EXCELLENT PU SCIENCE COLLEGE, VIJAYAPUR

PUC II - Academic Year 2021-22

Sub: Chemistry Assignment
Topic - The Solid States
One mark questions:
1. What is meant by anisotropy?
A. The physical properties such as mechanical and electrical properties depend on the direction along which
they measured are called anisotropy.
2. What is crystal lattice or space lattice?
A. The regular arrangement of an infinite set of points such as atoms, ions or molecules in a three dimensional
space is called crystall lattice or space lattice. Three dimensional space, which shows the arrangement of
particles in the particular sites.
3. What is co - ordination number of particle in a crystal?
A. The co - ordination number of particle in a crystal is the number of its nearest neighbouring particles in a
crystal lattice.
4. What is unit cell?
A. The smallest repeating unit of the crystal lattice is built i.e. building block of space lattice is known as unit
cell.
5. What is the number of octahedral voids and tetrahedral voids generated, if the number of close packed
spheres is N?
A. Octahedral voids : N Tetrahedral Voids: 2N.
6. How body diagonal and radius of a spheres are related in (i) S.C (ii) B.C.C (iii) F.C.C unit cell?
A. In S.C⇒a= 2r; In B.C.C ⇒ a = 4r/√ f.c.c. = 2√ r
7. Give one example that shows both, Frenkel as well as Schottky deffects.
A. AgBr
8. How many particles present in the unit of S.C, B.C.C and F.C.C?
A. No. of particles (z) in the unit cell of 1) S.C = 1 ii) B.C.C = 2 iii) F.C.C = 4
9. Give an example for i) n – type ii) p - type semiconductors.
A. i) Silicon doped with phosphorus or Arsenic.
ii) Silicon doped with boron or aluminum.
10. What are tetrahedral voids?
A. The void surrounded by four spheres called tetrahedral void (T).
11. What is octrahedral voids?
A. A void surrounded by six spheres in the form of octahdron is called octahedral void.
12. How many crystal systems are known?
A. 7
13. How many Bravias lattices are known?
A. 14
14. What is doping?
A. Adding a small amount of impurity into the crystal structure of semiconductor to increase its conductivity is
known as doping.
15. What are f - centers?
A. The anionic sites occupied by unpaired electrons are called f – centres

Two mark questions:

1. Give any four differences between crystalline and amorphous solids.
A.
Crystalline Solids Amorphous Solids
1. Definite Shape 1. No definite shape
2. Sharp melting 2. No sharp melting
point point
3. An Isotropic 3. Isotropic
4. Long range order 4.Short range order

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2. What are the Consequences of Frenkel defect?
A.
Schottky defect Frenkel defect
1. missing a pair of anian & 1. Dislocating the smaller
cation cation to the interstitial
2. Density decreases 2. Density same remains
3. High C.N. 3. low C.N.

3. Give two differences between p - type and n - type semi conductors.

A.
p - type n - type
1. Doped with trivalent atoms 1. Doped with pentavalent atoms
(B,Al) (p,As, Sb)
2.Holes contributes to conduction. 2. Negative charges (electrons)
contriburtes to conduction
4. Define the term amorphous. Give an example.
A. Solids, that do not have a definite geometrical shape & sharp melting point are known as amorphous solids.
Ex : Glass, Plastic, Rubber etc.
5. What makes a glass different from quartz?
A. The arrangement of the constituent particles makes glass different from quartz. In glass, constituent particles
only have a short - range order but in quartz, the constituent partocels have both long - range and short -
range orders.
6. Classify the following solids as ionic, metallic, molecular, covalent network or amorphous.
i) Si ii) I2 iii) P4 iv) Rb v) SiC vi) LiBr vii) Ammonium Phospate
(NH4)3PO4 viii) Plastic ix) Graphite x) brass xi) tetra phosphorous decoxide
A. Ionic Solids : LiBr and Ammonium Phospahte [(NH4)3 PO4]
Metallic Solids : Rb and Brass
MolecularSolids :Tetra phosphorous decoxide (P4O10) I2 and P4.
Covelent network Solids : Si, SiC and graphite.
Amorphous Solids : Plastic
7. What is meant by the term coordination number in solids?
A. The number of nearest neighbours that an atom has in unit cell is called coordination number. Ex:
Coordination number of hcp or ccp lattice is 12.
8. What is the coordination number of atoms in a cubic close - pack structure?
A. The coordination number of atoms in a cubic close pack structure is 12 [Six atoms surrounding the central
atom in the same layer, 3 atoms in the upper layer and 3 atoms in lower layer]
9. What is the coordination number of atoms in a body - centred cubic structre?
A. The coordination number of atoms in a body centred cubic structure is 8.
10. How do you distinguish between hexagonal close-packing and cubic closepacking structures?
A. In hexagonal cubic close packing structure the pattern of layers are in the form of ABAB....., while in cubic
close packing structure the pattern of layers are in the form of ABCABC..
11. How do you distinguish between crystal lattice and unit cell?
A. Crystal lattice :A regular arrangement of the constituent particles of a crystal in a three dimensional space is
called crystal lattice or space lattice.
Unit Cell :The smallest three dimensional portion of a complete space lattice, which when repeated over and
again in different directions produces the complete space lattice is called unit cell.
12. Calculate number of particles in unit cell of (i) b.c.c (ii) f.c.c.
A. (i) For b.c.c number of part unites = 8 x (at the corner) +1 (at the body centre) = 1 + 1 = 2
(ii) For f.c. number of part unites = 8 x (at the corner) + 6 (at the body centre) = 1 + 3 = 4
13. How many lattice points and number of atoms per unit cell are there in one unit cell of body centered cubic
lattice?
A. There are 9 lattice points (8 at the corners + 1 at the body centre) in one unit cell of body centred cubic
lattice. However, the no, of atoms per unit cell = 8 x + 1 x 1 = 1 + 1 = 2
14. What is a semiconductor?
A. Solids whose conductivities are in the range of 10-6 to 104 ohm-1 m-1are called semiconductors.
Ex :Si, Ge.
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15. What is Schottky defect ? Give an example.
A. The defect which arises when equal number of cations and anions are missing from lattice is called Schottky
defect. Ex : NaCl, KCl, CsCl, AgBr etc.
16. What is Frenkel defect? Give an example.
A. The defect which arises when smaller cation (usually cation)dislocated from its normal site to interstitial site
is called Frenkel defect. Ex : AgCl, AgBr, ZnS etc.
17. Explain Ferromagnetism with suitable example.
A. The substances that are strongly attracted by a magnetic field are called ferromagnetic substances. They can
be permanently magnetised even in the absence of magnetic field.
Ex : Iron, cobalt, nickel, gadolinium and CrO2.
18. Explain Paramagnetism with suitable example.
A. The substances that are weakly attracted by a magnetic field are called paramagnetic substances.
Ex : O2, Cu2+, Fe3+, Cr3+ etc.
They get magnetised in a magnetic field in the same direction, but lose magnetism when magnetic field is
removed.
Three mark questions:
1. Draw the unit cell of a F.C.C crystal lattice and calculate the packing efficiency in hcp and ccp or face-
centred structures.
A. Both types of close packing (hcp and ccp) are equally efficient. Let us calculate the efficiency of packing in
ccp structure.
In Fig: Let the Unit cell edge length be „a‟ and face diagonal AC = b.
In ∆ ABC, AC2 = b2 = BC2 + AB2 = a2 + a2 = 2a2 or b = √ a
If r is the radius of the sphere, we find
b = 4r ................... (1)
b = 2 a ................. (2)
From equations (1) and (2)
a= = 2√ r (we can also write, r = ) We know that each unit cell in ccp or hcp or F.C.C. structure has
√ √
effectively 4 spheres. Total volume of four spheres in F.C.C = 4 x (4/3) πr3
Volume of the cube = a3 = (2√ )3
∴ Packing efficiency
= x 100%

2. Draw the unit cell of a B.C.C crystal lattice and calculate the packing efficiency in body centred cubic
(B.C.C) structure.
A. In this type of arrangement, the particles are in touch with one another diagonally.
Let the radius of the sphere (atom) = r
Let the edge length of the unit cell = a
In ∆ EFD b2 = a2 + a2 = 2a2
b = 2 a Now in ∆ AFD
c2 = a2 + b2 = a2 + 2a2 = 3a2
c=√ a
The length of the body diagonal c = 4r.
As all the three spheres along the diagonal touches each other.
√
∵ √ a = 4r; a = ;r=
√
In this type of structure, total number of atoms = 2
The volume of the particles in B.C.C = 2x(4/3) πr3
Volume of a cube a3 = ( )
√

∴ Packing efficiency = x 100%

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3. Draw the unit cell of a S.C crystal lattice and calculate the packing efficiency in simple cubic (S.C) lattice.
A. In a simple cubic lattice the atoms are located only on the corners of the cube.

The particles touch each other along the edge. Thus, the edge length or side of the cube = „a‟, Radius of each
particle r are related as; a = 2r The volume of the cubic unit cell = a3 = (2r)3 = 8r3 Since a simple cubic unit
cell contains only 1 atom. The volume occupied by the particle in S.C = 4/3 3 πr3 x 1
∴ Packing efficiency = x 100%
4 3
 r x 100
2  52.36  52.4%
8 3
4. What are diamagnetic substances? Give an example. (or) Explain the diamagnetism with suitable example.
A. The diamagnetic substances are those which are weakly repelled by the external magnetic field.
Ex : N2, H2O, C6H6, NaCl, TiO2, Zn, Cd, Cu+, etc.
Explanation : It is shown by the substances which have all paired electrons in their orbital, because in such
case the magnetic moment of one electron is compensated by the equal and opposite magnetic moment of the
other electron.
5. What are paramagnetic substances. Give an example. (or) Explain the Paramagnetism with suitable example.
A. The substances which are weakly attracted by external magnetic field are termed as paramagnetic substances.
Ex : NO, O2, Cr, Mn, Ni, Co, Fe, Cu2+, Ni2+ Fe3+, VO2, CuO, etc.
Explanation : Paramagnetism is shown by the substances which posses unpaired electrons in their orbital.
However, their magnetic property is lost in the absence of magnetic field.
6. i) What is meant by the term „coordination number‟ in crystalline solids?
ii) What is the co-ordination number of atoms: (a) in a cubic close-packed structure?
(b) in a body-centred cubic structure?
A. i) The number of nearest neighbours of any constituent particle present in the crystal lattice is called its
co-ordination number of the crystal
ii) The co-ordination number of atoms(a) in a cubic-close-packed structure is 12, and
(b) in a body-centred cubic structure is 8
7. Copper crystallises into a fcc lattice with edge length 3.61 x 10-8 cm. Show that the calculated density is in
agreement with its measured value of 8.92 g cm-3.
A. Edge length, a = 3.61 x 10-8 cm
As the lattice is fcc type, the number of atoms per unit cell, z = 4
Atomic mass, M = 63.5 g mol -1 We also know that, NA = 6.022 x 1023mol-1
Applying the relation:

8. Silver crystallises in fcc lattice. If edge length of the cell is 4.07 x 10-8 cm and density is 10.5 g cm-3,
calculate the atomic mass of silver.
A. It is given that the edge length, a = 4.077x 10-8 cm Density, d = 10.5 g cm-3
As the lattice is fcc type, the number of atoms per unit cell, z = 4
We also know that, NA = 6.022 x 1023 mol-1

Therefore, atomic mass of silver = 107.13 u

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9. Aluminum crystallises in a cubic close - packed structures. Its metallic radius is 125 pm.
i) What is the length of the side of the unit cell?
ii) How many unit cells are there in a 1.00 cm3 of aluminium?
A. i) For cubic close - packed structure:
a = 2 2 r a = 2 2 x 125 pm ≅ 354 pm(Approximately)
ii) Volume of one unit cell = ( 354 pm)3 = 4.4 x 107 pm3 = 4.4 x 107 x 10-30 cm3 = 4.4 x 10-23 cm3
Therefore, number of unit cells in 1.00 cm3
= = 2.27 x 1022
10. An element has a body - centred cubic (bcc) structure with a cell edge of 288 pm. The density of the element
is 7.2 g/cm3. How many atoms are present in 208 g of element?
A. Volume of the unit cell = (288 pm)3 = (288 x 10-10 cm)3 = 2.39 x 10-23 cm3
Volume of 208 g of the element = = = 28.88 cm3

Number of unit cells in this = = 12.08 x 1023 unit cells

Since each bcc cubic unit cell contains 2 atoms, therefore, the total number of atoms in 208 g = 2
(atoms/ unit cell) x 12.08 x 1023 unit cells = 24.16 x 1023 atoms
11. Silver forms ccp lattice and X - ray studies of its crystals show that the edge length of its unit cell is 408.6
pm. Calculate the density of silver (Atomic mass = 107.9 u).
A. Since the lattice is ccp, the number of silver atoms per unit cell = z = 4.
Molar mass of silver = 107.9 g mol-1 = 107.9 x 10-3 kg mol-1
Edge length of unit cell = a = 408.6 pm = 408.6 x 10-12 m
Density, d =

= =10.5 x 103 kg m-3 10.5 g/cm3

12. An element having atomic mass 60 amu and has F.C.C unit cell. The edge length of the unit cell is 4 x 102
pm. Find the density of the unit cell.
A. Given data M = 60 amu a = 4 x 102 pm = 400 x 10-10 cm NA = 6.023 = 1023 Z = 4 (For F.C.C unit cell)
W.K.T d =

= =
13. Sodium metal crystallines in a BCC structure. Its unit cell edge length is 420 pm. Calcualte its density.
(atomic mass of sodium = 23 u, NA = 6.022 x 1023 mol-1).
“Z” value for BCC = 2
A. Density (d) = M = 23 x 10-3 kg
a = 420 x 10-12 m, NA = 6.022 x 1023 mol-1
46 103 46
= = 36
  10.3kgm3
446157936 10 10 23
0.0446157936