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Design of Tall Structures-Week-02
Design of Tall Structures-Week-02
What is Earthquake?
• Earthquake is the Shaking, Rolling, and Rumbling of the Earth’s Surface.
Types of Earthquakes
• Tectonic
• Volcanic
• Explosive
• Collapse
Tectonic Earthquake
The earth crust is made up of unevenly shaped
slab of rocks called tectonic plates. The energy
stored underneath causes the tectonic
plates to move towards away or push against
each other. With time the stored energy and
the movement of the tectonic plates build up
the enormous pressure within the region
between two plates.
Structural
Design Design
of Tall and Drawing
Structures (CE-422),
(CE-514), Dr.Faqeer
Dr. Aslam Aslam Faqeer
MohammadMohammad
Protected –– Department
Copyrights Protected Departmentof ofCivil
CivilEngineering,
Engineering,NED
NEDUniversity
UniversityofofEngineering
Engineering&&Technology,
Technology, Karachi
Karachi
Date: 20/05/2020
SLIDE NO. 06
Earthquake Waves
Earthquake vibrations originate from the point of initiation of rupture and propagates in all
directions. These vibrations travel through the rocks in the form of elastic waves.
Types of Waves
Mainly there are three types of waves associated
with propagation of an elastic stress wave
generated by an earthquake. These are
The seismic analysis and design of buildings has traditionally focused on reducing the
risk of loss of life in the largest expected earthquake (Maximum Considered or Design
1. Simplified Static
2. Static
3. Dynamic
2. Other buildings (Regular Buildings) not more than two stories in height excluding
basements.
Design of Tall Structures (CE-514), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad
Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
Lateral Force Procedures (Seismic analysis)
as per UBC-97
Static. The static lateral force procedure may be used for the following structures:
1. All structures, regular or irregular, in Seismic Zone 1 and in Occupancy Categories 4 and 5 in Seismic Zone 2.
2. Regular structures under 240 feet (73 152 mm) in height with lateral force resistance provided by systems
listed in Table 16-N, except where Section 1629.8.4, Item 4, applies.
3. Irregular structures not more than five stories or 65 feet (19 812 mm) in height.
4. Structures having a flexible upper portion supported on a rigid lower portion where both portions of the
structure considered separately can be classified as being regular, the average story stiffness of the lower portion
is at least 10 times the average story stiffness of the upper portion and the period of the entire structure is not
greater than 1.1 times the period of the upper portion considered as a separate structure fixed at the base.
1. All structures, regular or irregular, in Seismic Zone 1 and in Occupancy Categories 4 and 5 in Seismic Zone 2.
2. Regular structures under 240 feet (73 152 mm) in height with lateral force resistance provided by systems
listed in Table 16-N, except where Section 1629.8.4, Item 4, applies.
3. Irregular structures not more than five stories or 65 feet (19 812 mm) in height.
4. Structures having a flexible upper portion supported on a rigid lower portion where both portions of the
structure considered separately can be classified as being regular, the average story stiffness of the lower portion
is at least 10 times the average story stiffness of the upper portion and the period of the entire structure is not
greater than 1.1 times the period of the upper portion considered as a separate structure fixed at the base.
where
T = fundamental period of the structure in the direction under consideration
I = seismic importance factor
Cv = a numerical coefficient dependent on the soil conditions at the site and the seismicity of the region, as set
forth in UBC Table 16-R
W = seismic dead load
R = a factor that accounts for the ductility and over-strength of the structural system, as set forth in UBC Table
16-N
Z = seismic zone factor, as set forth in Table UBC Table 16-I.
Note that Z does not directly appear in the base shear formula. It does, however, affect the seismic coefficients
Ca and Cv .
Design of Tall Structures (CE-514), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad
Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
Date: 20/05/2020
SLIDE NO. 04
where Ca is a seismic coefficient dependent on soil conditions at the site and on regional seismicity.
3. In the zone of highest seismicity (zone 4), the design base shear must be equal to or greater than
where Nv is a near-source factor that depends on the proximity to and activity of known faults near the
structure.
The value of the seismic zone coefficient Z can be considered the peak ground acceleration in percentage of
gravity. For example, Z = 0.4 indicates a peak ground acceleration of 0.4g equal to 40% of acceleration due to
gravity.
Design of Tall Structures (CE-514), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad
Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
Date: 20/05/2020
SLIDE NO. 06
Building Period T
The building period T may be determined by Modal analysis or by using empirical formulae. It is denoted TA if
determined by empirical formulas (method-A), and TB if determined by modal analysis. The following single
empirical formula may be used for all type framing systems:
In case of method B approach, the fundamental period is determined more accurately using Modal analysis
based on Rayleigh’s ritz or Eigen value analysis, the value of TB obtained through modal analysis can be used in
calculating the base shear with certain limitations.
For example, in seismic zone 4 TB cannot be more than 30% greater than that determined by TA and in zones 1,
2A, 2B, and 3, it cannot be more than 40% greater from TA.
The coefficient R is a measure of ductility and over-strength of a structural system, based primarily on
performance of similar systems in past earthquakes.
A higher value of R has the effect of reducing the design base shear. For example, for a steel special moment-
resisting frame, the factor has a value of 8.5, whereas for ordinary moment-resisting frame, the value is 4.5. This
reflects the fact that a special moment-resisting frame performs better during an earthquake.
The values of R are the same as UBC 1994 values except they are divided by a load factor of 1.4 to account for the
strength level design values.
For example, the new value of R for a special moment-resisting frame is equal to the old Rw = 12, divided by 1.4.
Thus, R = 12/1.4 = 8.57, which is rounded to 8.5 in 1997 UBC.