PRESIDIUM INDIRAPURAM

Students Handout-3
GRADE X (BIOLOGY)
CHAPTER: LIFE PROCESSES
TOPIC: TRANSPORTATION

Transportation is the movement of material from one part to another, usually from the region
of their availability to the region of their use, storage or elimination. Transportation occurs in
all organism from microscopic ones to large sized trees and animals.

Transportation in Human Being

In humans transportation of oxygen,nutrients, hormones and other substances to the

tissue,CO2 to the lungs and waste product to the kidney is carried out by a well defined
system called CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. The circulatory system comprises of Blood,
Blood vessels, Heart, Lymphatic system and Lymph.

BLOOD
It is a bright red coloured liquid connective tissue that circulates in the entire body by the
muscular pumping organ, the heart. The volume of blood is 6 litres in adult human body.The
different components of blood are:

1)Plasma-It consists of water, in which many substances are dissolved including Plasma
Protein(albumin,globulin, fibrinogen and antibodies),salts (sodium and potassium chloride
and bicarbonates), food substances (amino acids, glucose, fats) hormones, digested and waste
excretory product.Plasma without fibrinogen (clotting factor) is called serum.
2)RBC (Red Blood Corpuscles) or Erythrocytes – These are minute, circular biconcave
disc having no nucleus. They look red due to the presence of red coloured pigment,
haemoglobin which help in transport of oxygen.
3) White Blood Corpuscles (WBC) or Leucocytes- These are large, nucleated colourless
cell and are numerous than RBC. WBC like eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes and
lymphocytes protects us against diseases by phagocytosis of invading organism or by
production of antibodies.
4)Blood Platelets- Platelets are rounded colorless, biconvex and non-nucleatedcell fragments
of cells which help in coagulation of blood. They are also called thrombocytes.

Function of Blood

 Transport of Oxygen- RBC contain haemoglobin that combines with oxygen to form
oxyhaemoglobin which is transported to tissues and cells for cellular respiration for
release of energy as ATP.
 Transport of CO2-Carbondi oxide which is produced by cell as a byproduct of
cellular respiration is transported by the blood plasma to the lungs from where it is
removed.
 Transport of Nutrients- The digested and absorbed nutrients like glucose amino
acids and fatty acids are first transported to liver and then to rest of tissue for storage,
oxidation and synthesis of new substances.
 Transport of Excretory Products-Nitrogenous waste like ammonia, urea and uric
acid of the body are transported to the kidney by blood from where it is eliminated.
  Transport of Hormones – The plasma of blood transports various hormones from
one region to another and bring about co-ordination in the working of the body.
 Maintenance of pH- The plasma proteins act as buffer system and maintain required
pH of the body tissue.
 Protection from Diseases- The WBC engulf the bacteria and other disease causing
by phagocytosis. The lymphocytes produce antibodies against invading infection
causing agents.
 Clotting of Blood- The plasma protein fibrinogen form a clot at the site of injury thus
preventing further loss of blood.

Blood Vessel

Human blood flows inside tubes called blood vessels. Blood vessels are of three types-
Arteries, Veins and Capillaries.
 Arteries: They are blood vessels which carry blood coming from heart to various
organs of the body. Arteries generally, carry oxygenated blood. Only pulmonary
arteries transport deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs. The walls are thick and
highly muscular with narrow lumen. They are deep seated in our body. In arteries the
blood flows at high pressure with high rate. Aorta is the biggest artery.
 Veins : They are blood vessels which carry blood from various parts of the body
towards the heart. Wall is less thickened and less elastic as compared to that of
arteries. Lumen is wide. Veins carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary veins that
bring oxygenated blood from lungs to the heart. Veins are generally superficial and
have valves to prevent backflow of blood.
 Capillaries – The arteries divide into smaller vessels on reaching the organ or tissue
which bring blood in contact with individual cells. They are very narrow blood
vessels (4-10 um) having a single layered wall (endothelium) which is permeable, due
to which dissolved substances pass in and out, exchanging oxygen, carbondioxide,
dissolved nutrients and excretory product with the tissue.

Relationship between Blood Vessels

THE HEART

The human heart is a cone shaped and is a size of a closed fist. It is muscular organ situated
under the breastbone and between the lungs inside the thoracic cavity.It is a pumping organ
that receives blood from the veins and pump it into the arteries.It is enclosed in a double
walled membranous sac the pericardium,which is filled with pericardial fluid which protects
it from mechanical injury and shock.

Chambers of the Heart

The interior of the heart is divided into four chambers which receive the circulatory blood.
 Atria- The two upper chambers are called as atria.One of it is the right
atrium(singular) and other is left atrium.The atrium are separated by a partition called
inter atrial septum.
 Ventricles – The two lower chambers are called as ventricles. Of these, one is left and
other is right ventricle. Their walls are muscular and thick walled. They are separated
from each other by an inter ventricular septum.
 Valves of the Heart
1) The Antrioventicular valve - Each atrium opens into a ventricle of its own side
through an atrio ventricular aperture. The two apertures are guarded by valves,
which are muscular flaps,they open only in the ventricle and prevents the
backward flow of the blood. The left atrium and ventricle are separated by a pair
of flaps called the Bicuspid or Mitral valve. Similarly the right auricle and
ventricle are separated by three flaps called Tricuspid valve.
2) Semilunar Valves – They are located in the arteries leaving the
heart.ThePulmonary semi-lunar valve is present where the pulmonary trunk
leaves right ventricle and aortic semi-lunar valve is present where aorta leaves
left ventricle.

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF HEART

BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART

• The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood fromall parts of the body mainly
through two vessels or venacavas (inferior and superior).
• From the right atrium blood passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
• When the right ventricle is full it contracts and the blood is forced into the pulmonary
artery that divides into right and left pulmonary artery and carries it to the lungs for
oxygenation.
• After oxygenation, it is returned back to the heart through the pulmonary vein, which
opens into the left atrium.
• The left atrium passes the blood into the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve. The
ventricle on contraction passes this oxygenated blood into the largest aorta, the dorsal
aorta.
• The aorta branches into vessels which transports oxygenated blood to all body parts.

DOUBLE CIRCULATION IN HUMANS

The circulatory system of human is called as double circulation as the blood passes through
the heart twice in one complete cycle of the body. It involves two circulation.

 Pulmonary Circulation: It is movement of blood from heart to the lungs and back.
Deoxygenated blood of the body enters the right auricle, passes into right ventricle
which pumps it into pulmonary arch. With the help of two separate pulmonary arteries
the blood passes into the lungs. Here the arteries break up into arterioles and then
capillaries for oxygenation. Oxygenated blood comes back to left auricle of heart
through pulmonary veins.
 Systemic Circulation: It is the circulation of blood between heart and different parts
of the body except lungs.Oxygenated blood received by left auricle passes into left
ventricle. The left ventricle pumps it into aorta for supply to different body parts.
From there deoxygenated blood is collected by venules which join to form veins and
finally venacava and pour blood back into the right auricle

DOUBLE CIRCULATION IN HUMANS

BLOOD PRESSURE

Blood Pressure: - It is the pressure exerted by the blood on the wall of the blood vessels in
which it is present. It is of two types: -
 Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) : - It is the pressure which the blood exerts on the
wall of the blood vessels at the end of systolic contraction of ventricles. In a normal
resting adult, it is about 120 mm Hg.
 Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP): - It is pressure, which the blood exerts on the wall
of the arteries when the ventricles are maximally relaxed (diastole). In normal resting
adult, it is about 80 mm Hg.
Abnormally high blood pressure called hypertension can lead to rupture of artery and
internal bleeding.

Comparison of hearts of different classes

i) The heart in mammals :- and birds have four chambers and the right and left sides of the
heart is separated by a septum. This prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood and provides efficient supply of oxygen. This is necessary because they need more
energy to maintain their body temperature.
ii) The heart in amphibians and reptiles :- have three chambers and allows some mixing
of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood because the do not use energy to maintain their
body temperature. Their body temperature is the same as the temperature of the
surroundings.
iii) The heart in fishes :- have only two chambers and blood is oxygenated in the gills.

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

It is a system of tiny tubes called as lymph vessels and lymph nodes in the human body which
transports lymph from the body tissue to the blood circulatory system.It runs parallel to veins
and consists of following parts :
 LYMPH- It is also called tissue fluid which is colourless containing lymphocytes
which fight against infection. It is formed from the blood ,by passage of substances
through the wall of the blood capillaries into the intercellular tissue spaces. It can also
defined as the transparent fluid which oozes out into the surrounding intercellular
space and the tissue cells from the blood flowing in the capillaries. It flows in one
direction from tissue to heart. Lymph is also called extracellular fluid as it is present
outside the cell. Lymph drains into Lymphatic Capillaries.
 LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES AND VESSELS- The capillaries are thin walled
forming a network in every organ except nervous system. These capillaries are having
blind ends. These capillaries unite to form lymphatic vessels which are small veins
likestructure.the large lymph vessels finally open into large veins.
 LYMPH NODES- They are present in the course of the lymph vessels by their
enlargement into cavities called lymph nodes .They are rich in phagocytes and
lymphocytes that act as filter for the microorganism.
FUNCTION OF LYMPH :

 Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine, hormones, oxygen, CO2 and
excretory substances etc. to and from the cells. It drains excess fluid from
extracellular space back into the blood thus, maintains the blood volume.
 It protects the body by killing the germs and drain out of the body tissue with the help
of lymphocytes in the lymph node.
 It keeps the cells moist.

TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS

In plants, transportation of materials like food, water and minerals takes place through
conducting tissues called xylem and phloem.

TRANSPORTATION OF WATER AND MINERALS

Plants require water for making food by photosynthesis and also mineral salts for various
purpose.The water and minerals are absorbed from the soil by roots and carried to various
parts by XYLEM. It consists of four kind of elements ; vessels, tracheids, xylem
parenchyma, xylem fibers (schlerenchyma) out of which the two which play imp role in
translocation are:

 Vessels- They are cylindrical in shape with their ends open and are placed one above
the other.
 Tracheids- They are elongated , thin, spindle shaped dead cells with pits in their thick
cell wall.

Mechanism of Transport of Water and Minerals – it involves 3 distinct interconnected

processes:

1) Absorption of water and minerals.

2) Ascent of sap or upward movement of water and minerals, and
3) Transpiration.

STEPS:-

 Water enters the root hair through osmosis, and mineral ions enter the root cells by
active transport.
 Both water and minerals move upward from cell to cell through the cortex of the root
by osmosis.
 From the cortex, water and minerals are brought to the xylem.
 The sap which contains water and dissolved minerals move upwards from the root
cells to xylem. The upward movement of sap is called the ascent of sap.
 The xylem vessels of the roots are in continuation with the xylem vessels of the stem.
 Due to difference in concentration of water in roots and soil, a column of water is
created which ensures that water reaches to the parts located at a height.
 Transpiration is the loss of water in the form of water vapour from the aerial parts of a
plant. It occurs through openings called stomata.
 Water loss through evaporation lowers the concentration of water inside mesophyll
cells. Due to this,water enters mesophyll cells from neighbouring xylem vessels
through osmosis.
 As water evaporates from the leaves, a suction force is created. This force helps to
draw more water up through the stem which causes the roots to absorb more water
from the soil.
 Higher the rate of transpiration, greater the rate of absorption of water and solutes
from the soil. 95% of water is lost in the form of water vapour by the process of
transpiration. Only 5% is used for the process of photosynthesis and other metabolic
processes.
 Transpiration also helps in maintaining the temperature of the plant body.

TRANSPORTATION OF FOOD AND OTHER SUBSTANCES

The food (i.e. sugars,hormones and other metabolites) synthesized in the leaves are
transported to other parts of plant through the conducting tissue PHLOEM. It consists of:
 It consists of sieve tubes and companion cells placed one above the other forming a
continuous column with the ends covered with seive plate.These cells are formed by
longitudinal division of a single cell. Sieve tube cells are broad and their nuclei are
disintegrated. Companion cells are narrow and arranged laterally and longitudinally to
sieve tube cells. It posses nuclei and regulates all the metabolic activities in sieve tube
cells. Sieve plates have small pores in them which allow food to pass through the
phloem. Phloem also has phloem parenchyma and phloem fibers which help in
transportation of food.
 The food in the phloem can move in the upward and downward directions.
 MECHANISM OF TRANSPORT OF FOOD AND OTHER SUBSTANCES

• Food synthesised during photosynthesis in leavesi.e sucrose, enters the phloem

element from mesophyll cells of leaves.
• The concentration of sucrose in phloem of leaf is high while it is low in phloem of
other parts of the plant as it is continously being utilised without being manufactured.
• Thus, food moves from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower
concentration,through the phloem i.e from the region of synthesis to utilisation
• The transport of soluble sustances from the site of synthesis to site of utilization,by
phloem is called translocation.
• In spring, the sugar stored in root or stem tissues is transported to the buds.