UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CHIMBORAZO

ESCUELA DE IDIOMAS

Name: Eric Altamirano Vásquez

Class: Third of English “A”
Date: 09-03-2021

DRIVING BEHAVIOR
In the literature, driving behavior is defined as the different habits, manners and
actions of a driver while driving, which is classified into five styles: normal or
safe driving, aggressive driving, distracted driving, drowsy driving, and
drunk driving (Meiring & Myburgh, 2015)

Here are our top 10 dangerous driving habits:

 Brake checking. Brake checking occurs when a driver in front of a tailgater hits
(not taps) the brakes to startle the rear vehicle into backing off. ...
 Tailgating. ...
 Speeding. ...
 Swerving. ...
 Texting/driving distracted. ...
 Avoiding turn signals. ...
 Running a red light. ...
 Impairment.

Some examples of risky behaviors are not using headlights properly, driving too fast

for conditions, tailgating, unsafe passing, or lane changing, etc. Failure to wear a seat
belt is a high-risk behavior that often makes the consequences of a collision worse.
 What is the most common driver error?
Smith System, a leader in professional driver training, analyzed 50 years
of driver training and found an inadequate following distance to be the most
common driving error.
 What is the two second rule in driving?
The easiest way to judge a safe gap is to use the two-second rule. By keeping a
minimum of a two second time gap in front of your vehicle (double in poor weather)
you will create space in which to react to any emergency that happens ahead. In wet
weather or on poor road surfaces you should double this gap
 What are good driving habits?
A good driving habit is to be aware of the posted speed limits and make sure you do
not exceed it. And remember, the speed limit is the maximum limit, not a recommended
speed. Adjust your speed based on the time of the day, the flow of traffic, as well as
weather and surface conditions.
 UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CHIMBORAZO
ESCUELA DE IDIOMAS

Please write five ideas about Driving behavior

1. Driving has its good habits, in addition to driving manners, education and respect
when driving a vehicle
2. One of the biggest mistakes is the distance between vehicles on the road.
3. Not speeding is one of the safest driving habits of all
4. Unsafe passing is dangerous and can be fatal.
5. Running the red traffic light is dangerous and you can even get a ticket for it.

Modeling driver behavior and their interactions

with driver assistance systems
As vehicle automation becomes increasingly prevalent and capable, drivers have the
opportunity to delegate primary driving task control to automated systems. In recent
years, significant efforts have been placed on developing and deploying Advanced
Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). These systems are designed to work with human
drivers to increase vehicle safety, control, and performance in both ordinary and
emergent situations. Current ADAS are mainly presented in rule-based or manually
programmed design based on the summary and modeling of pre-collected human
performance data. However, the pre-fixed system with limited personalization may not
match human drivers' needs, which may arise the driver's dissatisfaction and cause
ineffective system improvement. Human-centered machine learning (HCML) includes
explicitly recognizing this human operator's role, as well as re-constructing machine
learning workflows based on human working practices. The goal of this dissertation is
to build a novel driver behavior modeling framework to understand and predict
interactions with the driver assistance system from a human-centered perspective. It can
lead not only to more usable machine learning tools but to new ways of improving the
driver assistance systems. A driving simulator study was conducted to evaluate drivers'
interactions with Forward Collision Warning (FCW) system. Gaussian Mixture Model
(GMM) clusterization was used to identify different driving styles based drivers' driving
performance, secondary task engagement, eye glance behavior and survey information.
The impact of the FCW system on the different driving styles was also evaluated and
discussed from three perspectives: initial reaction, distraction types, and safety benefits.
A driver behavior model was also built using inverse reinforcement learning. Lastly, the
timing prediction of FCW using driving preference was compared to the algorithm from
a traditional FCW system. The findings of this study showed that ADAS without human
feedback may not always bring positive safety benefits. Learning driver's preference
through inverse reinforcement learning could better account for future scenarios and
better predict driver behavior (e.g., braking action). This algorithm can be incorporated
into real world in-vehicle warning systems such that the feedback and driving styles of
the human operator are appropriately considered.
 UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CHIMBORAZO
ESCUELA DE IDIOMAS

Please make a Summary about the Reading Modeling driver behavior and
their interactions with driver assistance systems

Automation is advancing and becoming more important in the world of driving. In

recent years, significant efforts have been made to develop and implement advanced
driver assistance systems. However, the default system with limited customization may
not match the needs of human drivers, which can lead to driver dissatisfaction and
ineffective system upgrade. The goal of this dissertation is to build a novel driver
behavior modeling framework to understand and predict interactions with the driver
assistance system from a human-centered perspective. It can lead not only to more
usable machine learning tools, but to new ways to improve driver assistance systems. A
model of driver behavior was also built using reverse reinforcement learning. Learning
driver preferences through reverse reinforcement learning could better represent future
scenarios and better predict driver behavior.

Top 20 Defensive Driving Tips to Keep You Safe

Getting behind the wheel of your car may seem like a commonplace event, but it is
likely to be the most dangerous thing you will do all day long. In the U.S., car accidents
are the fifth leading cause of death. Your odds may be even higher depending on where
you live and what you drive, so make sure you're covered with an affordable car
insurance policy.

Although you can't control the actions of other motorists, you have a great deal of
control over how you operate your vehicle. That means you can increase your chances
for a safe trip by following a few simple precautions. Here are twenty helpful tips to
keep you driving happy.

1) Focus on the task at hand.

Don't let phones, radio, air conditioning, kids in the backseat, or a heated discussion
with your spouse distract you from your job as the driver. Always pay attention to the
road and your vehicle. The NHTSA states that drivers under 20 are the most prone to
distractions while driving, with 11 percent involved in fatal crashes while distracted.
 UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CHIMBORAZO
ESCUELA DE IDIOMAS

2) Expect other drivers to make mistakes.

Don't trust anyone but yourself.

3) Slow down.
The 2009 U.S. Census reported 33,808 fatalities due to speeding. The faster you travel,
the longer it takes to stop, and the bigger the impact when you crash. But do travel
along with the flow of traffic, as long as it does not exceed recommended limits.

4) Take advantage of safety devices.

Find a car with a high safety rating and large number of air bags. Invest in the right
child restraints and seat belt adjusters for your family, and don't forget to use them.
According to the CDC, "Placing children in age- and size-appropriate car seats and
booster seats reduces serious and fatal injuries by more than half."

5) Always, always, always buckle up.

Many car accident fatalities could be prevented each year, by simply wearing a seat belt.
The National Safety Council says that seat belts reduce your risk of injury in a crash by
50 percent, and that 75,000 lives were saved by seat belts between 2004 and 2008.
Those least likely to buckle up are teens, rural drivers, intoxicated drivers, and
commercial truck drivers.

6) When in doubt, yield.

If you aren't certain who has the right of way, err on the side of caution. If you know
you have the right of way, but another motorist seems to disagree, give in. Better to lose
a bit of time than to get caught in a collision. According the Insurance Institute for
Highway Safety, men have a harder time yielding the right of way, with a ratio of 1.5 to
1 for 'failure to yield' violations.

7) Stop on red.
The leading cause of intersection collisions is running the red light. Sometimes it's a
lack of attention to the road. Sometimes it's glare from the setting sun. Sometimes it's
just plain hurry. The best practice is to slow down before each intersection, and evaluate
the situation. Never race the yellow light.

8) Use your blinkers.

Confusion is the enemy of safe driving. Make your lane changes and turns predictable
and smooth, and always signal in advance. "Nationwide, neglected or improper turn
signals cause 2 million car accidents a year," says Richard Ponziani, who conducted a
recent study for the Society of Automotive Engineers. Failure to signal can invalidate
your insurance claim after an accident, which means you will be financially responsible
for any damage caused.

9) Let it go.
Road rage is not just an urban myth. Since you don't know who might be behind the
wheel of that vehicle that just cut you off, it's safest to back away and overlook the
offense. Road rage has led to murder over trivial offenses in all 50 states. Getting even
could get you killed, not to mention the innocent drivers in your vicinity. If you suspect
 UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CHIMBORAZO
ESCUELA DE IDIOMAS

that another driver may be drunk, stay away, and alert the authorities as soon as it is safe
to do so.

10) Keep a buffer between yourself and other motorists.

Tailgating leads to rear-end collisions, and you will be the one to foot the bill for the
repairs.

11) Monitor your blind spots, and stay out of others' blind spots.
This is especially true of large vehicles, such as tractor-trailers. The rule of thumb is that
if you can't see the driver in the truck mirror, he can't see you either. Accidents
involving semi- trucks often prove fatal for the driver of a car.

12) Don't drive drunk, buzzed, high, or low.

Even an over-the-counter cold medication can alter your response times, so assess
yourself honestly before deciding to drive. The average drinker can only metabolize one
drink per hour. One drink equates to 12 ounces of beer, or 5 ounces of wine, or 1.5
ounces of distilled spirits. If you are under the influence of any mind-altering substance,
stay away from the wheel. NHTSA estimates 28 people die daily in the U.S. from drunk
driving accidents.

13) Adjust for rain.

When the roads are slick and wet, especially in a heavy downpour or the first thirty
minutes of a storm, your braking times increase. Turn off cruise control. Add extra
space between your vehicle and other vehicles. Slow down as much as is feasible. Learn
to detect and react properly to hydroplaning.

14) Prepare for snowy weather.

Slow down, and use snow chains if you see snow accumulating on the highway, but do
not use chains on ice. If you live in an area where snow and ice are common, invest in
winter snow tires. Always turn off your cruise control if you suspect ice may be present.

15) Inflate your tires appropriately, and change them when they are worn.
Properly inflated tires make for safer handling, and blowouts can cause an instant loss
of control.

16) Use headlights wisely.

Anytime visibility is impaired on winding roads, during fog, rain, snow, or low light,
make sure you can be seen by turning on your headlights. Only use your high beams in
low-traffic areas, and turn them down for oncoming drivers.

17) Maintain your vehicle.

Regular oil changes and fluid checks can save you from surprise breakdowns on the
road. If your car becomes disabled on a busy highway or interstate, the National Safety
Council recommends that you try to pull over in the breakdown lane, if possible.

18) Respond safely to tailgaters.

If someone is following too closely, add twice as much space between your car and the
car in front of yours. This increases your ability to see and prepare for a collision. Then
carefully and gradually decrease your speed to slightly below the speed of surrounding
 UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CHIMBORAZO
ESCUELA DE IDIOMAS

traffic, and try to move into a right hand lane, to let the tailgater pass. Do not hit the
brakes suddenly, unless you are forced to do so to avoid a collision.

19) Keep a steady pace.

Sudden increases and decreases in speed, unexpected lane changes, and unpredictable
stops make it hard for other drivers to anticipate your actions. Be predictable and avoid
surprising anyone around you.

20) Look far ahead of your vehicle.

Keep your eyes far down the road, and anticipate problems before you come to them.
Look for erratic drivers, slow traffic, intersections, and highway debris.

Many defensive driving classes are available online and in your area. This can make a
great gift for a young family member, or you can use it as a preventive exercise for
yourself.

Please choose 10 Top Defensive Driving Tips to Keep You Safe and write why did
you choose each one.

1) Focus on the task at hand.

Never get lost behind the wheel, it is extremely important to be free and not perform any
other action such as eating, talking on the phone or something else.
2) Slow down.
Driving slow is the best thing to do behind the wheel since there are many reckless drivers
and the recklessness of other drivers can cost other people's lives.
3) Always, always, always buckle up.
Fastening the seat belt is a widely used safety measure in the event of an accident.
4) Stop on red.
Respecting the traffic rules can prevent accidents
5) Keep a buffer between yourself and other motorists.
Many accidents are caused by the short distance between cars, so keeping a good
distance avoids problems.
6) Don't drive drunk, buzzed, high, or low.
Driving under any product subject to legal control is prohibited and you can go to jail for
that!
7) Inflate your tires appropriately, and change them when they are worn.
Keeping your tires up to date can prevent accidents as this ensures that your car does not
derail.
8) Maintain your vehicle.
The maintenance of your vehicle guarantees a life and an optimal performance of your
car.
9) Keep a steady pace.
Maintaining a constant speed is nice and you can avoid mistreatment by other drivers
behind the wheel.
10) Look far ahead of your vehicle.
The most important rule of all is to always look ahead, you should never avoid looking the
other way and only, when driving, we have eyes for the wheel.