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U2: Respiratory System:: 1. Sign and Symptoms
U2: Respiratory System:: 1. Sign and Symptoms
2. Diseases:
- Pneumonia: acute inflammation and infection of alveoli
- Lung cancer: malignant tumor arising from the lungs and bronchi
- Pneumothorax: collection of air in the pleural space
- Pleural effusion: abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space
- Atelectasis: collapsed lung
- Pyothorax: collection of pus in the pleural space
- Emphysema: hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls
- Pulmonary edema: fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles
- Pulmonary abscess: large collection of pus (bacterial infection) in the lungs
- Pulmonary embolism: clot or other material lodges in vessels of the lungs
- Pulmonary fibrosis: Formation of scar in the connective tissue of the lungs
- Hemothorax: collection of blood in the pleural space
3.
2. CT scan: X-ray imaging of endocrine glands in cross section and other views, to assess size and
infiltration by tumor
3. MRI: Magnetic waves produce images of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to locate
abnormalities
4. Thyroid scan: Scanner detects radioactivity and visualizes the thyroid gland
1. Myxedema: severe hypothyroidism characterized by firm inelastic edema, dry skin and hair, and loss
of mental and physical vigor
2. Dwarfism: congenital hyposecretion of GH that causes a person to stop growing before reaching
normal adult size
3. Diabetes mellitus: lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch, and fat
metabolism in cells
4. Acromegaly: hypersecretion of GH from the anterior pituitary after puberty, leading to enlargement
of extremities
5. Cretinism: extreme hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood leads to a lack of normal physical
and mental growth
6. Gigantism: hypersecretion of GH from the anterior pituitary before puberty, leading to abnormal
overgrowth of body tissues
U4 : reproductive system
1. Cervical erosion: cells from inside the cervical canal grow onto the outside of the cervix.
1. Endometriosis: tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus.
3. Ectopic pregnancy: implantation of the fertilized egg in any site other than the normal uterine location
4. Placenta previa: implantation of the placenta over the cervical opening or in the lower region of the
uterus.
7. Phimosis: narrowing of the opening of the skin covering the head of the penis.
U1 : circulatory systems
1. epistaxis: nosebleed
3. sputum: material expelled from the bronchi, lungs, or upper respiratory tract by spitting produced
during breathing
7. pleural rub: scratchy sound produced by pleural surfaces rubbing against each other