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Healthy Bytes-Since Lauki Is Very Low in Calories It Can Be A Part of
Healthy Bytes-Since Lauki Is Very Low in Calories It Can Be A Part of
10
15
20
25
30
Eeastern
Bundelkhand
Central
Western
up
india
Chapter - 7
REGIONAL IMBALANCES
Balanced regional development does not mean equal development of regions in the State. It simply
implies the fullest realization of a region’s potential so that the benefits of overall economic growth are
2. Uttar Pradesh continues to be the largest State in the country in terms of population even after
creation of Uttaranchal. The population of the State, at 16.62 crore in 2001, is 16.2% of the country`s
population. The area of the State is now 7.3% of the country`s area against its earlier share of 8.9%.
This
imbalance is not without some implication for State’s economic development. The loss of 18% of its
geographical area to the new state of Uttaranchal but only 5% of its population is, therefore, a matter of
concern for the State. The pace of development has not been as fast as required by the population size
of
the State. Uttar Pradesh is still a relatively backward State of the country.
3. There are four economic regions in the State namely (i) Western, (ii) Central (iii) Eastern and (iv)
Bundelkhand. There are host of inter -regional disparities in respect of development indicators among
these
four regions. The Eastern and Bundelkhand regions are comparatively more backward as compared to
The followings table shows the area and population of different regions of Uttar Pradesh.
increase in infrastructure
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Western
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10
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Eeastern
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Central
Western
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It was lowest in Bundelkhand region (280) while for the State as a whole, it was 690. Western region
had
the highest population growth rate (26.55 percent) during the decade (1991-2001), closely followed by
Central region (26.29 percent) against the State figure of 25.91. Eastern and Bundelkhand regions
registered somewhat lower population growth of 25.58 percent and 22.57 percent respectively during
this
period.
highest (28.25 percent) in Western region followed by Central (25.11 percent) and Bundelkhand region
(22.46 percent). Eastern region (11.78 percent) is extremely low in terms of level of urbanisation.
6. Land has been the basis of production, organization and rural assets in any agrarian economy. In
the year 1995-96, agricultural productivity was lowest (13.71 qt.ha) in Bundelkhand among all regions.
Western region having productivity of 25.76 qt /ha is the most developed region in the State. Gross
value
of agricultural output per hectare of gross cropped area (at 199 3-94 constant price) was lowest
(Rs.9546)
in Bundelkhand among all regions. Topography of Bundelkhand is plateau type and rocky, which lowers
the moisture retaining capacity of the land and thereby the land is unsuitable for intensive cultivation.
Western region having gross value of Rs.16735 of agricultural output per hectare of gross cropped area
is
0
20
40
60
80
100
Eeastern
Bundelkhand
Central
Western
up
india
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Eeastern
Bundelkhand
Central
Western
up
india
7. Irrigation is also a deciding factor in agriculture production. Irrigation facilities are inadequate in
Bundelkhand region because of very difficult terrain and rocky strata. The percentage of net irrigated
area
to net sown area is lowest in Bundelkhand region in 2002-03 (46.7 percent) and highest in Western
region
(89.4 per cent) followed by Central (81.0 per cent) and Eastern region (73.2 percent).
8. As regards per capita power consumption, it is highest (201.4 Kwh) in Central region in the year
2002-03. It is lowest (129.7 Kwh) in Bundelkhand region. But in terms of percentage of electrified
villages to total villages, Western region occupies highest position and Eastern region is at the lowest
place.
9. Industry is the life blood of an economy. The percentage of main workers engaged in agriculture to
total main workers (2001) is highest in Bundelkhand region (7 0.08 percent) followed by Eastern (66.14 [
294 ]
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Eeastern
Bundelkhand
Central
Western
up
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20
40
60
80
100
Eeastern
Bundelkhand
Central
Western
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200
400
600
800
1000
Eeastern
Bundelkhand
Central
Western
up
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per cent) and Central region (63.78 per cent) The Western region is more diversified with 56.08 per cent
of
10. An overwhelming majority of the farmers in the Eastern region (83.0 per cent) are in the category
of small and marginal farmers. Size of holdings in the region is another very important factor which
hind ers the growth of agriculture. Western region (68.8 per cent) occupies first place in this regard.
11. The industrial sector of the Bundelkhand region is very inadequately developed. The number of
persons engaged in registered factories per lakh of population, during 2001-02 is only 64 persons in the
region, while the Western region is most developed with the value of 413 persons followed by Central
region (229).
Number of perso ns employed in Registered factories per lakh of population (2001-2002)[ 295 ]
45
50
55
60
65
70
Eeastern
Bundelkhand
Central
Western
up
india
10
20
30
40
50
60
Eeastern
Bundelkhand
Central
Western
up
india
20
40
60
80
100
120
Eeastern
Bundelkhand
Central
Western
up
india
10
15
20
25
30
35
Eeastern
Bundelkhand
Central
Western
up
india
12. Social services are needed for proper development of a region. These include number of junior and
senior basic schools, medical and transportation facilities etc. According to 2001 census, literacy
percentage is lowest (54.27 per cent) in the Eastern region. The same position is witnessed in the case of
female literacy. It is far behind Bundelkhand region (59.30%) which is highest in the State. The number
of
junior Basic schools per lakh of population in the year 2003-04 is also lowest in Eastern region. It is mere
Total Literacy, 2001 (in percent) Female Literacy, 2001 (in percent)
No of Junior Basic School per lakh No of Senior Basic School per lakh
11. Since roads are indicators of economic growth as they lead to social as well as infrastructural
development, these need to be accorded priority in development of any region. The length of pucca
road
per lakh of population during 2001-02 was very much higher in Bundelkhand region (111.48 Km.) as
compared to other three regions. On the other hand, the total length of pucca roads per thousand
sq.km., [ 296 ]
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Eeastern
Bundelkhand
Central
Western
up
india
was highest in the Western region which had figures of 652.99 Km. Bundelkhand region was least
13. Considering the overall level of development, the per capita income at constant prices in 2001-02
at 1993-94 prices was highest in Western region at Rs.6978, followed by Bundelkhand (Rs.6159) Central
(Rs.5720) and Eastern region (Rs.4222) The State average in this regard is Rs.5603.
(in Rs.)
14. The above analysis indicates that regional disparities in respect of development indicators
is significant. The State Government has launched several area specific programmes with a view
15. A brief summary of area development programmes in the State is given below:
5000
10000
15000
20000
Eeastern
Bundelkhand
Central
Western
up
india[ 297 ]
16. The Eastern and Bundelkhand regions of the State are still comparatively more backward in the
comparision to Western and Central regions in respect of selected development indicators. In addition
to it,
intra-regional disparities are much more pronounced in the Eastern and Bundelkhand regions. In order
to
provide additional momentum in the backward districts of the both the regions, in the year 1990-91 the
State Govt. established separate Nidhis namely Poorvanchal Vikas Nidhi and Bundelkhand Vikas Nidhi to
provide additional fund for the development of the districts belonging to these regions. The objectives
of
4 To fund those schemes/projects which are mainly based on local felt needs of the area so as to
provide infrastructural facilities to the local people in the areas of construction of roads, minor
power sub - stations, which, due to any reason, could not be funded either from State or
District plans.
4 Under the Nidhis, those projects can only be sanctioned which can be implemented and
4 Those projects are given top priority in which two or more districts are likely to be benefitted.
4 Fifty percent each of the allocated amount under both the Nidhis is earmarked for sanctioning
4 Remaining Fifty percent of the amount is earmarked for sanctioning of the projects at State
17. In the year 2005-06 Rs. 17000.00 lakh was allocated for Poorvanchal Vikas Nidhi & Rs. 5000.00
lakh for Bundelkhand Vikas Nidhi respectively. Against this allocation Rs. 16087.1405 lakh have been
sanctioned, out of which, Rs. 912.8595 lakh are to be sanctioned.. Similarly, Rs. 4300.345 lakh have
been
sanctioned and Rs. 699.655 lakh are to be sanctioned under Bundelkhand Vikas Nidhi in 2005-06. It is
worthwhile to mention here that under Zilansh, the percentage share of Special Component Plan has
been
for Poorvanchal Vikas Nidhi and Bundelkhand Vikas Nidhi respectively. In the year 2005-06, Rs. 1000.00
lakh each in Zilansh and Rajyansh has been increased for Poorvanchal Vikas Nidhi only. For the year
2006-07 an outlay of Rs. 17000.00 lakh and Rs. 5000.00 lakh have been proposed for Poorvanchal Vikas
19. The State Government has also announced in 2005-06 the Bundelkhand Development Package
with a Budget provision of Rs.100 crore to provide further impetus to economic development of
20. Govt. of India introduced a new initative namely Rashtriya Sam Vikas Yojana in the year 2002-
03 for the development of backward districts. The main objective of the scheme is to address the
problems
of low agricultural productivity, unemployment and to fill the critical gaps in physical and social
infrastructure in selected districts. For this purpose, the District Administration / PRIs prepar e a three
year
Master Plan with the Annual Action Plans. The plan is formulated on the basis of the strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis of the area. The additionality under RSVY is to
be
used to meet local needs through schem es in lead sectors which could dent on the poverty of the
district in
21. Under this scheme, 21 backward districts of U.P. have been selected. The identification of
backward districts within the State has been done on the basis of an index of backwardness comprising
22. In the beginning of the scheme, five districts namely Raebareli, Unnao. Hardoi, Sitapur &
Sonebhadra were selected and Rs. 15 crore per year was allocated to each district for a period of three
years. In the second phase of the scheme, five more districts namely, Barabanki, Mirzapur, Banda,
Fatehpur & Chitrakut have been selected . Finally, in the year 2004-2005, eleven more districts namely
23. For effective implementation of the scheme, guidelines have been prepared by the Central
Planning Commission ,Government of India. The main features which are mentioned below:
4 District Plan for RSVY should clearly indicate the flow of funds from all sources including
CSS,CS, EAP & State Plan etc. as well as the specific schemes for additionality under
RSVY.
4 RSVY component of the district plan should also include scheme for Soil Conservation,
Animal Husbandry, Dairy Development, NEDA, Bridge Corporation, Khadi and Village
Industries .U.P. Project Corporation, U.P. Samaj Kalyan Nirman Nigam, NGO's Zila
4 Selected districts may also choose to use 15% of the funds on maintenance of assets in
4 District Plan for RSVY will not include the cost of acquis ition of land, security related
scheme, administrative building etc. for any project proposed under the scheme.[ 299 ]
4 For each district, Plan should be prepared by a committee chaired by District Magistrate/CEO,
Zila Parishad / Chair person, District Planning Committee with District Superintendent of
Police ( in case of extremist affected districts) DFO, Local NGO and other stake holder etc. as
member.
4 District Plan would examined by a State Level Steering Committee chaired by State Chief
Secretary and recommended to Planning Commission, Govt. of India for approval before
implementation.
Release of Funds
24. Funds under the Development & Reform Facility (DRF) are being provided by the Govt. of India
to the State Govt. on 100% grant basis in suitable installments linked with satisfactory progress of the
District Plan.
Budget
25. Under the scheme, in the years 2003-04, and 2004-05 an amount of Rs. 62.50 and Rs. 162.50
crore respectively were released by the Govt. of India. Hence total funds available during the two years
rd
released against the total outlay of Rs. 315.00 crore. For the year 2006-07 an outlay of Rs. 315 crore is
being proposed.
26. During 2003-04 projects were under preparation hence no expenditure was incurred in this year.
In 2004-05 an amount of Rs. 77.95 crore were spent and in the current year 2005-06 funds amounting
to
Rs.75.74 crore have been spent till September, 2005. Thus a total of Rs.153.69 crore has been spent till
Project Highlights
27. In addition to above guidelines, special focus is being given to RSVY Plan for the projects of
key sectors like land and water management, health and education infrastructure, vocational training
for
economically relevant skills, agriculture and allied activities, road links and rural electrification etc. The
projects/schemes selected under RSVY should be based on local needs, which would help to reduce the
poverty in the district. For this, a strategy should be focused on filling - up critical gaps in social and
physical infrastructure so as to overcome the obstacles in the path of accelerated socio - economic
development and employment generation. For this purpose, priority should be given to people's
participation and involvement of PRI,s NGO.s and Self Help Groups. The projects taken under the RSVY
should be implemented by the concerned departments like the normal plan schemes. Due care should
be [ 300 ]
given to allocate funds under the RSVY as an additionality only for expanded coverage of schemes for
which funds from other sources including State Plan, CSS, Central Schemes are available. The benefits
from additionality of RSVY funds should be maximized through inter sectoral linkages. Department wise
(Rs. in Crores)
Exp.
6. SOIL
CONSERVATION
7. MINOR
IRRIGATION
11. ANIMAL
HUSBANDRY
Exp.
13. PRIMARY
EDUCATION
14. SECONDARY
EDUCATTION
18. UP BRIDGE
CORPORATION
19. KHADI
GRAMODYOG
BOARD
CORPORATION
21. UP SAMAJ
KALYAN NIRMAN
NIGAM
23. ZILA
PANCHAYAT
28. This programme has been started by Govt. of India from 14th November, 2004. The Planning
Commission has identified 150 most backward districts of the country (of which 15 districts are from
Uttar
Pradesh) on the basis of prevalence of poverty indicated by SC/ST population, agricultural productivity
per
29. The objective of the scheme is to provide ad ditional resources apart from the resources available
under the Sampoorna Garmeen Rozagar Yojana (SGRY) to the selected 15 districts so that generation of
of
supplementary wage employment and providing of food-security through creation of need based
economic,
30. The programme is being implemented as a 100% Centrally Sponsored Scheme. Food grains will
also be provided to the States free of cost. The transportation cost, handling charges, and taxes on food
grains is the responsibility of the State Government. The District Collector is the Nodal Officer at the
district level and he is over -all responsible to implement the programme. Necessary assistance will be
provided to the Collector from the DRDA/District Panchayat (DP) to whom funds and food grains will be
released.
31. The focus of the programme is on works relating to water conservation, drought proofing
(including afforestation /tree plantation) and land development. Flood control/protectio n (including
drainage in waterlogged area), rural connectivity in terms of all-weather roads and any other similar
activity for economic sustainability, keeping in view the area specific problems, can be included provided
the principal focus of the programme on water conservation and drought proofing is maintained.
32. During 2004-05 GOI released Rs. 263.78 crore against which Rs. 19.82 crore were utilized till
March 05 and Rs. 54.29 crore were utilized till September -2005. During 2005-06. It is anticipated that
Rs.
33. For handling and transportation of charges an outlay of Rs.50.00 crore has been proposed in the
Annual Plan 2006-07. Government of India is considering to merge the above scheme under the new
[ 302 ]
“National Rural Employment Guarantee Act-2005”. Region wise allocation of food grains and fund for
(Rs. in Cores)
34. Adarsh Janpad Yojna has been launched in 38 districts of the state for the year 2004-05. Under
this scheme, the expenditure is done on the development of infrastructural facilities and creation of
employment opportunities. The regionwise selected districts for the scheme are mentioned below:
Kanauj,Farrukhabad,Auraiya,Bulandshahr
36. Under the scheme, in the year 2004-05, an amount of Rs.195.00 crore was released by the Govt.
In the year 2005-06, the amount under this scheme has been increased from Rs.195.00 to Rs.250.00
crore
which is likely to be spent. For the year 2006-07, Rs.250.00 crore has been proposed under this scheme.
37. Twarit Arthik Vikas Yojna has been launched in the year 2004-05 with a view to accelerate the
development process of 36 districts of the State. Under this Scheme, the expenditure will be incurred on
development of infrastructural facilities, educational and medical services in rural areas of the selected
districts.
38. Under the Scheme the funds for the following programmes is made available.
College’s buildings
4 Under the scheme, the work may be proposed and recommended by District Magistrate,
4 In selection of work priority will be given to those schemes/projects which are mainly based
4 According to priority, the proposal of development work will be referred to the Planning
Department.
4 Concerned Department will decide the priority of works to be taken under this scheme,
39. Under the scheme, in the year 2004-05, an amount of Rs.200.00 crore was released by the Govt..
In the year 2005-06, the amount under this scheme has been increased from Rs.200.00 to Rs. 260.00
crore.
In the year 2006-07 an outlay of Rs.260.00 crore has been proposed under this scheme
40. In addition to above Twelfth Finance Commission have also proposed grant for the State. A
Backward Region Grant Fund (BRGF) is also constituted for the above purposes. The details are given
below:
41. The Twelfth Finance Commission has also recommended grant for balancing the regional
disparities within the State for the period 2005-10 on the principles of devolution of funds as accepted
by
the Union Government. With a view to bridging the regional disparities existing with in the State, a sum
of
th
Bundelkhand and Eastern regions. This grant is to be utilized for schemes pertaining to improvement of
water supply and sanitation facilities, rehabilitation of distressed dams, construction of roads and
bridges
42. A Backward Regions Grant Fund(BRGF) mandated to address regional balance concerns could be
4 Backward District Window: This could be an area-targetted grant facility, broadly on the lines
of existing RSVY. Initially the window will consist of all backward district from RSVY list.
4 Compared to the provisions of the still nascent RSVY, a greater emphasis may be placed on
human development indicators for identification of target regions and districts. Elimination of
attainments in health and education and land productivity should be the prime objective of
financing interventions from this window. The selection will be based on objective parameters
subject to minor changes in consultation with states.[ 305 ]
4 State Infrastructure & Reforms Window: This could also be a grant facility for providing
viability gap funding which will enable resources to be leveraged for core infrastructure
projects at inter district or state level in less developed states. These projects will include
projects that would otherwise considered as not viable financially but are necessary for
removing backwardness. the amounts to be made available to states will be in proportion to the
Monitorable Targets
43. The Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007) has set following 16 monitorable targets. The objective of
this chapter is to assess the progress in respect of each of these targets and in the light of constraints
and
challenges indicate further possible actions and corrective measures required in achieving these targets.
44. The sixteen listed monitorable targets of Tenth Plan are as under:
4 Reducing the population below poverty line from 31.15% in 1999-2000 to 25.41% by the end
4 Creation of 81 lacs employment opportunities during the Tenth Plan which would be sufficient
to provide jobs to the backlog of unemployment at the end of the Ninth Plan and to the
4 Giving emphasis on female literacy, to reduce the gender gap (27%) in literacy.
4 Reduction in the present birth rate of 32.1% per thousand to 22.0 per thousand by the end of
4 Reduction in present death rate of 10.2 per thousand to 9.0 per thousand by the end of Tenth
Plan.
4 Reduction in present infant mortality rate of 84 per thousand to 72 per thousand by the end of
Tenth Plan.
4 Efforts will be made to achieve the cent percent literacy, at least 75% literacy will be achieved
4 All basties to have sustained access to potable drinking water with in the plan period.
4 All habitation having population more than 500 to be connected with all weather roads under
PMGSY.
4 All villages to be electrified by the end of the Tenth Plan under PMGY.
45. The major limitation in monitoring these targets is that the data on different aspects have certain
time lag and therefore it is not possible to get such data for evaluation unless an alternative
arrangement to
generate data is made by the State on a regular basis. Therefore, it is essentials to develop a mechanism
for
collection of the data on birth rate, death rate, infant mortality rate, literacy, poverty, employment in a
short
time at regular intervals. These could be based on sample surveys in different parts of the State.
46. However, on the basis of available data the sector-wise achievement of these targets is explained in
Poverty
47. The target is to reduce poverty ratio from 31.15% in 1999-2000 to 25.41% by the end of 2006-07.
The base year estimates of poverty for the year 2001-02 were 29.51%. As per results of PSMS II poverty
ratio have came down to 29.2% in the year 2002-03. Thus, during the period 1999-2000 to 2002-03
48. The major factors responsible for such a high incidence of poverty are severe unemployment and
under employment, low level of growth in economy, high dependence on agriculture, low level of grow
th
from agriculture to other sectors, population explosion, unequal distribution of income and income
generating assets, illiteracy and lack of awar eness. Therefore, an effective policy should be framed to
boost
the economic growth and the quality of poverty alleviation programmes should also be improved.
Employment Generation
49. As per census 2001, total number of workers in the State were 539.83 lakh. The compound annual
rate of growth in workers during the period 1991-2001 is calculated at 2.54 percent which estimates
553.54
lakh workers at the beginning the Tenth Plan. During Tenth Plan, the target is to generate 81 lakh
employment opportunities. This is based on the State attaining growth rate of 8 percent growth during
the
Plan period. It is found that income growth achieved during the period 2002-05 is around 3.7 percent.
Thus, on the basis of income - employment elasticity (0.46) the likely growth in employment generation
by
the end of 2005-06 will be around 1.7 percent which estimates level of employment generation at
592.15
lakh by the end of 2005-06. Thus likely employment generation during the first four years (2002-06) of
the
Tenth Plan will be around 39 lakh. However, if the State economy performs better in the current
financial
50. Thus, in order to achieve the desired level of employment opportunities effective implementation
of employment generation programmes is needed. It is also expected that the provisions of recently
launched 'National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme' will be able to create more employment
opportunities. However, jobs under this scheme will only be wage employment which basically is akin to
fire-fighting. It will only prevent people from destitution. For calculation of employment, it would be
Education
4 Giving emphasis on female literacy, to reduce the gender gap (27%) in literacy.
4 Efforts will be made to achieve the cent percent literacy, at least 75% literacy will be achieved
52. Under first target, it was found that 25.17 lakh children of the age group of 6-14 years were out of
school. Out of these children 21.35 lakh children have been enrolled during July to 30 September 2005.
Remaining children are expected to be enrolled in the EGS/AIE centres and bridge course. 100%
53. According to the 2001 census, the literacy rate for the State is 56.3 percent with 68.8 percent for
males and 42.2 percent for females indicating a gender gap in literacy at 26.6 percentage point. This gap
was nearly 15.10 percentage points in 1951 which widened to 30.45 percentage points in 1991 and then
narrowed to nearly 27 percentage points in 2001. The target is to reduce this gap and bring it to at least
the
level of 1951 by the end of the Tenth Plan. Since literacy data is collected only in the census and
therefore
latest data of gender gap is not available. However, efforts made to reduce the gender gap are as below:
4 Apart from launching a National Programme for Education of Girls at elementary level as a
teachers recruited under SSA/DPEP have to be women. These initiatives are in addition to the
4 Mid day meal scheme is launched to improve the school attendance and to bring down drop
out rates.
4 To encourage girls education a unique scheme 'Kanya Vidhya Dhan Yojna' was launched in
the year 2004-05. Under the scheme a sum of Rs. 20,000 is being given to each girl who
passed class XII examination. Priority will be given to the girls of poor families and rest
amount will be distributed to the girls belonging to the families above the poverty line in the
4 Free text books are being provided to all girls of class 1-8. In addition , scholarship and other
incentives are being provided to girls particularly for those belonging to SC/ST/OBC and BPL
families.
4 'Mahila Samakhya' Programmes for education and empowerment of women in rural areas
4 Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV), a special school programme for girl children
from the SC/ST/OBC and minorities in low female literacy districts is launched in 2004-05. It
aims to ensure access and quality education to girls through residential school and boarding
Health
54. Of the sixteen monitorable targets, three relates to the Health sector :
55. Population is the biggest resource of Uttar Pradesh. The compound annual growth rate of
population remained stagnant at around 2.3 percent during the past 30 years whereas States like
Andhra
Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala, West Bengal and Karnataka witnessed significant decline during this period.
56. The birth rate and death rate in Uttar Pradesh are higher than the national average. As per SRS
2003 data crude birth rate is highest in U.P. at 31.3. The Tenth Plan aims to bring down the CBR to 22
which appears to be unrealistic. Such rapid decline could not be easily achieved because literacy and
particularly female literacy is at low level and due to lack of awareness implementation of family welfare
57. In Uttar Pradesh prior to the 1970, women on average, gave birth to more than six children in their
lifetime (TFR). This has now reduced to 4.4 which is still higher than national average at 3.0. Under the
current rate of decline Uttar Pradesh would take another 27 years to reach the replacement level of
fertility
(2.1). States like Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, West Bengal would achieve this rate in next 2-3
years whereas States like Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar would take another 28, 39 and 98 years
58. The major constraints towards population stabilization are the higher infant mortality rates, lower
side of average age of mother at the birth of her first child, inadequate female literacy, higher unmet
need
59. Mar ried women in U.P. have consistently reported a large unmet need for family planning in
recent years. In 2002-04, survey 27.4 percent women wanted no more children and 14.2 percent
wanted
children after two or more years. The target is to reduce this unmet need from 42 percent to around
20% by
60. As per SRS 2003 data crude death rate in the state is 9.5 which is close to the higher CDR (9.8) in
Madhya Pradesh and Orissa. Decline in death rate depends on effective health and medical facilities,
nutrition, social awareness as well as gender equality. The sectoral allocation of outlays/expenditure
[ 309 ]
reveals that highest expenditure in the health sector was in the First Plan (9%) and thereafter it is
ranging
between 3 to 4 percent. The per capita public expenditure on health in U.P. in the year 2003-04 was Rs.
91.43 which is lowest among other major States viz Andhra Pradesh (Rs.208.22), Karnataka (Rs.238.38)
Maharashtra (Rs.219.75) and Tamil Nadu (Rs.226.77). Bihar is the only State whose public expend iture
(Rs.76.73) is lower than that of U.P. In order to increase health and medical facilities in the State large
spending is required in health sector. Here it is also pertinent to say that only public sector is not
competent
to provide health facilities to such a large population and therefore public private partnership in health
services is also required. Government is also planning to launch Health Insurance scheme for women
members of Self Help Groups, farmers who are members of cooperatives and members of organized
sector.
61. The infant mortality rate declined from 84, to 76 in the year 2003 which indicates that we can
achieve desired level (72) by the end of Tenth Plan. There is a clear cut correlation between IMR and
institutional delivery, immunization, nutritional support, better health and nursing facilities, and breast
feeding. In Uttar Pradesh the institutional deliveries are less than 25 percent. In order to increase safe
deliveries, State Government is planning to create a new cadre of skilled birth attendant.
62. Rapid Household survey conducted in 1998-99 and 2002-03 indicates a significant fall in full
immunization from 43.3 percent in 1998-99 to 29.8 percent in 2002-03. This figure again declined to
27.9% during the survey 2002-04. Therefore effective implementation of immunization programmes is
63. During the Tenth Five Year Plan the interventions made by the State Government for family
4 A Rs.125 crore European-commission assisted project for sector reform in family welfare is
being run in the state to fill in the gaps of health care system. Another Rs.600 crore project
"State Innovation in family planning service" is being implemented mainly to focus on
reducing fertility amongst target couples, special RCH camps are being organized at PHCs for
4 The reproductive and child health programme is being implementing in the state to fill in the
gaps in terms of infrastructure, man power, equipments and training. Contractual staff like
ANM, Staff Nurses and lab technicians are being hired to provide maternal and child care. The
medical and paramedical staff is being trained to improve upon the skill.
4 The traditional birth attendants are being trained to provide safe delivery. The target is to
provide at least one Dai in each village. About 52,000 Dais have been trained so far in the first
round. Government is also contemplating to increase the training inputs to Dais. The
The department of family welfare and department of Women and Child development through
ICDS scheme are making all efforts to strengthen the immunizations services.[ 310 ]
64. Besides these the Government is also planning to launch two new interventions :-
4 Health Insurance Scheme for women members of Self Help Groups, farmers who are members
4 To encourage public private partnership in health sector a viability gap fund will be created to
which to the extant of 20% of the total projects cost will be provided to the private sector.
Among these interventions we need to quickly improve health system response and quality
starting from pregnancy to after delivery, increase skilled birth attendance at child birth, effective
new born care, exclusive breast feeding with appropriate complementary feeding. The recently
launched 'National Rural Health Mission' will also play a significant role in the outcomes of
Rural roads
65. The target is to link all habitations having population more than 500 to be connected with all
weather roads under PMGSY. In Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana all habitations having population
1000 or more were to be connected by year 2003 and habitations of population 500-999 are to be
connected by the year 2007. However this achievement is unlikely hence effort is towards convergence
of
66. The total number of habitations in the State are 170004 including 39139 having population 1000
and more, 41452 between 500-999 and 89413 having population less than 500. The number of
habitation
connected by road are as on 31-3-05 are 95331. The unconnected habitations are 74673 in which 2487
habitations have more than 1000 population, 16292 have population between 500-999 and 51746
having
population below 500. The target is to connect 6766 (including 2000 with population more than 1000
and
4766 between 500-999) habitations in 2005-06 , 7013 (including 2013 with population more than 1000
and
4766 between 500-999) in the year 2006-07 and the remaining in the year 2007-08. The total funds
required for connecting habitation having more than 1000 population and between 500 to 999
population
are Rs.2766 and Rs.7842 crore respectively. Thus total funds required for connecting habitations having
Energy
67. The target is to electrify all villages by the end of the Tenth Plan under PMGY.
68. As per 1991 census, the total number of inhabited villages in the State were 97135 of which 57734
villages have been electrified by the end of Ninth Plan. The target is to electrify the remaining 39401
villages during the Tenth Plan period. The achievement during the years 2002-2003, 2003-2004 and
2004-
05 were 1780, 384 and 2128 villages respectively. It is anticipated that 6000 villages will be electrified in
launched by GOI through Rural Electrification Corporation. In this scheme all the remaining un eletrified
villages in the country are proposed to be electrified in 2 years time. In U.P. 30852 villages are to be
electrified under this scheme by the end of 2006-07 for which an amount of Rs. 2291.42 crore is
sanctioned by REC. Private sector participation will also be ensured in electrifying these villages.
70. All habitations numbering 2.43 lakh in the State were fully covered with safe drinking water with
one handpump source per 250 person (40 lpcd) by the end of the Ninth Plan. The State Government has
now relaxed the norm of one hand pump for 250 population (40 lpcd) to demand based one hand pump
for
150 population with the provision of 10% capital cost and 100% O&M cost to be shared by the
community
as per the guidelines of GOI. The total number of handpumps installed by the end of Ninth Plan were
10.62 lakh. The pumps installed in the years 2002-05 were 1.83 lakh. Thus, total number of handpumps
installed at the beginning of 2005-06 were 12.45 lakh. It is expected to install 131211 and 135000
71. In the State there are also some habitations which are facing water quality problems. The main
programmes meant for sustainable access of potable drinking water are as follows :
4 Provision of safe drinking water to 9600 quality problem habitations out of which 1290
habitations were covered during the period 2002-05. It is proposed to cover 1800 habitations
consideration of improved service level based on demand driven approach with at least 10%
capital cost shar ing by the community along with O&M responsibility.
4 Adequate provision of rebore for those hand pumps which have out- lived their life and need to
be rebored.
4 Water conservation, water harvesting, water recharge and sustainability of the drinking water
Women Empowerment
72. In order to reduce gender disparity Tenth Plan have also stressed social, economic and political
4 Check adverse sex ratio - In this regard certain legal regulations relating to banning of sex
selective abortions, female infanticide and foeticide have been passed but their impact is
4 Female education.
4 Welfare and support services - Various schemes such as Working Women Hostels, Short
stay homes, Ashray Sadan, Widow pension scheme, National social assistance programme,
Balika Samridhi Yojna is being implemented for their support and welfare. Constitution of
India have also guaranteed certain constitutional and legal rights to them.
73. For their economic empowerment certain schemes/programmes such as Swashakti, Swayamsidha,
Kishori Shakti Yojna, Mahila dairy yojna, SJGSRY are being implementing in the State. In most of these
scheme women self help groups have been formed for their economic empowerment. VOs with
development projects funded by the Govt. and international institution are also encouraged to
constitute
SHG's in the project area. The immediate objective of the women SHG's is to make them self reliant,
enhancement in their income through training, technology and market support, creation of confidence
building and awareness among the member of the group, their control over economic resources,
improving
access of women to micro credit, their involvement in local planning etc. But mere formation of SHG
may
not be helpful. It should also be ensured that as at per guidelines at least half of the group should be
exclusive ly for women. Data reveals that during the period 1999-2005 (July) 2.83 lakh groups were
formed
under SJGSRY of which only 24% groups were exclusively for women. The groups engaged in economic
rd
and 74
th
their one-third participation in the grass root democracy through PRIs and urban local bodies.
75. A special strategy 'Women Component Plan' is also being implementing in the State to ensure that
at least 30% of the funds/benefits flow to women from other development and welfare sectors.
76. The total number of SHGs formed till date are around 3.53 lakh. Department-wise/ Scheme-wise
formed
2- Swashakti
4- Men SHG
6507
15337
100
3803
3 UPDASP UPDASP 12871
5 Integrated Wasteland
development programme
- 1978
Total 353444
77. Studies conducted for evaluation of functioning of these groups reveals that most of the groups of
SJGSRY are not doing well and they are not engaged in economic activities. The groups formed by other [
313 ]
agencies are in better position and they also engaged in economic activities which leads to desired
78. The recommendations for organization, promotion and strengthening the SHGs are as under :
4 There are a plethora of organizations that support SHGs and the processes of social
mobilization, financing norms and other related activities differ from organization to
4 The SHGs movement must focus on women. At least 50 percent of the SHG groups should be
4 The success of SHGs depends on bank lending for economic activities, but credit support has
been a major constraint. A 'micro finance equity fund' should be created with contributions
from commercial banks, which could be treated as a part of their priority sector lending
programme.
4 For successful implementation of the scheme the focus should be on 'grading of the groups'
rather than 'total number of groups'. Instead of applying target oriented approach, process
4 It must be ensured that both production and marketing should take place collectively rather
than on individual basis. Instead of this there should also be the possibility of few groups
4 Choice of activity must be governed by the concept of 'cluster approach'. Instead of selecting
numerous activities few activities should be selected and funded based on the availability of
local resources, available skills and training, existing market or future market possibilities so
that attention to all the aspects of these activities should be given like value addition design
4 Modern business opportunities should be given preference over traditional economic activities.
4 Skill upgradation and development training should be given to each group especially after
ensured.
4 Banks should adhere to the time frame and norms prescribed by RBI for disposal of loan
Annexure-1
Sl.
No
khand
U.P. INDIA
12456789
I- Population
(2001)
(%)(1991-2001)
population (2001)
(2001)
(1.1.2001)
Hospitals/Dispensaries (including
(1.1.2001)
(2002-03)
population (2001-02)
13. Literacy percentage Total (2001) 54.27 57.36 57.58 59.30 56.27 64.80
14. Literacy percentage 2001(Female) 39.13 43.96 45.52 43.11 42.22 53.70
17.
Total Length of Pucca Roads per lakh
of population (km.)(2001-02)
99)[ 315 ]
18.
02)
(1998-99)
(2002-03)
(2002-03)
(2002-03)
(2000-01)
hect) (1995-96)
03)
(2002-03)
(1999-2000)
03)
(2000-01)
(2002-03)
(2002-03)
(2002-03)
(2001-02)
Sl.
No
khand
U.P. INDIA
12456789
(2001-02)
(2001-02)
(2002-03)
population (2001-2002)
(1999.-2000)[ 316 ]
only Regis.
Fact.
33. Credit Deposit ratio (2004) 24.96 40.73 32.00 41.10 33.21 59.4
(2002-03)
population (2001)
on 1993-94 .
(2001-02. Rs.
at current prices
200 1- 02
Annexure-II
Level of development of districts in the State is identified on the basis of 29 indicators which
infrastructure and 4 of industry sector. In addition to these 25 indicators, 4 another indicators relating to
population, literacy, workforce and per capita domestic product have also been used. Then on the basis
of
these 29 indicators Composite Index of Development (CID) have been calculated. The details of these
List Of Indicators Used For Calculating District/Region Wise Composite Indices Of Development.
79.
S. NO. INDICATOR
3 INTENSITY OF CROPPING
5 GROSS VALUE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE PER HA. OF GROSS AREA SOWN (Rs.) AT CURRENT PRICES
Economic Infrastructure
13 LENGTH OF PUCCA ROADS (UNDER P.W.D.) PER THOUSAND SQ. K.M. OF AREA (K.M.)
Social Infrastructure
Industrial Development
Others Unclassified
On the basis of these selected 29 indicators, the composite index of development has been
worked out at district level. Based on this CID, in descending order, the districts have been placed in five
ranges. Assuming the levels of development of the State as 100, the districts whose composite index of
development is 120 or more have been placed in the category of Most Developed districts, the district
having their CID ranging below 120 to 100 are placed in High Medium Developed and the districts having
[ 318 ]
CID ranging below 120 are placed in Medium Development category, while the districts having their CID
Methodology
The Planning Commission, Govt of India has identified the backwardness of the 150 districts in
the country, including 21 districts of U.P., which is shown in the following table, using the following
three
Under National Food for Work Programme, the Planning Commission, Govt of India has
identified backwardness of the 15 districts of U.P. on the basis of prevalence of poverty indicated by
SC/ST population, agricultural productivity per worker and agricultural wage rate. The backward districts
identified by the Planning Commission under RSVY and NFFW programmes are more or less same as
identified by using 29 indicators in the study of Regional disparities conducted in 2003 and 2005
To identify the magnitude of disparities, the coefficient of variation is the best statistical method,
which reflects the magnitude in numerical way. On the basis of secondary data available in respect of
70
districts of the State, the composite index of development of the districts has been calculated. There are
many disparities also among the districts within a region. For working out the numerical values of the
selected indicators, the State value of that indicator has been assumed as 100. After this, getting the
average value of all the numerical values worked out, the Composite Index of Development (CID) have
been calculated for all the 4 sectors viz., agricultural, economic, social infrastructures, industry, along
with
unclassified indicators. Based on this CID, the coefficient of variations has been worked out and also
inter
Backward Districts Identified Under RSVY, NFFW and Regional Disparities (29 Composite Indicators)
(29 Indicators)
Composite Index
6 Pratapgarh - - 83.26
7 Gorakhpur - - 95.60
9 Chandauli - - 81.43
14 Jalaun - - 101.56
15 Lalitpur Lalitpur - 90.92
23 Bahraich 79.01
24 Ghazipur 78.87
25 Maharajganj 78.78
27 Gonda 76.92
28 Balrampur 73.48
30 Shrawasti 63.47
80 .
In the study conducted in 2003, on the basis of data available (1991-2000) it was found that 9
districts namely, Hardoi, Jaunpur, Shrawasti, Gonda, Bahraich, Balrampur, Chitrakoot, Azamgarh and
Santkabir Nagar were identified as most backward districts as per their CID. Out of these 9 districts only
one district belongs to Bundelkhand region and rest of the districts fall in Eastern region, which is shown
Classification of the District's Level of Development According to the Composite Index Of Development
in Descending Order(2003)
81 .
Most Developed Districts (CID 120 or above)
45 Chandauli 87.46
66 Bahraich 76.52
Now in the study conducted in March, 2005 based on 2001-02 data, it is found that the 14 districts
of the State namely Shrawasti, Sant Kabirnagar, Chitrkoot, Balrampur, Kaushambi, Jaunpur, Gonda,
Azamgarh, Siddharthnagar, Mahrajganj, Banda, Ghazipur, Bahraich and Hardoi are most backward. Out
of
these 14 districts, 11 districts belong to Eastern, 2 districts belong to Bundelkhand and one district
belongs
Classification of the District's Level of Development According to the Composite Index Of Development
in
Descending Order(2005)
43 Fatehpur 88.46
On the basis of the studies conducted in 2003 and 2005,a slight movement- upward or downward
has been observed in the placement of backward districts based on their present CID in 2005 in
comparison to their position of placement as observed in 2003. This movement is shown in the following
District Having Same Position District who Loose Position Districts Having Improved Position
F r om
District Improved
Position
From
Siddharthnagar 61 to 62 Azamgarh 69 to 63
Shrawasti 64 to 70
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Maharajganj
Banda
Kaushambi
Sidharthnagar
Jaunpur
Shrawasti
Hardoi
Gonda
Bahraich
Azamgarh
Balrampur
Ghazipur
Previous Position,2003