Hello class and good afternoon before we

start our class may I request everyone to

stand up and lets bow our head and pray
Pray

Volcanic eruptions

A volcano is an opening or rupture in the

earth’s surface that allows magma (hot
liquid and semi-liquid rock), volcanic ash
and gases to escape. They are generally
found where tectonic plates come together
or separate but they can also occur in the
middle of plates due to volcanic hotspots.
A volcanic eruption is when lava and gas
are released from a volcano—sometimes
explosively.
Volcanoes are frequently classified by their
size and shape (as is described in the
section Volcanic landforms), but they can
also be classified by their eruptive habits.
Indeed, the type of volcanic eruption that
occurs plays an important role in the
evolution of a volcanic landform, thus
forming a significant link between eruptive
habit and volcanic structure.

In general, eruptions can be categorized as

either effusive or explosive. Effusive
eruptions involve the outpouring of basaltic
magma that is relatively low in viscosity and
in gas content. Explosive eruptions
generally involve magma that is more
viscous and has a higher gas content. Such
magma is often shattered into pyroclastic
fragments by explosive gas expansion
during an eruption.

The most dangerous type of eruption is

called a 'glowing avalanche' which is when
freshly erupted magma flows down the
sides of a volcano. They can travel quickly
and reach temperatures of up to 1,200
degrees Fahrenheit. Other hazards include
ash fall, and lahars (mud or debris flows).
Volcanoes often cause population
displacement and food shortages.
Volcanoes are frequently classified by their
size and shape (as is described in the
section Volcanic landforms), but they can
also be classified by their eruptive habits.
Indeed, the type of volcanic eruption that
occurs plays an important role in the
evolution of a volcanic landform, thus
forming a significant link between eruptive
habit and volcanic structure.

In more-detailed classification schemes

based on character of eruption, volcanic
activity and volcanic areas are commonly
divided into six major types, shown
schematically in the diagram. They are
listed as follows in order of increasing
degree of explosiveness:
Icelandic
The eruption started on 20 March. A 500
metre fissure opened up. The eruption
happened underneath an ice sheet .
Dissolved gases in the molten rock along
with steam generated from the melting ice
caused a large column of volcanic ash.

Hawaiian
Lava Cascades in Halemaʻumaʻu as Eruption
Begins, December 20, 2020. Lava cascaded
from the wall of Halemaʻumaʻu crater into a
pool at the bottom, shortly after the
summit eruption began

Strombolian
Because of such small frequent outbursts,
Stromboli volcano, located on Stromboli
Island off the northeast coast of Italy, has
been called the “lighthouse of the
Mediterranean.”
Stromboli's activity is almost exclusively
explosive, but lava flows do occur at times
when volcanic activity is high, an effusive
eruption occurred in 2002, the first in 17
years, and again in 2003, 2007, 2013, and
2014.

Vulcanian
This mixture forms dark, turbulent eruption
clouds that rapidly ascend and expand in
convoluted shapes.
A Vulcanian eruption is a short, violent,
relatively small explosion of viscous magma
(usually andesite, dacite, or rhyolite). This
type of eruption results from the
fragmentation and explosion of a plug of
lava in a volcanic conduit, or from the
rupture of a lava dome (viscous lava that
piles up over a vent).

Pelean
Pelean eruptions are named for the
destructive eruption of Mount Pelée on the
Caribbean island of Martinique in 1902. The
fluidized slurries produced by these
eruptions are heavier than air but are of low
viscosity and pour down valleys and slopes
at great velocities. As a result, they are
extremely destructive.
Plinian
In this type of eruption, gases boiling out of
gas-rich magma generate enormous and
nearly continuous jetting blasts that core
out the magma conduit and rip it apart. The
uprushing gases and volcanic fragments
resemble a gigantic rocket blast directed
vertically upward. Plinian eruption clouds
can rise into the stratosphere and are
sometimes continuously produced for
several hours. Lightning strikes caused by a
buildup of static electricity are common
close to Plinian ash clouds, adding one more
element of terror to the eruption.
Most volcanoes are found along a belt,
called the “Ring of Fire” that encircles the
Pacific Ocean. Some volcanoes, like those
that form the Hawaiian Islands, occur in the
interior of plates at areas called “hot spots.”

Positive : Income to an area is created by

tourists because...
the dramatic scenery created by volcanic
eruptions attracts tourists.
Negative: Many lives can be lost...
as a result of a volcanic eruption.
Positive: Lava and Ash deposited during an
eruption breaks down to provide valuable
nutrients for the soil...
this creates very fertile soil which is good
for agriculture.
Negative: Deadly and devastating Lahars
are made when...
ash and mud from an eruption mixes with
rain or melting snow making fast moving
mud flows.
Positive: Geothermal energy can be
harnessed because of...
the high level of heat and activity inside the
Earth close to a volcano.
Negative: Lahars and Lava flows can...
destroy settlements and clear earas of
woodland and agriculture with its fast
flowing and temperatures over 400°C.