Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa Contenido

Facultad de Geología, Geofísica y Minas

• Fracturas, Junturas y Venas:
Geología Estructural – Definiciones, patrones de desarrollo,
morfología
Deformaciones – Relaciones con rocas estratificadas, plegadas
e intrusivos
• Fallas y Fallamiento:
Fracturas – Fallas – Definiciones, tipos de fallas, elementos,
cinemática
Dr. Fredy F. García Zúñiga – Fallas Normales, Inversas, Fajas corridas y
plegadas, fallas de cizalla

Modes of Crack - Surface Displacement

Fractures, Joints and Veins
Propagating fracture tip Shear fracture

Basic definitions

• Fracture: Surface of discontinuity, generally with

little displacement
Motion
– Extensional Fractures: Displacement perpendicular Motion == to fracture
to fracture, tensional == to fracture surface
surface == to fracture
_I_ to fracture front
– Shear Fractures: Displacement parallel to fractures A. Extension front
(Mode I) B. Shear C. Shear
(Mode II) (Mode III)

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Fractures, Joints and Veins

Basic definitions

• Joint: Natural
Extensional Fracture

• Vein: Fracture filled

with mineral precipitate
or rarely mud

Blocky vs. Fibrous Surface Morphology or Ornamentation of

Joints - Extensional Fractures
• Rock Inhomogeneities

• Crack Tip
Propagation speed
(Kulander and Dean, 1985)

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Relationships of Joint Frequency to Bedding
Thickness in Sedimentary Rocks

Joint Spacing

Joint and Folding Relationships

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 Sheeting Joints Columnar Jointing

• Possible joint
orientations
related to
principal stress
axes and larger
structures. Note
that joints form
perpendicular to
03, which is
tensile. (Wise, et
al., 1985, GSA
Bull., v. 96)

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Tension gashes

Faults and Faulting

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 Basic definitions Offset - Features

Net Slip
Vector

Significado estructural Quantification of Strain

Length Change - Longitudinal Strain

lo l
e (+) = extension

• acortamiento lo l e (-) = shortening

Elongation = e = (l – lo)/lo

• alargamiento Stretch = S = l/lo = 1 + e

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 Fault kinematics

Normal Faults
Map Patterns Thrust
For Faults Faults

S-S
Faults

Fault Geometry

Shear Indicators

Conjugate Fault Sets

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 Brittle Fault Rocks

•Cohesion
•Size

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 Fault Textures Brittle Fault Rocks

Unconsolidated Indurated Fault Gouge < 0.1 mm grain size; <30% matrix

Thrust Systems

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 Subandean Fault and Thrust Beld
• Orogenia Andina – Mioceno - desarrolla movimientos
verticales en bloques del basamento
– Levantamiento de cordilleras y formación de cuencas de antepaís
– Evolución del frente de deformación: Faja Plegada y Corrida

Stephen M. 2007 Hipótesis, 2006-2007

Stephen M. 2007
Hipótesis, 2006-2007

Modelo para el levantamiento del Alto del Shira y la

Modelo de la deflexión de Huancabamba deflexión de Abancay

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Strike-Slip Fault Kinematics

Flower Structures

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 Carrizo Plain Fault Active Faults

Emerson fault during the 28 June 1992 Landers, California, Earthquake

Arrowsmith, J. R. and Rhodes D. D. (1994)

Fault scarp about

1-2 km SE of the Random - fabric Foliated

Galway Lake Fault breccia ?

Road Incohesive (visible fragments > 30% of rock mass)

Fault gouge ?
(visible fragments < 30% or rock mass)

Most of the slip Glass/ devitrified glass Pseudotachylite ?

vectors are raked Cohesive

about 25 degrees Nature of Crush breccia (fragments > 0.5 cm) 90-
to the northwest matrix
Tectonic reduction in
Fine crush breccia (0.1 cm < frags. < 0.5 cm) 100 Pro
grain size dorninates
Crush microbreccia (fragments < 0.1 cm) % port
grain ion
growth by Protocataclasite Protomylonite 50- of
recrystallization and Cataclasite Mylonite 90% matr
neomineralization Series series ix

Cataclasite Phyllonit Mylonite 10-

e 50%
Steeper slickenlines varieties

are cut by less steeply Ultracataclasite Ultramylonite 0-

10%

raking slickenlines Grain growth Blastomylonite

pronounced

Arrowsmith, J. R. and Rhodes D. D. (1994).

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 Bibliografia
Ejercicio práctico
• Bennison, G. M and Moseley K. A. (1997). An Introduction to Geological
Structures & Maps. Arnold Ed. 129 pp.
• Davis, G. H. and Reynolds S. J. Kluth (2011) Structural Geology of rocks
and regions. John Willey & Sons INC. 776 pp. Fallas y medidas de
• Fossen H. (2010) Structural Geology. Cambridge. 463 pp
• Hatcher D. Jr. (1995). Structural Geology: Principles, concepts and desplazamiento
problems. Second Edition. Prentice Hall. 525 pp.
• Twiss, R. J. and Morris, E. M. (2007). Structural Geology: Second Edition.
Freeman Co. 736pp.
Mapa 16, Bennison, G. M. and Moseley K. A. (1997). An
Introduction to Geological Structures & Maps. Arnold Ed.
129 pp. (I - 7 - 02)

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