JOHOR MATRICULATION

COLLEGE CHEMISTRY UNIT

PRACTICAL REPORT
CODE AND NAME OF COURSE SK015 – CHEMISTRY 1
SEMESTER 1
CLO 2: Demonstrate the correct techniques in handling laboratory
apparatus and chemicals when carrying out experiments.
COURSE LEARNING
(P3, PLO 2, MQF LOD 2)
OUTCOMES CLO 3: Solve chemistry related problems by applying basic
concepts and principles in physical chemistry.
(C4, PLO 4, CTPS 3, MQF LOD 6)

LEARNING OUTCOMES

STUDENT’S NAME VESHAL A/L RAMESH

MATRIC NO. MS2116116194

DATE OF EXPERIMENT 22 NOVEMBER 2021

LECTURER’S NAME NUR DEENA BINTI KHALID

SESSION 2021/ 2022

I understand that Lab Reports are individual efforts. Despite conducting experiments and
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shared files (data, tables, text, graphs etc) with another student. This lab report is my own work.

Signature: ………………………………………..

Date: 22 NOVEMBER 2021

LAB REPORT: EXPERIMENT 6 pH MEASUREMENT AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Title
pH MEASUREMENT AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Objective
1.

2.

Introduction
pH is a measure of acidity or basicity of a solution. pH is
defined as the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration, [H+].
pH = -log [H+]....................(1)

The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 . At 25°C, a neutral solution has a pH of 7. An

acidic solution has a pH of less than 7 while a basic solution has a pH greater
than 7.

There are two methods to determine pH in the laboratory. The first method
involves the use of indicators such as pH paper and the universal indicator. The
second method is using the pH meter .

Acids or bases which ionise completely are called strong acids or strong base. An
example of a strong acid is HCl and a strong base is NaOH. Weak acids and weak
bases do not ionise completely . An example of a weak acid is acetic acid,
CH3COOH, and that of a weak base is ammonia, NH3. Consider the ionisation of
a weak acid, HA.

HA(aq) ⇌ H+(aq) + A-(aq) ......................................(2)

The equilibrium constant expression for the above reaction is written as:

Ka = [H+] [A-] .............................(3)

[HA]
where [H+], [A-] and [HA] represent the molar concentrations of species that exist
at equilibrium. Ka is the dissociation constant for acid HA. A similar expression
of Kb can be written for weak bases.

One of the methods to determine Ka is by adding a weak acid solution to its

conjugated base solution. The product of this process is an acidic buffer solution.
 solution. The conjugated base is obtained from the salt produced using the titration
method.

Procedure (A) Determination of pH of acidic and basic solutions

(B) Determination of pH of salt solutions
 (C) Determination of the dissociation constant of a weak acid, Ka

Results
(A) Determination of pH of acidic and basic solutions
Solution Concentration
(M)
Indicator
pH pH Methyl Alizarin Methyl
paper meter red yellow orange
HCl 0.01
1.0
CH3COOH 0.1
1.0
NaOH 0.1
1.0
NH3 0.1
1.0

(B) Determination of pH of salt solutions

Salt solution pH paper Universal Acidity
indicator
0.1M NaCl Neutral
0.1M CH3COONa Base
0.1M NH4NO3 Acid
 (C) Determination of the dissociation constant of a weak acid, Ka
Final burette reading/ mL
Initial burette reading/ mL
Volume of NaOH used/ mL

pH of mixture (buffer solution) obtained =

Discussion can be measured using pH meter, pH paper and indicators.

is neutral solution because Na+ and Cl- do not undergoes hydrolysis.
is basic solution because CH3COO- undergoes hydrolysis to form OH-.
+ +
is acidic solution because NH4 hydrolyses to form H3O .
The dissociation constant of a weak acid, Ka is based on the calculation below.
Calculation Part (C) Determination of the dissociation constant of a weak acid, Ka
pH of buffer solution =
From steps (1) and (2), 25 mL of 0.1 M CH3COOH used to react with 12.30mL of
0.2M NaOH to form CH3COONa and H2O
CH3COOH (aq) + NaOH (aq) → +
𝑀𝑉
Base on equation above, n CH3COOH = n CH3COONa =
1000

( )𝑥( )
= 1000

=
After the reaction of CH3COOH with NaOH (steps 1 and 2), 25mL of CH3COOH is
mix with the solution formed (step 3) to form acidic buffer solution which contains
weak acid(CH3COOH) and its salts (CH3COONa) with pH=4.70
The total volume of solution = 25mL (Step1) + 12.30 mL (Step2) + 25mL (Step3)
= mL
= L
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
In buffer solution, [CH3COOH] =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
−3
2.5 𝑥 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙
= ( )𝐿

= M

𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝑁𝑎
In buffer solution, [CH3COONa] =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
−3
2.5 𝑥 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙
= ( )𝐿

= M
 By using Henderson-Hasselbalch equation,
[𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡]
pH = pKa + log
[𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑]
( )
= pKa + log
( )

Ka = antilog -4.70
=

1. pH of acids, bases and salts can be measured using ,

Conclusion
and

2. The dissociation constant of a weak acid, Ka is

Exercise 1. Base on the pH value of acetic acid by using pH meter in Part (A), calculate the
percentage of ionisation of 0.1 M and 1.0 M acetic acid. How does the percentage
of ionisation change with its concentration?
ANSWER:
For 0.1M CH3COOH For 1.0M CH3COOH
pH = pH =
pH = -log [H+] pH = -log [H+]
= -log [H+] = -log [H+]
[H+] = antilog [H+] = antilog
= =
+
CH3COOH ⇌CH3COO- +H CH3COOH ⇌CH3COO- + H+
[ ]i/M 0.1 0 0 [ ]i/M 1.0 0 0
[ ]Δ/M -x +x +x [ ]Δ/M -x +x +x
[ ]eq/M 0.1-x x x [ ]eq/M 1.0-x x x

x = [H+] = x = [H+] =
Percentage of ionisation, α Percentage of ionisation, α
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 [𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡],𝑥 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 [𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡],𝑥
= 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 [ 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡] x 100% = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 [ 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡] x 100%
=( )
x 100% =( )
x 100%
0.1 1.0

= % = %

For 0.1M CH3COOH, percentage ionisation is %

For 1.0M CH3COOH, percentage ionisation is %
So, percentage of ionisation of CH3COOH (increases, decreases) as the
concentration (increases, decreases)
2. Refer to the pH value of acetic acid by using pH meter in Part (A). Calculate its
Ka and compare this value to that obtained from Part (C).
ANSWER:
For 0.1M CH3COOH For 1.0M CH3COOH
pH = pH =
+
pH = -log [H ] pH = -log [H+]
= -log [H+] = -log [H+]
[H+] = antilog [H+] = antilog
= =
+
CH3COOH ⇌CH3COO- +H CH3COOH ⇌CH3COO- + H+
[ ]i/M 0.1 0 0 [ ]i/M 1.0 0 0
[ ]Δ/M -x +x +x [ ]Δ/M -x +x +x
[ ]eq/M 0.1-x x x [ ]eq/M 1.0-x x x

x = [H+] = x = [H+] =

− + − +
[𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂 ][𝐻 ] [𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂 ][𝐻 ]
Ka = [𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻] Ka = [𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻]

( )( ) ( )(
= (0.1−1.0471 𝑥 10−3) = ) (1.0
−1.6218 𝑥 10−3)
=
=
Ka value obtained from Part (A) and Part (C) should be almost the same because
the only factor that affect Ka is temperature