMATION OF AGE?

A 48) Before appearance of pisiform bone, number of carpal bones is equal to number of years
of this formula is valid upto 6 years of age only.

Q 49) GIVE PERIOD OF UNION OF IMPORTANT BONES FOR ESTIMATION OF AGE?

A 49) a) Humerus -- Lateral epicondyle unites between 13-14 years
-- Medial epicondyle unites between 14 – 14 ½ years.
b) Radius -- Upper end 14- 15 years
Lower end 16-17 years
c) Ulna -- Upper end 14-15 years
Lower end 16-17 years
d) Clavicle -- Lateral end 18-20 years
Medial end 21-22 years
1. Iliac crest of -- 17- 19 years in female
Pubic bone 18 -21 years in male
f) Femur -- Head with neck 15 ½ – 17 years
Greater and lesser trochanters 16-17 years
Lower end 16 ½ – 17 ½ years
g) Tibia -- Upper end 16 ½ - 17 ½ years.
-- Lower end 16 ½ - 17 ½ years.
h) Fibula -- Upper end. 16 ½ - 17 ½ years.
Lower end. 17 ½ - 18 ½ years.
i) Sternum. Manubrium sterni Unites with body
of sternum 25 years.
Body of sternum units with xiphoid
Process. 40 years.
j) Skull Most of skull sutures unite by 40 years.
Parietal suture. 60years or more.

Q 50) WHEN DOES PUBIC SYMPHYSIS OSSIFY? It never ossifies.

Q 51) WHEN DOES CENTRE OF OSSIGICATION APPEAR IN CALCANEUM?

A 51) 5 month of Intra uterine life.
th

Q 52) WHEN DOES CENTRE OF OSSIFICATION APPEAR IN TALUS?

A 52) 7 month of intra uterine life.
th

Q 53) WHEN DOES THE CENTRE OF OSSIFICATION APPEAR IN LOWER END OF

FEMUR?
A 53) 9 months of Intra uterine life.

Q 54) WHEN DOES THE CENTRE OF OSSIFICATION APPEAR IN UPPER END OF

TIBIA?
A 54) 8 month of intra uterine life.
th

Q 55) WHEN DOES CENTRE OF OSSIFICATION APPEAR IN PATELLA?

A 55) It never appears.

Q 56) WHEN DO CENTRES OF ODDIFICATION APPEAR IN STERNUM?

A 56) Manibrium sterni in – 4 -5 month of Intrauterine life.
th th

1 Segment of body- 5 month of intrauterine life.

st th

2 Segment of body- 6 month of Intrauterine life.

nd th

3 Segment of body- 7 month of Intrauterine life.

rd th

4 Segment of body- 8 month of Intrauterine life.

th th

Q 60) CAN YOU ESTIMATE TIME SINCE DEATH FROM BONES?

This is extremely difficult. Knight made a valuable study of the problem. He found that
all Bones less than fifty years old showed a nitrogen content of more than 3.5 gm percent. If
by Using thin layer chromatography, less than seven amino acids could be demonstrated, the
Bones were probably more than 100 years old. The precipitin test appears to be for about 10
Years. Positive benzedine test could persist for about 150 years. Ultra violet fluorescence
of Freshly cut limb bones persisted throughout the bone upto a period of 100 years.

Q 61) WHAT IS KIDNAPPING?

A 61) Under sec 361 PPC, kidnapping consists of taking any minor under 14 years of age if a
male Consent of the guardian.

Q 62) WHAT IS ABDUCTION?

A 62) Under sec 362 PPC, abduction is defined as ‘ if a person compels another person by force
or any deceitful means to go from one place to another is guilty of abduction.’

Q 63) AT WHAT AGE CAN A MALE AND FEMALE GET MARRIED IN THE COURT OF
LAW?
A 63) A male above 18 years and a female above 16 years can do marriage but if a person is
under supervision of a legal guardian appointed by court of law then he or she cannot do
civil Marriage in court before 21 years of age.

Q 64) WHY IN KIDNAPPING AGE OF FEMALE IS MORE THAN MALE?

A 64) It is believed that males mature mentally much earlier than females as males move in
society more as compared to females who most of the time remain indoors (in houses).

Q 65) WHY IN CIVIL MARRIAGE AGE OF MALE IS MORE THAN FEMALE?

A 65) A male is declared adult after 18 years of age and at this age he can get employment and
in our society as male is considered to be the earning member, so age of male is more than female
for court marriage in court of law.

Q 66) CAN A MALE AND A FEMALE DO MARRIAGE BEFORE THE AGES OF

18 YEARS RESPECTIVELY?
Yes with consent of their parents or legal guardians .

Q 67) CAN A CHILD OF 14 YEARS WORK IN A FACTORY ?

A 67) Yes, but under certain conditions i.e.
1. He will not work for more than 8 hours a day.
2. He will not work between 7 pm to 6 am due to the fact as he is a teenager, some old
factory worker may commit some unnatural sexual offence such as sodomy on him.

Q 68) WHEN SEXUAL INTERCOURSE BETWEEN WIFE AND HUSBAND RAPE?

Sexual intercourse between husband and wife is rape if age of wife is below 13 years.

Q 69) WHAT IS THE SUREST METHOD OF IDENTIFICATION?

Galtonage or dactylography i.e. finger prints.

Q 70) WHAT ARE VARIOUS PATTERNS IN FINGER PRINTS?

A 70) 1. Arches 5 %
2. Loops 60%
3. Whorls 35%
4. Composites 35%

Q 71) WHAT ARE ARCHES?

A 71) In arches ridges run from one side to other without making a back turn.

Q 72) WHAT ARE TENTED ARCHES?

A 72) Some times arches converge and by an upward thrust in the middle, look like a tent.

Q 73) WHAT ARE LOOPS?

A 73) Loops are pocket formations due to downward slope of papillary ridges.

Q 74) WHAT ARE RADIAL LOOPS?

A 74) When downward slope of the loop is toward the thumb.

Q 75) WHAT ARE ULNAR LOOPS?

A 75) When downward slope of the loop is toward the little finger.

Q 76) WHAT IS A WHORL?

A 76) Whorl means circular formation by papillary ridges.

Q 77) WHAT IS A RECURRENT WHORL?

A 77) When ridges make one circle in one direction and other in the opposite direction.
Q 78) WHAT ARE PROPERTIES OF AN IDEAL WHORL?
A 78) An ideal whorl has three properties:
1. central core
2. intersecting ridges
3. two deltas which fall in same plane when a straight line is drawn.

Q 79) WHAT IS A COMPOSITE?

A 79) When all the different patterns i.e. arches, loops and whorls are found in the same print.

Q 80) WHAT ARE VARIOUS METHODS FOR TAKING FINGER PRINTS?

A 80) There are 2 methods:
1. Plain impressions
2. Rolled impressions

Q 81) WHY WE TAKE IMPRESSION OF LEFT THUMB IN MALES AND RIGHT THUMB IN FEMALES?
A 81) As most of the people are right handed, in males as right hand is working hand, it may contain sweat, mud,
grease or any other contaminant, so we take impression of left thumb. In females who are busy in housework specially
in kitchens they hold knife in right hand so there are chances to leave scars on left thumb, so we take impression of
right hand’s thumb in females.

Q 82) WHAT IS POROSCOPY OR LUCARD’S SYSTEM OF IDENTIFICATION?

A 82) The papillary ridges on pulp of finger and thumb are studded with small, circular openings position in different
individuals. This is helpful when small fragments of portion of the skin of the hand is available as highly mutilated
bodies or in fragmentary remains of the body.

Q 83) WHAT IS BERTILLONAGE OR BERTILLON’S SYSTEM OF IDENTIFICATION?

A 83) It is named after its inventor Sir M. Alphonse Bertillon. It is based on the principle that after 21 years of age,
no change occurs in bony dimensions, and ratio of different parts of the body
vary in different individuals. It consist of taking measurement of different parts of the body such
as length of right ear, length of person while standing, length of outstretched hands, length of left
sole etc and the individual is classified by making these entries on a card. But as the system
requires a lot of measurements so chances of error are more.

Q 87) WHAT IS POTRIAT PARLEY SYSTEM OF IDENTIFICATION?

A 87) In this system photographs of the front view and side view of the face are taken of internationally famous
criminals and supplied to every international airport and seaport, so that the criminal can not escape from one country
to another.

Q 88) WHAT IS THE MEDICOLEGAL IMPORTANCE OF FOOTPRINTS?

A 88) 1. Detection of crime by shoe prints left at the scene of the crime
2. In hospitals footprints of newly born child are taken to prevent exchange of children.
3. Nowadays foot impressions of air force personnels are taken because during aircrash, pilot due to wearing
thick rubber shoes, the feet are preserved even when the body is mutilated.
So foot prints will help to identify the pilot of the air craft.

Q 89) WHAT IS MEDICOLEGAL IMPORTANCE OF LIP PRINTS?

1. Trace evidence over cup of tea, glass of water, cigarette, over clothes lipstick marks etc
2. In air force as pilot wears mouth gear covering lips so in air crashes lips are preserved and lip prints can
help in identification. This system is now adopted by all modern air forces.

Q 90) NAME SOME DEFORMITIES WHICH HELP IN IDENTIFICATION?

A 90) Congenital deformities such as Hare lip, cleft palate, extra fingers or toes, birth marks, moles and webbed
fingers. Acquired deformities such as amputation, mal united or non united Fracture, scars, marks of operation etc.
Q 91) WHAT IS A SCAR?
A 91) A scar is a fibrous tissue covered by epithelium as a result of healing process of a wound or injury in which
there has been a breech in the continuity of skin. Scar is devoid of hair follicles, pigments or sweat glands but is very
slightly vascular due to presence of few capillaries.

Q 92) WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A SURGICAL SCAR AND HOMICIDAL SCAR?
A 92) A surgical scar is linear, clean cut and present over specific anatomical site of operation while A homicidal
scar is large and may be present over any part of the body.

Q93) WHAT IS CORPUS DELICTI?

A93) Physical evidence of body of offence such as dead body , blood stains etc .