Design and Development of a Portable and

Ergonomically Adjustable Drafting Table

A Research Proposal Presented to the

Faculty of the College of Industrial Technology

Bicol University

Legazpi City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in for the degree

Bachelor of Technical-Vocational Teacher Education

by:

Bertillo, Rose Ann M.

Casagan, Patrick Q.

Cordenete, Mae SA.

De Jesus, John Lee B.

Negrete, Carlo B.

Rances, Gene Elmerson Z.

December 2021
 Table of Contents

Title Page

Title Page i

Table of Contents ii

List of Figures iii

Chapter I. The Problem

Introduction 1

Statement of the Problem 5

Hypothesis 6

Scope and Delimitation 6

Significance of the Study 7

Notes 9

Chapter II. Review of Related Literature and Studies

Related Literature 11

Related Studies 16

Synthesis of the state of the Art 22

Gap to be Bridged by the Study 24

Theoretical Framework 24

Conceptual Framework 30

Definition of Terms 31

Notes 35

Chapter III. Research Design and Methodology

Research Method 39

Respondents of the Study 39

ii
 3

Sources of Data 40

Research Instrument 40

Data Gathering Procedures 42

Statistical Treatment of Data 43

Notes 45

iii
 List of Figures

Figure Title Page

1 Theoretical Paradigm 29

2 Conceptual Paradigm 31

iv
 5

CHAPTER 1

The Problem

Introduction

The origin of drafting tables goes back to the 17th century. More

commonly known as drawing boards at that time but eventually called a drafting

table. Before the industrial revolution, you would find these drawing boards in a

man’s study area or library. The early designs of the drafting tables were made

up of oaks and were very heavy. It used lead weight to make the tabletop stable

for the desired angle and height. It was weighty and ergonomically

unmanageable.

Through the years, this design was changed into lighter and with cheaper

materials for producing it. Thus, the drafting table became more accessible and

useful in an office and a shop setting. It was usually used as a fixture. Even as

time passed, its features and functions were not totally changed, but due to its

availability, it became more popular, mass-produced, and distributed to many

users. It usually can be found in courthouses and county clerk offices.

In the modern-day, it is now usually used by students, teachers, artists,

designers, architects and some engineers. It has its original function, but it has

different types and styles. It is lightweight and its lid is held by wing nuts and

simple assemblies. The early tabletops were changed into plywood with a

coating that is resistant to cuts and scratches that are created by working in it

and some tabletops were made out of specialized glass that is lighter than other
regular glass. The tabletop of a modern drafting table can be detached easily for

the user’s portability. (Noton, 2011)

A regular drafting table that can be seen in a school setting usually has a

wood or metal framing, it also has a tabletop that is made of wood or sometimes,

glass (specialized). Its table top is also adjustable for the user's desired height

and angle. Unfortunately, most of the drafting tables used in school are heavy

and unmanageable to carry from one place to another and their height is non-

adjustable, because of this, some students suffer discomfort and back and neck

pain (Curbano, 2015). Hence, when the pandemic started in the Philippines,

these situations became more challenging to students. Classes at different

schools, universities and state colleges were temporarily suspended. After it

started, all of the students who needed a drafting table for their drawing activities

weren’t able to use it. Some of them already have drafting tables in their houses

but most of them don’t have a proper table. Those students who don’t have

drafting tables use alternative tables like, regular table, dining table and center

table

In drafting, proper measurement is necessary. Unfortunately, those tables

are not designed/suited for indicating precise measurements when using tools

like, T-square and triangle ruler. Thus, those tables will also cause discomfort,

back and neck pain because they are not ergonomically measured.

Based on the above-cited situation, the researchers wanted to develop a

prototype drafting table using lighter materials so that it can be portable and

expected to be manageable. To avoid discomfort, researchers will also add some

 7

features on the post of the developed drafting table. It is expected that the height

of the drafting table will be adjustable to the desired height of the user.

This study will further enhance the invention and innovation skills of the

reader. Thus, this will provide a piece of knowledge about the appropriate

materials and tools needed and the step-by-step procedure of designing and

developing portable and ergonomically adjustable drafting table.

Statement of the Problem

Generally, this study aims to design and develop a Portable and

Ergonomically Adjustable Drafting Table that could be a great help to the side of

the students, which is not just today but also the future. This study is to be

conducted during the second semester of the academic year 2021-2022.

The purpose of conducting this study is to help students as it will provide a

multifunction, portable and convenient Drafting Table.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following question:

1. What are the alternative Drafting Tables that are available and used

by the Drafting students?

2. What designs and features of the drafting table can be added

according to the feedback of the respondents.

3. What are the weaknesses of the developed Portable and

Ergonomically Adjustable Drafting Table as determined by the

users’ feedback?
 4. What are the differences between the developed Portable and

Ergonomically Adjustable Drafting Table compared with the

alternative drafting tables in terms of its:

4.1 Efficiency

4.2 Accuracy

4.3 Portability

4.4 Acceptability

Hypothesis

Ho: There is no significant difference between the developed Portable and

Ergonomically Adjustable Drafting Table and the alternative drafting table in

terms of its efficiency, accuracy, portability and acceptability.

Scope and Delimitation

The study encompasses the designing and developing of Portable

Drafting Tables that can be easily carried anywhere and will be convenient to the

Drafting students and any related fields.

This study is limited to the students of the first year (10) and second year

(10) BTVTEd Drafting Technology students of Bicol University College of

Industrial Technology from Tiwi Albay and Legazpi City that are selected through

the survey method.

 9

Significance of the Study

The Drafting Table is inevitable in a Drafting student’s life. Its wide range

of importance and benefits makes it a necessity to a student as it is the most

important equipment used in drawing. However, it also has its drawbacks,

especially to the students. Conducting this study will provide students a great

opportunity to have a convenient Drafting Table to make their drawings better

and easier.

The result of the study will be of great benefit to the following:

Drafting Technology Students - as a necessity, conducting this study

greatly benefits the students in doing their main academic activities, such as

drafting and design. Therefore, this study will provide solutions to the problems

encountered by the students when using the Drafting Tables and enable the

student in using alternative tables.

Draftsman - this device will help the performance of the draftsmen to be

efficient and save up space in the working place.

University/School - the school will benefit from the research as well, the

findings of the study will help the stakeholders of the university/school to improve

school equipment and formulate actions in solving the present problems. Thus,

they should consider using the design of the product that had been produced by

the researchers.
 Teachers - this study will help to lessen the time of evaluation of the

teachers on the drafting works of the students.

Manufacturer - through collaboration with manufacturers, this study will

be beneficial to them in creating and producing the drafting tables commercially. 

Entrepreneurs - this device could give business opportunities to

entrepreneurs by mass-producing it for the satisfaction of the prospective

consumers.

Community - the result of the study will benefit the community, especially

the market and people. The developed product can be sold at a lower price than

the other same product and it can also help the economy of the community if it

becomes marketable and more reliable.

Future Researchers the results of the study would contribute to the

additional knowledge and information they might need for their future research.

Architects - the result of the study can provide the professionals with a

table that they can use to bring on-site to have a proper table on placing their

plan and other documents and execute free-hand drawings to further explain the

plan to the workers.

Engineers - In the preparation of plans and details of a working drawing,

this device can be utilized most especially in field works where only alternative

tables have irregular shapes available.

 11

Notes

Curbano, R. J. (2015). Development of an Ergonomically Designed Drafting

Table and Chair for Engineering Students of LPU-Laguna based on Anthropometric

Measurement. LPU-Laguna Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 4(3), 1-1.

Noton, A. (2011, February 7). Drafting Tables: Their Importance In The

Modern World. Retrieved November 21, 2021, from http://ezinearticles.com/?

Drafting-Tables:-Their-Importance-In-The-Modern-World&id=5875039

CHAPTER 2
 Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter represents the principles and concepts taken from the

reviewed literature and studies having a bearing on this study. The information in

this chapter was sought to support this study and provide the researchers with an

undertaking, insights and functional knowledge to pursue the study. This chapter

also presents the conceptual and theoretical framework and the gap bridge.

Related Literature

Review of related literature allows the researcher to acquaint himself with

current knowledge in the field or area in which he is going to conduct his

research. For any worthwhile research, the researcher needs an adequate

familiarity with the literature available in that field of study.

There are a lot of technologies that have been introduced and developed

in the field of drafting but, having said that, people in this industry are still into

Drafting Tables to do their works and projects. The use of drafting tables

encompasses the use of tables that are designed specifically for architecture,

engineering, drafting, and mechanical drawing.

Wikipedia (2008) defines a drafting table as a modified/special table that

has a hinged tabletop that can be rotated to any desired angle in between. It is a

kind of multipurpose desk that can be used for any kind of drawing, writing or

impromptu sketching on a large sheet of paper or for reading a large format book
 13

or other oversized document or for drafting precise technical illustrations, such as

engineer drawings, architectural drawings or drafting drawings. Furthermore, the

Drafting Table is supported with a rigid leg but it can also have an adjusted

surface to rest on different slopes and heights can be adjusted as well. (Mcleod,

2021)2

According to Noton (2011)3, drafting tables could be called an architect's

table in the old days. Its large size was large and had weighty pieces of furniture.

The large size was an advantage for the user because it was intended to occupy

large sheets of paper. Its large pieces also had a purpose, it can be used for

drawing sketches, writing and drawing precise plans.

In 1905, the month of July 18, the patent for the first modern Drafting

Table was awarded to Mr. George Ring (US patent 795,065) (Pacific Arc-Team,

2020)4. This invention of Drafting Tables provides a level beat table of any

required size. On the table, there is a mounted rectangular edge. The edge

encompasses the table and conveys pivoted sliding standards which one is

adjusted to be utilized in vertical lines and one is for administering horizontal

lines. At each end of the frame bar is mounted which is organized corresponding

to the furthest limit of the edge and which conveys a horizontally broadening

sliding bar whereupon is mounted a customizable head, and on the head at the

end of the table a ruler or bar is vitally mounted, these rulers or poles serving,

separately, to work within the creation of the two arrangements of lines merging

to disappearing focuses which are vital in making perspective views.

 As time went by, during the Industrial revolution, Drafting Tables gradually

changed from draftsmanship to specialized. The wooden and brass Drafting

Tables improved to steel and plastic which became more durable and less

expensive. Drafting Tables in this modern time became adjustable, large tops

with wide space and can work while standing. Acuna (2020) 5

The different sizes of table tops for drafting tables were determined by

PeoplAreArtist.com (2020)6. Its sizes are 24 inches x 36 inches, 30 inches x 42

inches, 37.5 inches x 48 inches, 37.5 inches x 60 inches, and 37.5 inches x 72

inches. The Standard table also has a very sturdy base. According to

DraftingSpuppliesDew.com (2021)7, the standard height for Drafting Tables is 37

inches while the standard height for office setting is 30 inches.

Unlike normal tables, using a drafting table for the drawing will be

beneficial for the users. According to an article by Don Corgi (2021) 8 in using a

Drafting Table, will prevent paper damage that allows them to freely draw on

paper without it moving around, larger drawing surface that allows them to stand

up and do their work in a way that’s both efficient and comfortable, improves

health and pose that artists tend to hunch down into their drawing without moving

much anything else besides wrist and arm and infinite angles to use that

attached to the drawing board, it can rotate the drafting surface at without

worrying about the space. Additionally, according to an article from Archisoup

(2017)9, various activities that can be performed include technical drawing,

impromptu sketching, general reading and writing and reading blueprints.

 15

Even to its usefulness, there are also problems arising from using

standard drafting tables on the works of the users. According to Deros and

Mohammad (2009)10, architectural and engineering drawings activity causes

pain, discomfort and fatigue most especially in the workspaces, workstations and

equipment are not properly designed for comfortable and higher productivity and

efficiency. The pains which are related to the shoulder, lower back, upper and

forearm, wrist, and neck, are due to the student’s awkward position during

working. The pain you feel in the thigh, hips and buttock, and knee are due to the

stretch of muscular and statistical load position as noted by Tom Albin (2008) 11.

According to the International Labor Organization (Curbano, 2015) 12, they

suggested the following ergonomics guidelines for sitting work: (1) The person needs

to be able to reach the entire work area without stretching or twisting necessary.(2)

A good sitting position means that the individual is sitting straight in front of and close

to the work. (3) The work table and chair should be designed so that the work

surface is approximately at the same level as the elbows. (4) If possible, there

should be some form of adjustable support for the elbows, forearms or hands.

Ergonomics is the science that mainly focuses on the human fit, lessening of

fatigue and discomfort in making a proper design for products, workspaces, and

workstations. Curbano added that Ergonomics did an extraordinary consideration

on the proper position of a human body in order to avoid it from physical

discomfort that is caused by poor posture when working. Ergonomics is also the

most important part to consider in modern design, manufacturing, and using

products.
 According to Dul and Weerdmester (2008) 13, A few students may need or

need to stand while at their workstations. If so, a fitting work area can be

structured and chosen for the kind of work being performed. Recognizing what

parameters to plan for while the client is situated can help increment the solace

of the client. Suggest and recommend a chair and table dimensions’ surface for

Malaysian citizens using Malaysian anthropometric data. This paper presents

ergonomic principles based on structural anthropometrics variables applied to the

design and construction of a chair and drafting table used in an engineering

drawing studio using locally sourced materials. The design has been focused on

users’ (students) comfort during drafting works.

According to the Oxford language dictionary (n.d.) 14, you can say that

something is portable when it is a smaller and lighter version than usual that

might be able to be easily carried or moved, especially because it is lighter and

smaller. Also, based on the Cambridge dictionary, you can call something

portable if it is light and small enough to be carried and moved and if it can be

possible to take with you somewhere different place or job

The Multipurpose Portable Desk of Zakaria (2008) 15, mainly focuses on

designing and fabrication of the "Multipurpose Desk" on helping the users to

carry it anywhere. It contains the designing process of the table with

consideration of some factors like shapes and ergonomics for people to use.

After the design was completed, it was used as the guideline. However, this

project is mainly focused on tables and not drafting tables.

 17

The researchers were inspired by the different projects cited. The

descriptions and the functions will be examined closely by the researchers to

formulate ideas regarding improving the design of the Portable and Adjustable

Drafting Table.

Related Studies

Review of Related Studies is already conducted studies that are viewed

and analyzed by the researcher with a significant relation to the study in design

and development of ergonomically adjustable drafting tables.

In the study of Nardo (2007) 16, in "Design of an Ergonomically-Structured

Drafting Table Based on TIPQC Architecture Students Anthropometric Data,"

states that although drafting tables are initially and designed explicitly for drafting

subjects, drafting tables are being utilized for lecture courses as well. Hence, a

study for a new design of an effective and ergonomically-structured drafting table

is necessary, it is to develop a drafting table that is ergonomically structured to

avoid discomfort and body pain. This study has the same bearing as the present

study since this study designed and developed a drafting table that is

ergonomically adjustable to help students free from suffering back pain or

discomfort.

The study of Salameh and Abdallah (2020) 17, gave a solution to those

students who suffer discomfort when using a Drafting Table - Design and
Analysis of an Ergonomic-Automated Adjustable Drafting Table. This study aims

to design an ergonomic-automated adjustable drafting table based on the

anthropometric data of randomly selected students based on their chosen

school. The recommended drafting table’s dimensions were the following:

adjustable table height is 67 ± 8 cm, adjustable table width is 152 ± 15 cm, table

depth is 84 cm and adjustable desktop angle is 0 - 45º. Then an automated

drafting table with three flexible joints was designed, constructed and operated

based on the mechanical design of power screws and electrical design circuits.

The data of this study will be used as the guidelines for designing the prototype

drafting table.

A similar project in description and function to the prototype that is being

studied is the Development of the Ergonomically Designed Drafting Tables and

Chairs. Curbano (2015)18 used the anthropometric data of the engineering

students of LPU-Laguna to design and eventually develop an ergonomically

adjustable height of drafting table and chairs with the recommended dimensions:

table height is 65.74cm ± 8.88cm, table length is 85cm, table width is 51.82 cm

and adjustable desktop angle is 30º - 45º and for the height of the chair is

42.25cm ± 5.87 and with lumbar support at the back. However, this project

cannot be considered portable. This limitation will be corrected by the prototype

that is under investigation, for it has the capacity to bring it anywhere.

Drawing Table and T-Square Rack with Lock of Salamat and Maroma

(2020)19, aims to develop an effective, durable and safe to use Adjustable

Drawing Table and T Square rack with a lock that can secure the T-squares,
 19

triangles and other drawing materials that draftsman, architects, and engineers

used in making plates and plans. The purpose of their research project is to give

students not only a T-square rack but a much safer rack which can also be used

as a table with a drawer for triangles as well. Based on the findings of the study,

the project secures and protects the T-squares from damaging and losing them,

the project can be converted into a drawing table that can also serve as storage

for drawing tools such as T-squares and triangles. Also, the project is easy to

operate and it is safe to use and no harmful chemicals found on it because it is

made from iron tubular and galvanized plain sheet that makes it strong enough

for long-term use. The findings of this study will be used as the guidelines for

making the prototype drafting tables to be multifunctional.

The study of Janani, et. al (2020)20 on the “Design studio ft. Perfect

Drafting Table”, aimed to determine and propose the most comfortable option of

a drafting table by analyzing the drafting table’s evolution, available choices in

the market, and the ideas behind its design from the various online sources. After

the research was conducted, the results on the user’s comfort for the design of

the drafting table depends on the materials used and storage spaces along with

the varied heights it can provide. While the best option for the materials are wood

along with metal. The proposed features for the most comfortable drafting table

were the sheet storage, height adjustment, portability, roll pack holder, stationary

storage, and t-square holder.

The study of Zakaria (2008)21 suggested, to use easily, move and bring

tables everywhere, it should be foldable. The designs of the foldable table can
be folded from large to small size in the form of a briefcase, boxes, and others.

On the development of multi-featured tables, it was found out that student and

instructor respondents find the developed table acceptable since it has the

elements of practicality and efficacy. Furthermore, they both agreed that the

developed table is very highly acceptable in developing skills or capability in silk

screen printing teaching-learning activities. They stressed that the developed

photographic table with multiple features showed a better alternative in the usual

and traditional manual teaching of the topics. Thus, the developed table is

effective. This study has the same bearing as the present study since it is a

portable table that can carry anywhere. However, the present study will provide a

bag for the designed and developed drafting table.

The study of engineering drawing will enhance the imagination and

descriptive ability of all engineering students and also help them analyze

problems from different points of view. The accuracy of drawings and speed of

execution is not only depending on the quality of the drawing instruments but

also depending on the human comfortability of the drafting table and chair

(Prasad, et al., 2018)22. This study is similar to the present study in terms of

comfortability.

The study on the “Design of Multi-Purpose Table Based on

Anthropometric Data” by Adzha (2015)23 was conducted to analyze the existing

anthropometric data to make the functional design of the multipurpose table. The

multipurpose table was chosen due to the current issue, which is the small space

of the room and not suitable for the space. The raw material for the multipurpose
 21

table is blackboard because the blackboard is easy to get and light in weight.

This study is similar to the present study in terms of saving space but it does not

focus on drafting tables.

"Design of an Adjustable Table" by Caballer (2016) 24 has the goal to

collaborate with the community to redesign an adjustable table. Form O Miljö is a

Stockholm-based company that creates, manufactures, and sells high-quality

public furniture and interior design. The table is part of a biomechanical project

that the company is working on. Its main focus is on classroom environments

designed for the students. The concept comes from a set of issues seen in

students while using electronic devices or research in current tables and a later

ergonomic study on it. As a result of the lifting system used, the table can be

adjusted in height. The new desk’s features make it a unique product on the

market. This study gives the idea of possible collaborating on manufacturers that

can mass-produce the designed and developed Portable and Ergonomically

Adjustable Drafting Table.

The study Openshaw (2006)25 on the “Ergonomics and Design A

Reference Guide”, was focused on developing products that solve common

workplace problems, this study helps clarify some concepts and methodology

used in the process. This study aimed to provide a better understanding of how

the science of ergonomics is used to manufacture products. Helping students

work more comfortably, efficiently, and efficiently.

Synthesis of the State of Art

After gathering all the various sources of information regarding the study of

"Design and Development of Portable and Ergonomically Adjustable Drafting

Table", the researchers found that some of the sources in the related literature

and related studies are similar and deemed necessary in the presentation

undertaking

The studies of Deros and Mohammad (2009), Tom and Albin (2008), and the

International Labor Organization (in Curbano, 2015), determine the problems

occurring when using the standard drafting tables and suggest how to avoid this.

The researchers were inspired by these problems and used the suggestions and

recommendations to start the present study.

The studies of Salameh and Abdallah (2020), Curbano (2015), Dul and

Weerdmester (2008), Nardo (2007), Openshaw (2006), Prasad, et al. (2018)

aimed to avoid the discomfort and pain caused by using standard drafting tables

by designing and developing a prototype that is guided by the anthropometric

data of their intended users and the ergonomic principle.

The study of Janani, et al. (2020) and Zakaria (2008) dealt with how to

make the existing product to be comfortable. They proposed that making the

product portable makes it the most comfortable option for the users.
 23

Projects of Salamat and Maroma (2020), Adzha (2015), and Caballer

(2016) dealt with developing, improving and adding functions through additional

parts of the existing products, making them multifunctional.

The present study is different from the reviewed studies on its other

developed functions. The prototype of the Portable and Ergonomically Adjustable

Drafting Table has functions added enhancing its portability and comfortability.

The researchers believe that added features can enhance the works of the

students and through this device, the learning will not be delayed.

Gaps to be Bridged by the Study

The present study gave similar information on the study of drafting tables

in terms of their comfortability to the users. More studies concerning the use of

drafting tables that have been conducted were cited. Most of the studies focused

on the ergonomically designed and adjustable drafting tables. However, few of

them focused on developing drafting boards and some of the studies focused on

developing a portable desk. None of these studies dealt with developing a

portable drafting table with an ergonomically adjustable height that can be used

and carried anywhere. This somehow becomes the gap that this study wanted to

bridge.

Theoretical Framework
 To have a guide towards explaining the Design and Development of a

Portable and Ergonomically Adjustable Drafting Table for BTVTEd - Drafting

Technology Students, the researcher used two important theories which will also

introduce the main variables of the study. This study is supported by the theory

of:

The first theory to be considered is the “Design Thinking Theory” by

Razzouk & Shute (2012). To understand a bit more about the process that is

going to be followed in this research, it is important to understand what design is

about. In this research, we will use the design thinking theory in order to develop

the idea. Design thinking is generally defined as an analytic and creative process

that engages a person in opportunities to experiment, create and prototype

models, gather feedback, and redesign. Several characteristics (e.g.,

visualization, creativity) that a good design thinker should possess have been

identified from the literature (Razzouk, 2012). It is focused on finding the best

solutions for problems and explores different ways to solve them. Being

successful in today’s highly technological and globally competitive world requires

a person to develop and use a different set of skills than were needed before

(Shute & Becker, 2010). One of these skills is called design thinking. (Plattner et

al. 2009) supported this theory by stating that design thinking is an approach to

creative problem solving that is widely recognized as a valuable route to human-

centered innovation. According to Dorner (1999), several forms of thinking can

be observed in designing. Design starts as a cloudy idea about how the

design/product should look and how it should work. With time, this idea
 25

crystallizes and transforms into a clear and complete image of the product. The

cloudy idea comes from something that the designer already knows about the

product. This knowledge can be a source of analogies. The second form of

thinking involves the sketches and models that bring the cloudy idea to a more

concrete form. Sketches and models clarify the characteristics of the product,

helping to form a specific line of thought that facilitates the development process

and forms the basis for the design thinking process. The third form of design

thinking is the “picture-word cycle,” which involves putting ideas into words that

help the designer clarify and elaborate on ideas. However, whatever the form of

thinking, the design thinker should demonstrate specific characteristics in

addition to creativity.

This developmental study was based on Principles of Design (Structural

Design) which involves the stability, strength and rigidity of structures. The

primary goal of structural analysis and design is to create a structure that can

withstand all applied loads for the duration of its intended life. A structure's

principal function is to transfer or support loads. The device will probably fail to

perform its intended purpose if the structure is improperly designed or

constructed, or if the actual applied loads exceed the design specification.

The theory supports the present study in designing and developing the

portable and ergonomically drafting table. The theories mentioned are connected

with the present study as each theory provides essential information to gain a

better understanding in promoting students’ problem solving skills and creativity.

 As can be seen from the figure, the theories are combined in the study as

they provide significance to each other.

Design Thinking Theory

Project Design
Stable and
mobile
Portable
Sturdy
COMBINED Comfortable
Adjustable
Convenient

Principle of Design

Figure 1. Theoretical Paradigm

Conceptual Framework

A conceptual framework was made for the readers to view and recognize

the idea of the researchers about the study. The first stage is the project planning
 27

and design guided by scientific principles. Next, a well-planned design will lead to

the prototype development of the drafting table that needs pre-testing. After the

collection of feedback from the intended users with the use of the desired

features, it will be used as the guidelines on making the modification/refinement

of the developed project.

Conceptual Paradigm

PROJECT DESIGN

Anchored on Scientific
Principle

PROTOTYPE
TESTING Recommendation
Portable and
Efficie Ergonomically for Modification and
ncy Adjustable Drafting Refinement
Table
Accur
acy

Acce
Alternative
Drafting Tables
Versus
Feedbacks

of the students
Figure 2. Conceptual Paradigm

Definition of Terms

For a better understanding of the study, the following terms are defined

conceptually and operationally as used in the research study.

Adjustable- It is something that can change its form into a minimal form or can

be adjusted into a bigger form until it fits the needs or the satisfaction of the

owner. Like the drafting table, some of it can be adjusted where you can extend

its height, its angle and its size where you can be comfortable using it.

Drafting Table- A table with an adjustable sloped surface, used for making

designs, plans, or artwork. It is an equipment that most of the people in the

drafting field needed and is mostly heavy and inconvenient to use. Stability, clean

flat surface and comfortability are the most important characteristics that a

drafting table must-have.

Ergonomic - According to Frevalds (2012), ergonomics is derived from the

Greek words for work (erg) and laws (nomos). Hence, ergonomics is a science

that focuses on the study of human fit, decrease in fatigue and discomfort

through proper product design, workspaces and workstations. Ergonomics

played an extraordinary consideration in body positioning in order to prevent

physical discomfort that occurs from bad posture during work and it is a vital part

of modern design, manufacturing and use of products.

Impromptu- This word was borrowed from French and ultimately derives from

the Latin in prōmptū ("at hand, in readiness") from in ("in") plus a form of

prōmptus ("readiness"). In drafting, Impromptu is an expedient ability to manage

works in a surprise or sudden activity not just in the field of study but also in the

field of professional works.

 29

Portable- A version of something that is lightweight or can be carried anywhere

easily, it must also be a smaller version than the usual. In the drafting field,

portable materials, tools, and equipment are some of the most reliable,

especially for the students and professionals because most of the tools, materials

and equipment being used in the drafting field is too much to carry. Therefore,

having portable things is so helpful and convenient for them.

Prototype- it is a preliminary or early design and model of something. It can be

an original, new, copied or improved model. In drafting, prototyping is important

because it is a sample model of something where the draftsman designs

implement ideas into tangible forms from paper to digital.

Notes

Acuna, K. (2020, September 11). History of Drafting Tables and Why They

Have Tilting Tops. Retrieved from https://studiodesigns.com/art-and-craft/studio-

designs-blog/history-of-drafting-tables-and-why-they-have-tilting-tops/
 Adzha, N.M. (2015). Design of Multipurpose Table Based on

Anthropometric Data. Retrieved from https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/20184/2/PP

b_NUR%20ATHIRAH%20MOHD%20ADZHA%20AS%20C%2015_5.pdf

Albin, Tom. (2008). Comfortable portable Computing: The Ergonomic

Equation. Retrieved from https://www.juststand.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/

78720e2dd9e34Bf99f2ff75908068f6f-orig.pdf

Aliyu, A. Tokan, B. T. Abur and M. A. Bawa. (2014). Design and

Construction of a Drafting Table and Chair Using Ergonomic Principles.

International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Research ISSN: 2321-3124,

Vol.2, 2014.

Archisoup. (2017). Guide to the Best Drafting & Drawing Table. Retrieved

from https://www.archisoup.com/best-drafting-and-drawing-tables

Caballer, M. (2016, February 09). Design of an Adjustable Table.

Available at http://www.diva-

portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1051115/FULLTEXT01.pdf

Deros, B.M. and Mohammad D. (2009). “Recommended Chair and Work

Surfaces Dimensions of VDT Tasks for Malaysian Citizens.” European Journal

of Scientific Research 2009; 34(2): 156-167

Don Corgi (2021). What is a Drawing Board and Should You Use One?

Retrieved from https://doncorgi.com/blog/drawing-board/

 31

Dul, J and Weerdmeester, B. (2008). Ergonomics for Beginners A Quick

Reference Guide (3rd edition). Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300: CRC

Press Taylor & Francis Group.

Durga Prasad K.G., Prasad M.V., Hima Gireesh C., Chaitanya V.V.V.N.K.

(2018). QFD-Based Ergonomic Design of Drafting Table for Engineering

Students: A Case Study. In: Ray P., Maiti J. (eds) Ergonomic Design of Products

and Worksystems - 21st Century Perspectives of Asia. Managing the Asian

Century. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5457-0_12

Frevalds, A. (2012). Niebel's Methods, Standards, and Work Design (12th

edition). United States, US: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.

Hwang, D., Park, W. (2015). Development of Portability Design Heuristics.

Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288701590_DEVELOP

MENT_OF_PORTABILITY_DESIGN_HEURISTICS

Janani. et.al (2020). Design Studios ft. The Perfect Drafting Table.

Retrieved from https://www.ijera.com/papers/vol10no6/Series-4/K1006045768.

pdf

Mcleod, D. (2021, February 19). What is Drafting Table? Retrieved from

https://www.mostcraft.com/what-is-a- drafting-table/

Nardo, A. E. (2007). Design of an Ergonomically Structured Drafting Table

Based on Anthropometric Data. TIP Research Journal Quezon City, Vol. 4 No. 1.
Openshaw, S., Taylor, E. et.al (2006). Ergonomics and Design a Reference

Guide. Retrieved from https://ehs.oregonstate.edu/sites/ehs.oregonstate.edu/ Fi

les/pdf/ergo/Ergonomicsanddesignreferenceguidewhitepaper.pdf

Pacific Arc Team. (2020, July 9). Drawing & Drafting Boards. Retrieved

from https://www.pacificarc.us/news/drawing-boards

Plattner, H., Meinel, C., & Weinberg, U. (2009). Design Thinking.

Innovation lernen. Ideenwelten öffnen. München: Mi-Wirtschaftsbuch

Razzouk, R and Shute, V. J (2012). What is Design Thinking and Why Is It

Important? Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258183173_

What_Is_Design_Thinking_and_Why_Is_It_Important

Salamat, R.G. and Maroma, A. N. (2020). Adjustable Drawing Table and

T-Square Rack with Lock. International Journal of Advanced Science and

Convergence, 2(1), 1-5.

Salameh, D. et.al. (2020). Design and Analysis of an Ergonomically-

Automated Adjustable Drafting Table. Retrieved from

http://www.warse.org/IJATCSE/static/pdf/file/ Ijatcse26942020.pdf

Shute, V. J., & Becker, B. J. (2010). Innovative assessment for the 21st

century. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.

 33

Zakaria, M. Z. (2008). Design and Fabricate Multipurpose Portable Desk.

Retrieved from http://www.apjmr.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/APJMR-2018-

6.4.2.04.pdf
 CHAPTER 3

Research Design and Methodology

This study deals with the methodology and research design that was used

in the study. It includes the research method, research respondent, sources of

data, research instrument that was used in gathering and collecting the data, the

procedures of gathering the data and the statistical treatment of the study.

Research Method

The researchers used Developmental and Descriptive Method Research

Design which is designed to utilize the purpose of portraying a population that

has been chosen because of some specific characteristics. Also, this design is

used in this study for the designing and development of products that follow

standard criteria and meet the expected effectiveness. This design aims to

gather information on certain characteristics. A Questionnaire with Rating Scale

format was the instrument used in gathering and obtaining the needed data and

information to Design and Develop Portable and Ergonomically Adjustable

Drafting Table.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study are the 1st year and 2nd year of BTVTED -

Drafting Technology students of Bicol University College of Industrial Technology

 35

from Tiwi Albay and Legazpi City. This study has a total of 20 respondents, 10 of

them are from first year BTVTED-Drafting Technology and the other 10 are from

second year BTVTED-Drafting Technology. They were selected to answer the

questionnaire with a rating scale format that is to be used in designing and

development of portable and ergonomically adjustable Drafting Table. The

respondents are determined and selected through the use of the Survey Method.

Sources of Data

The primary source of data will come from the responses of the respondents.

Significant data from the questionnaire with Rating Scale format will be compiled

and analyzed in order to answer the research questions and problem statement.

The secondary sources will come from the review literature and studies.

Research Instrument

The needed data in this research were supplied through the use of a

researcher-made questionnaire with a rating scale format. The questionnaire

consists of items that will let the respondents provide data about their problems

concerning the standard design of the drafting table. Data gathered from the

questionnaire will be evaluated and cross-checked against other data gathered

by the researcher through related literature and studies, and will be used to

design and develop a portable and ergonomically adjustable Drafting Table. A

Structured Question is the type of questionnaire that researchers used to provide

a possible answer to the respondents in an easy way.

The questionnaire to be used is composed of two sets. A questionnaire

checklist was used to gather data about the respondents’ demographic profile,

alternative drafting table used, and the problems/issues encountered using the

alternative drafting tables of the respondents. Another set of questionnaires with

a rating scale will be used to determine the difference between the designed

Portable and Ergonomically Adjustable Drafting Table from the alternative

drafting table in terms of its efficiency, accuracy, portability, acceptability and

effectiveness. Feedbacks/suggestions of the features that can be incorporated

into the design

Set 1:

Part 1. Demographic data of the respondents.

A. Age

B. Gender

C. Address

D. School

E. Year and block

Part 2 - Alternative drafting table available to the respondents, and Part 3 -

Problems/issues encountered by the students using alternative drafting tables

 37

such as, regular table, dining table, center table, etc. Respondents will state the

problems/issues encountered on the blanks provided below.

Set 2:

Part 1. Efficiency of the developed Portable and Ergonomically Adjustable

Drafting Table:

A. Easy to set up

B. Time saver

C. Stable and Mobile

Part 2. Accuracy of the developed Portable and Ergonomically Adjustable

Drafting Table:

A. Parallelism of horizontal lines

B. Parallelism of vertical lines

C. Performing basic geometric drawing

Part 3. Acceptability of the developed Portable and Ergonomically

Adjustable Drafting Table:

A. Durability

B. Comfortability

C. Portability

Part 4. Portability of the developed Portable and Ergonomically adjustable

Drafting Table:
 A. Easy to carry

B. Handy

C. Lightweight

Part 5. Significant difference between the effectiveness of alternative and

portable drawing table in performing mechanical drawing of:

A. Parallelism of horizontal lines

B. Parallelism of vertical lines

C. Performing basic geometric drawing

Part 6. Feedback and suggested design/features for the drafting table

according to the respondents.

For the set two of the questionnaire it measures the accuracy in a form of a four

point likert scale ranging from very good and poor. Where 4 signifies very good, 3

for good, 2 indicates fair and 1 indicates poor. The rating value and its

interpretation are shown below:

Elements of Mechanics for Accuracy

Value Interpretation

1 Poor

2 Fair

3 Good
 39

4 Very Good

5 Excellent

To measure the efficiency, portability, and acceptability of the developed

Portable and Ergonomically Adjustable Drafting Table, researchers use 5 point

likert scale ranging from very much and not at all. Where 5 indicates very much,

4 signifies much, 3 for not much, 2 for little, and 1 for not at all. The rating value

and its interpretation are shown below:

Rating scale for Efficiency, Portability, and Acceptability

Value Range Value Interpretation

1 00-0.50 Not at All (NA)

2 0.51-2.51 Little (L)

3 2.51-3.50 Not Much (NM)

4 3.51-4.50 Much (M)

5 4.51-5.00 Very Much (VM)

Data gathering Procedure

 The first step of the researchers is to create a request letter to ask permission

from the College’s Dean to conduct research in order to have formal and legit

conduction of research for the target respondents. Second, the letter of

permission signed and approved by the College’s Dean will be presented to the

respective respondents upon data gathering to make the respondents

understand some terms and agreement. The personal identification of the

respondents is confidential and it is optional that it can only be presented if

needed. The researchers selected only the first year and second-year students of

BTVTED - Drafting Technology.

After the approval of the letters done by the College’s Dean and

respondents, the researchers will prepare the questionnaires to be given to the

respondents. The researchers will be using a hard copy questionnaire to be able

for them to read and answer personally. Considering the current pandemic

situation, only one researcher will personally go to the respondents' respective

addresses with the proper protective attire. The survey questionnaire was

administered to the respondents during their vacant time to avoid disturbance.

The respondents will be given enough time to read and answer the

questionnaire. After gathering the data, the researchers will retrieve the

questionnaire with a rating scale format. The answers of the respondents will be

confidential to the other respondents. The scores of the respondents in the

survey questionnaire - checklist were recorded for statistical treatment and

analysis. The data collected and calculated were used to design and develop a

portable and ergonomically adjustable Drafting Table.

 41

Statistical Treatment of Data

The data collected in this study were subjected to certain statistical

treatments. The data will be coded, tallied and tabulated for a better presentation

of the results. The statistical treatment used are the following:

1. Mean

Ex
Formula: x=
N

Where: x = mean

Ex = sum of the scores

N = No. of respondents

Let X1i = mean of rating of respondents on new device

X2i = mean of rating of respondents on alternative device

d = X 1i - X 2i = difference in ratings of the respondents one the new and

the alternative device

Notes
 43

QUESTIONNAIRE

Design and Development of a Portable and Ergonomically Adjustable

Drafting Table

Set 1

Name: ______________________________ Gender: _______ Age: ____

School: _________________________________ Yr. & Block: ________

Direction: Put a check (/) to your corresponding answer and if your answer

is other, please specify your answer in the blank.

1. What kind of table do you use in performing/doing drafting works?

● A. Drafting Table

● B. Dining Table

● C. Center Table

● D. Regular Table

● E. Other:________________

2. What is the shape of the alternative drafting table being used?

● A. Circular

● B. Rectangular

● C. Irregular

● D. Others:______________
 3. What is the alternative drafting table made of?

● A. Wood

● B. Plastic

● C. Glass

● D. Steel

● E. Others:_______________

4. Write below the problems/issues that you encountered in using the

alternative drafting tables in your drafting works.

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

________

Set 2

Part 1-5

Rate the given concept from 5 (highest) to 1 (lowest). Check the

appropriate box that corresponds to your answer.

Efficiency 5 4 3 2 1

a. Easy to carry

b. Easy to set up

c. Stable and mobile

Accuracy
 45

a. Parallelism of
horizontal lines

b. Parallelism of
vertical lines

Portability

a. Easy to carry

b. Handy

c. Lightweight

Acceptability in terms of:

a. Durability

b. Comfortability

c. Portability

Rate the given concept from 5 (highest) to 1 (lowest) by checking the

appropriate box that corresponds to your answer.

Effectiveness in terms of performing

a. Alternative drafting table 5 4 3 2 1

● Parallel horizontal
lines

● Parallel vertical lines

● Basic geometric
shapes

b. Developed portable and 5 4 3 2 1

ergonomically adjustable
drafting table

● Parallel horizontal
lines

● Parallel vertical lines

 ● Basic geometric
shapes

At the last part of the questionnaire, put your feedback and suggested

design/features in the blank below after answering the table.

Feedback and

suggestions:______________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

____________