Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BIOL2120 3 Transport Across Membranes
BIOL2120 3 Transport Across Membranes
Chapter 8
3. Transport
across
Membranes:
Overcoming the
Permeability
Barrier
Membranes Are Selectively Permeable
2
Cells and Transport Processes
3
4
The Movement of a Solute Across a Membrane Is
Determined by Its Concentration Gradient or Its
Electrochemical Potential
5
Simple Diffusion:
Unassisted Movement Down the Gradient
6
Diffusion Always Moves Solutes
Toward Equilibrium
• Solutes will move toward regions of lower
concentration until the concentrations are
equal
8
Solute Polarity
• Lipid bilayers are more permeable
to nonpolar substances than to
polar ones
11
Facilitated Diffusion:
Protein-Mediated Movement Down the
Gradient
13
Carrier Proteins Alternate Between
Two Conformational States
• The alternating conformation model states that a
carrier protein is allosteric protein and alternates
between two conformational states
14
15
The Glucose Transporter: A Uniport
Carrier
16
Video for demonstration
https://vimeo.com/134016329 17
Transport by GLUT1 is reversible
19
The Erythrocyte Anion Exchange
Protein: An Antiport Carrier
23
Ion Channels: Transmembrane
Proteins That Allow Rapid Passage of
Specific Ions
24
Gated channels
25
Porins: Transmembrane Proteins That
Allow Rapid Passage of Various
Solutes
• Pores on outer membranes of bacteria,
mitochondria and chloroplasts are larger and less
specific than ion channels
26
27
Structure of porins
28
Aquaporins: Transmembrane
Channels That Allow Rapid Passage
of Water
29
30
Aquaporin structure
31
Active Transport: Protein-Mediated
Movement Up the Gradient
32
Functions of active transport
33
The Coupling of Active Transport to an
Energy Source May Be Direct or
Indirect
37
38
Direct Active Transport Depends on
Four Types of Transport ATPases
hydrophilic channel
ashcards/1813664/jpg/81347412944026.jpg
40
P-type ATPase subfamilies
42
V-type ATPases
• Pump protons into organelles
such as vacuoles, vesicles,
lysosomes, endosomes, and
the Golgi complex
• Found in bacteria,
mitochondria and chloroplasts
45
ABC-type ATPases
46
Importers and exporters
47
Structure of ABC-type ATPases
• ABC transporters typically
have four protein domains,
two of which are highly
hydrophobic and are
embedded and form a
channel in the membrane
transport
Video for demonstration
https://youtu.be/T8dZwSPr8i8 48
Medical significance
49
Indirect Active Transport Is Driven
by Ion Gradients
50
Symport mechanisms of indirect active
transport
• Most cells continuously pump either sodium ions or
protons out of the cell (e.g., the Na+/K+ pump in
animals)
54
Structure of the Na+/K+ ATPase
58
Uptake of glucose via sodium
symport requires energy
59
60