Homework: Using Calorimetry to Determine Enthalpy

Practice Problems Page 305 #21-30

• A pellet of potassium hydroxide, KOH(s), having a mass of 0.648 g, is dissolved in 40.0 mL of water in an
insulated cup. The temperature of the water increases from 22.6⁰C to 27.8⁰C. What is the molar enthalpy of
solution, ΔHsolution, for KOH(s)? Assume that the solution has a density and specific heat capacity equal to that
of water.

Surroundings System
40.0 mL water KOH(s) K+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Q = mcΔT 0.648g KOH 1 mol KOH
mol KOH = x = 0.011549 mol
Q = (40.0g)(4.19 J/g⁰C)(27.8⁰C – 22.6⁰C) 56.11 g KOH
Q = 871.52 J
-871.52 J
ΔH = = -75.5 kJ/mol KOH
0.011549 mol KOH

• When 5.022 g of sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO3(s) , reacts completely with 80.00 mL of acetic acid
CH3COOH(aq), the temperature increased form 18.6⁰C to 28.4⁰C.

CH3COOH(aq) + NaHCO3(s) CH3COONa(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Assume that the acid solution has the same density and specific heat capacity as water and that the mass of
the final solution is 80.00g . Calculate the molar enthalpy of reaction , ΔH r.

Surroundings System
80.00 g water CH3COOH(aq) + NaHCO3(s) CH3COONa(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Q = mcΔT 5.022 g NaHCO3 1 mol NaHCO3
mol NaHCO3 = x = 0.059778 mol
Q = (80.0g)(4.19 J/g⁰C)(28.4⁰C – 18.6⁰C) 84.01 g NaHCO3
Q = 3284.96 J
-3284.96 J
ΔH = = -55.0 kJ/mol NaHCO3
0.059778 mol NaHCO3

• Sodium reacts violently to form sodium hydroxide when placed in water, as shown in the following equation

2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)

Determine an experimental value for the molar enthalpy of reaction for sodium given the following data:

Mass of sodium, Na(s): 0.37 g

Mass of water in calorimeter: 175 g

Initial temperature of water: 19.30 ⁰C

Final temperature of mixture: 25.70 ⁰C

Surroundings System
175 g water 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
Q = mcΔT 0.37 g Na 1 mol Na
mol Na = x = 0.016093 mol
Q = (175.0g)(4.19 J/g⁰C)(25.7⁰C – 19.3⁰C) 22.99 g Na
Q = 4692.8 J
-4692.8 J
ΔH = = -290 kJ/mol Na
0.016093 mol Na
• In a simple calorimeter, 250.0 mL of 0.120 mol/L barium chloride, BaCl 2(aq), is mixed with 150.0 mL of 0.200
mol/L sodium sulfate, Na2SO4(aq). A precipitate of barium sulfate, BaSO 4(s), forms. The initial temperature of
the two solutions is 20.00⁰C. After mixing, the final temperature of the solutions is 20.49⁰C. Calculate the
enthalpy of reaction, in kilojoules per mole, of Na2SO4(aq). Assume that the solutions have densities and
specific heat capacities equivalent to those of water.

BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + BaSO4(s)

Surroundings System
400 mL water BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + BaSO4(s)
Q = mcΔT 0.2500 L BaCl2 0.120 mol BaCl2
mol BaCl2 = x = 0.03 mol BaCl2
Q = (400.0g)(4.19 J/g⁰C)(20.49⁰C – 20.00⁰C) 1 L BaCl2
Q = 821.24 J
0.1500 L Na2SO4 0.200 mol Na2SO4
mol Na2SO4 = x = 0.03 mol Na2SO4
1 L Na2SO4

-821.24 J
ΔH = = -27.4 kJ/mol BaCl2
0.03 mol BaCl2

• A neutralization reaction occurs when 100.0 mL of 0.200 mol/L aqueous ammonia, NH 3(aq), and 200.0 mL of
0.200 mol/L hydrochloric acid, HCl(aq), are mixed in an insulated cup

NH3(aq) + HCl(aq) NH4Cl(aq) + 53.6 kJ

Assuming that the two solutions have the same density and specific heat capacity as water, what
temperature change is expected after mixing?

Surroundings System
300 mL water NH3(aq) + HCl(aq) NH4Cl(aq) + 53.6 kJ
Q = mcΔT 0.1000 L NH3 0.200 mol NH3
mol NH3 = x = 0.02 mol NH3
(1072 J) = (400.0g)(4.19 J/g⁰C)ΔT 1 L NH3
Q = 0.853⁰C
0.2000 L HCl 0.200 mol HCl
Therefore the temperature increases by mol HCl = x = 0.04 mol HCl
1 L HCl
0.853⁰C Therefore, NH3 is the limiting reagent.

0.0200 mol NH3 -53 600 J

ΔH = x = -1072 J
1 mol NH3

• In a simple calorimeter, 150.0 mL of 1.000 mol/L NaOH(aq) is mixed with 150.0 mL of 1.000 mol/L HCl(aq). If
both solutions were initially at 25.00⁰C and after mixing the temperature increased to 30.00⁰C, what is the
enthalpy of reaction as written? Assume that the solutions have a density of 1.000 g/mL and a specific heat
capacity of 4.19 J/g⁰C

Surroundings System
300 mL water NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
 Q = mcΔT 0.1500 L NaOH 1.000 mol NaOH
mol NaOH = x = 0.150 mol NaOH
Q= (300.0g)(4.19 J/g⁰C)(30.00⁰C-25.00⁰C) 1 L NaOH
Q = 6285 J
0.1500 L HCl 1.000 mol HCl
mol HCl = x = 0.150 mol HCl
1 L HCl
Therefore, there is no limiting reagent

-6285 J
ΔH⁰ = = -41.9 kJ/mol NaOH
0.150 mol NaOH

• The enthalpy of solution for sodium hydroxide, NaOH(s), is given as -55.00kJ/mol. A chemist prepares 250.0
mL of a 0.100 mol/L solution of NaOH(aq). Assuming that this solution has the same specific heat capacity
and density as water, by how much should the water temperature increase as the NaOH(s) dissolves?

Surroundings System
250 mL water NaOH(s) Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
Q = mcΔT 0.2500 L NaOH 0.100 mol NaOH
mol NaOH = x = 0.0250 mol NaOH
1375 J= (250.0g)(4.19 J/g⁰C)ΔT 1 L NaOH
ΔT = 1.31⁰ C
0.0250 mol NH3 -55 000 J
ΔH = x = -1375 J
1 mol NH3

• A neutralization reaction occurs when 120.00 mL of 0.500 mol/L LiOH (aq) and 160.00 mL of 0.375 mol/L
HNO3(aq) are mixed in an insulated cup. Initially, the solutions are at the same temperature. If the highest
temperature reached during mixing was 24.5⁰C, what was the initial temperature of the solutions?

LiOH(s) + HNO3(aq) LiNO3(aq) + H2O(l) + 53.1 kJ

Surroundings System
280 mL water LiOH(s) + HNO3(aq) LiNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
Q = mcΔT 0.1200 L LiOH 0.500 mol LiOH
mol LiOH = x = 0.060 mol LiOH
3186 J = (280.0g)(4.19 J/g⁰C)ΔT 1 L LiOH
ΔT = 3.72⁰ C
0.1600 L HNO3 0.375 mol HNO3
ΔT = Tf - Ti mol HNO3 = x = 0.060 mol HNO3
1 L HNO3
3.72 ⁰C = 24.5 ⁰C - Ti Therefore, there is no limiting reagent
Ti = 21.8⁰C 0.060 mol NH3 -53 100 J
ΔH = x = -3186 J
1 mol NH3

• Peroxides will react to release oxygen when added to water. By how much would the water temperature
change if 7.800 g of sodium peroxide, Na2O2(s) is added to 110.00 mL of water?

2Na2O2(s) + 2H2O(l) 4NaOH(aq) + O2(g) ΔH⁰ = -285.0 kJ

Surroundings System
110.0 mL water 2Na2O2(s) + 2H2O(l) 4NaOH(aq) + O2(g)
Q = mcΔT mol Na2O2 = 7.800 g Na2O2 x 1 mol Na2O2 = 0.100 mol Na2O2
 14253.7 J = (110.0g)(4.19 J/g⁰C)ΔT 77.98 g Na2O2
ΔT = 30.9⁰ C
0.100 mol Na2O2 -285 000 J
ΔH = x = -14253.7 J
2 mol Na2O2

• In an insulated calorimeter, 200.0 mL of 1.00 mol/L potassium hydroxide, KOH(aq), is mixed with an equal
volume of 1.00 mol/L sulfuric acid, H2SO4(aq). The temperature increases by 6.50⁰C. Assume that the
solutions have the same density and specific heat capacity as water.

H2SO4(aq) + 2KOH(aq) K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

What is the molar enthalpy of neutralization?

Surroundings System
400.0 mL water H2SO4(aq) + 2KOH(aq) K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Q = mcΔT 0.2000 L KOH 1.00 mol KOH
mol KOH= x = 0.200 mol KOH
Q = (400.0g)(4.19 J/g⁰C)(6.50⁰C) 1 L KOH
Q = 10894 J KOH is the limiting reactant
-10894 J
ΔH⁰ = = -54.5 KJ/mol KOH
0.200 mol KOH

H2SO4(aq) + 2KOH(aq) K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) ΔH = -109 kJ

The molar enthalpy of neutralization is -109 kJ/ mol H 2SO4 or -54.5 kJ/mol KOH

Practice Problems Page 309 #31-40

• Predict the final temperature of a 5.00 x 102 g iron ring that is initially at 25.0⁰C and is heated by combusting
4.95 g of ethanol, C2H5OH(l); ΔHcomb for ethanol is -1234.8 kJ/mol. (Note: these are not standard conditions)

Surroundings System
Iron ring C2H5OH(l)+ 3O2(l) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
Q = mcΔT 4.95 g C2H5OH 1 mol C2H5OH
mol C2H5OH = x = 0.1074 mol C2H5OH
132 610 J = (500 g)(0.449 J/g⁰C)ΔT 46.08 g C2H5OH
ΔT = 591⁰ C
0.1074 mol C2H5OH -1234.8 kJ
ΔT = Tf - Ti ΔH = x = -132.61 kJ
1 mol C2H5OH
591⁰C = Tf - 25⁰C
Tf = 616⁰C

• Calculate the molar enthalpy of combustion of octane if 0.53 g of the fuel increased the temperature of a
coffee can calorimeter (13 g of aluminum and 2.50 x 10 2 mL of water) by 17.2⁰C. Remember to include the
heat gained by not only the water but also by the aluminum can.

Surroundings System
13 g of aluminum and 2.50 x 102 mL of water C8H18(l)+ 25
/2O2(l) 8CO2(g) + 9H2O(l)
 QAl = mcΔT 0.53 g C8H18 1 mol C8H18
mol C8H18= x = 4.63 x 10-3 mol C8H18
QAl = (13.0g)(0.897 J/g⁰C)(17.2⁰C) 114.26 g C8H18
QAl = 200.6 J
-18217.6 J
QH2O = mcΔT ΔH⁰ = = -3900 kJ/mol C8H18
4.63 x 10-3 mol C8H18
QH2O = (250g)(4.19 J/g⁰C)(17.2⁰C)
QH2O = 18017 J

Qtotal = QAl + QH2O

Qtotal = 200.6 J + 18017 J
Qtotal = 18217.6 J

• How much propane (in grams would have to be combusted to increase the temperature of 3.00 x 10 2 mL of
water from 20.00⁰C to its boiling point? (the molar enthalpy of combustion of propane can be found in Table
5.4)

Surroundings System
300 mL of water C3H8(l)+ 7/2O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)
Q = mcΔT 100.56 kJ 1 mol C3H8 44.11 g C3H8
mol C3H8 = x = = 2.00 g C3H8
Q = (300 g)(4.19 J/g⁰C)(100.0⁰C – 20.00⁰C) -2219.2 kJ 1 mol C3H8
Q = 100 560 J

• A lab technician places a 5.00 g food sample into a bomb calorimeter with a heat capacity of 9.23 kJ/⁰C. The
initial temperature of the calorimeter system is 21.0⁰C. After burning the food, the final temperature of the
system is 32.0⁰C. How much thermal energy is released by the combustion of the food in kilojoules per
gram?

Surroundings System
Bomb calorimeter 5.00 g sample of food
Q = CΔT
Q = (9.23 kJ/⁰C)(32.0⁰C - 21.0⁰C) -101.53 kJ
Energy released = = -20.3 kJ/g
Q = 101.53 kJ 5.00 g food

Therefore 20.3 kJ/g of energy is released

• Determine the enthalpy of combustion of an unknown fuel if a 2.75g sample increased the temperature of
5.00 x 102 mL of hot chocolate (c = 2.75 J/g⁰C) in a 1.50 x 10 2 g glass mug (c = 0.84 J/g⁰C) from 10.00 ⁰C to
45.00⁰C. Express the value for enthalpy of combustion in appropriate units.

Surroundings System
Hot chocolate and mug Unknown fuel
QHC = mcΔT
QHC = (500g)(3.75 J/g⁰C)(45.00⁰C - 10.00⁰C) -70035 J
ΔH = = -25 kJ/g fuel
QHC = 65625 J 2.75 g fuel

Qmug = mcΔT
Q mug = (150g)(0.84 J/g⁰C) (45.00⁰C - 10.00⁰C)
 Q mug = 4410 J

Qtotal = QHC + Q mug

Qtotal = 65625 J + 4410 J
Qtotal = 70035 J

• Urea, NH2CONH2(s), is widely used in various aspects of fertilizer manufacturing. A 4.28 g sample of urea is
burned in a flame calorimeter. The calorimeter is made of aluminum and has a mass of 40.3 g. The 125.0 mL
volume of water inside the calorimeter is at an initial temperature of 5.5⁰C. After the urea is completely
combusted, the water temperature is 96.0⁰C. Use this information to calculate the enthalpy of combustion,
ΔHcomb, for urea. Refer to Table 5.1 for the specific heat capacity of aluminum.

Surroundings System
Flame calorimeter C8H18(l)+ 25/2O2(g) 8CO2(g) + 9H2O(l)
QAl = mcΔT 4.28 g urea 1 mol urea
mol urea= x = 7.125 x 10-2 mol urea
QAl = (40.3g)(0.897 J/g⁰C)(96.0⁰C – 5.5⁰C) 60.07 g urea
QAl = 3271.5 J
-50 670.9 J
QH2O = mcΔT ΔH⁰ = = -711 kJ/mol urea
7.125 x 10-2 mol urea
QH2O = (125g)(4.19 J/g⁰C)(96.0⁰C – 5.5⁰C)
QH2O = 47399.4 J

Qtotal = QAl + QH2O

Qtotal = 3 271.5 J + 47 399.4 J
Qtotal = 50 670.9 J

• When a sample of ethene gas, C2H4(g), is burned the heat produced warms 50.0 g of water by 63.0⁰C. The mass
of C2H4(g) burned was 0.268 g.

• What is the standard molar enthalpy of combustion for C2H4(g) in kilojoules per mole?

Surroundings System
Flame calorimeter C2H4(l)+ 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
Q = mcΔT 0.268 g C2H4 1 mol C2H4
mol C2H4= x = 9.55 x 10-3 mol C2H4
Q = (50.0g)(4.19 J/g⁰C)(63.0⁰C) 28.06 g C2H4
Q = 13 198.5 J
-13 198.5 J
ΔH⁰ = = -1380 kJ/mol C2H4
9.55 x 10-3 mol C2H4

• Write the thermochemical equation for this combustion reaction

C2H4(l)+ 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ΔH = -1380 kJ

or

C2H4(l)+ 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 1380 kJ

• Diborane, B2H6(g), is a highly reactive compound that has been used as a reducing agent in rocket propellants,
it can react with chlorine gas as written below

B2H6(g) + 6Cl2(g) 3BCl3(g) + 6HCl(g) + 755 kJ

A 2.85 g sample of B2H6(g) reacts with an excess of chlorine gas in a bomb calorimeter, which is calibrated to
8.82 kJ/⁰C. What change in temperature will occur when the sample reacts?

Surroundings System
Bomb caloimeter B2H6(g) + 6Cl2(g) 3BCl3(g) + 6HCl(g)
Q = CΔT 2.85 g B2H6 1 mol B2H6
mol B2H6 = x = 0.103 mol B2H6
77.737 J = (8.82 kJ/⁰C)ΔT 27.68 g B2H6
ΔT = 8.81⁰ C
0.103 mol B2H6 -755 kJ
ΔH = x = -77.737 kJ
1 mol B2H6

• The equations below represent the burning of carbons disulfide, CS 2(l), in a calorimeter. What mass of CS2(l)
must have burned to increase the temperature of 1.00 kg of water by 15.5⁰C?

CS2(l) + 3O2(g) CO2(g) + 2SO2(g) + 1690 kJ

Surroundings System
1.00 kg of water CS2(l) + 3O2(g) CO2(g) + 2SO2(g)
Q = mcΔT - 64.945 kJ 1 mol CS2 76.15 g CS2
mol C3H8 = x = = 2.93 g CS2
Q = (1000 g)(4.19 J/g⁰C)(15.5⁰C) -1690 kJ 1 mol CS2
Q = 64 945 J

• A sample of acetone having a mass of 1.920 g undergoes complete combustion in an insulated calorimeter
holding 400.0 mL of water. It is determined that the water and calorimeter together absorb 58.829 kJ of heat
energy from this combustion. Based upon this information, what is the standard molar enthalpy of
combustion for acetone in kilojoules per mole?

Surroundings System
calorimeter C2H4(l)+ 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
Q = 58.829 kJ 1.920 g C2H6O 1 mol C2H6O
mol C2H6O = x = 3.31 x 10-2 mol C2H6O
58.09 g C2H6O

-58.829 kJ
ΔH⁰ = = -1780 kJ/mol C2H6O
3.31 x 10-2 mol C2H6O