Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BIOL2120 7 Cell Cycle
BIOL2120 7 Cell Cycle
BIOL2120 7 Cell Cycle
BIOLOGY 19
2
• The overall length of the
cell cycle is called the
generation time (about
18–24 hours in cultured
mammalian cells)
4
Mitosis Is Subdivided into Prophase,
Prometaphase, Metaphase,
Anaphase, and Telophase
5
Prophase
6
Prophase
• Nucleoli disperse
7
G2 phase
8
Prometaphase
• Its onset is marked by the fragmentation of the
membranes of the nuclear envelope
9
Centromeres and kinetochores
10
Kinetochores
11
Two other types of microtubules
13
b
a
colchicine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_and_development_of_t
ubulin_inhibitors#/media/File:Colchicine_with_tubulin.png
14
Anaphase
• Anaphase is the shortest phase
of mitosis
• In anaphase A, the
chromosomes are pulled toward
spindle poles as kinetochore
MTs get shorter
15
• In anaphase B, the
spindle poles
themselves move away
from each other as
polar MTs lengthen
16
Telophase
• At the beginning of telophase,
the daughter chromosomes
arrive at the poles of the spindle
18
19
Cytokinesis
20
21
• Signals emanating from the
central part of the spindle, the
spindle midzone
22
Progression Through the Cell Cycle
Is Controlled at Several Key
Transition Points
• Control of the cell cycle must
24
Video for demonstration
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jmqd9Qj_PTA 25
Progression Through the Cell Cycle
Is Controlled by Cyclin-Dependent
Kinases (Cdks)
• Phosphorylation of target proteins by protein
kinases and de-phosphorylation by protein
phosphatases is a common mechanism for
controlling the cell cycle
27
28
Maturation Promoting Factor (MPF) = active mitotic Cdk
29
30
Onset of mitosis
31
32
The Anaphase-Promoting Complex
Coordinates Key Mitotic Events by Targeting
Specific Proteins for Destruction
34
35
Stimulatory Growth Factors Activate
the Ras Pathway
37
G1 Cdk-Cyclin Regulates Progression
Through the Restriction Point by
Phosphorylating the Rb Protein
38
39
40
Checkpoint Pathways Monitor
Chromosome-to-Spindle Attachments
and DNA Damage
41
• Kinetochores that remain unattached to microtubules
produce a “wait” signal that inhibits the APC
42
The DNA damage checkpoint
43
Putting It All Together:
The Cell Cycle Regulation Machine
44