(CHEN-1104) PARTICULATE

TECHNOLOGY

Lecture 10 – Numericals

Course Instructor: Engr. Asim Ali

12-04-2019
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 Contents
 Size Ranges of Solid Particles

 Size Ranges for different size reduction

equipment

 Rittinger´s Law

 Kick´s Law

 Bond´s Law

 Mass Fraction

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 Contents
 Percentage

 Volume or Mass Mean Diameter

 Surface Mean Diameter

 Length Mean Diameter

 Arithmetic Mean / Mean Length Diameter

 Problems No. 3, 4, and 5

 Recommended Books
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 Size Ranges of Solid Particles

Particle Types Size Range

Coarse 1000 – 100 mm

Medium 100 – 1 mm

Fines 1 – 0.01 mm

Ultra-fines 0.01 mm – 1 μm

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 Size Ranges for Different
Size Reduction Equipment
Equipment Feed Size Product Size

Coarse
1500 – 40 mm 50 – 5 mm
Crusher

Intermediate
50 – 5 mm 5 – 0.1 mm
Crusher

Fine Grinder 5 – 2 mm < 0.1 mm

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 Rittinger´s Law
1 1
𝑬 = 𝑲𝑹 𝒇𝒄 [ − ]
L2 L1
𝑬 = Energy required

𝑲𝑹 = Rittinger´s Constant

𝒇𝒄 = crushing strength of material

L1 = size of solid particles (feed)

L2 = size of solid particles (product)

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 Rittinger´s Law

 Rittinger´s Law shows that the energy

required for size reduction is directly
proportional to the increase in surface area or
1
( decrease in size of the particles )
L
Therefore,
1
Energy Required ∝
L

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 Rittinger´s Law

Rittinger’s law is applicable mainly to:

 Part of the process, where new surface is

being created

 Fine grinding, where the increase in surface

per unit mass of material is large

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 Kick´s Law
L1
𝑬 = 𝑲𝑲 𝒇𝒄 ln
L2
𝑬 = Energy required

𝑲𝑲 = Kick´s Constant

𝒇𝒄 = crushing strength of material

L1 = size of solid particles (feed)

L2 = size of solid particles (product)

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 Kick´s Law
Kick’s Law shows that:

 The energy required for size reduction is

L1
proportional to the reduction ratio
L2

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 Kick´s Law
This means that:

 The energy required to crush a given amount

of material from a 50 mm to a 25 mm size will
be the same as the amount of energy
required to reduce the size of the same
material from 12 mm to 6 mm

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 Kick´s Law

Kick’s law is applicable mainly to:

 Coarse crushing where the amount of surface

produced is considerably less

 Calculate the energy required to create

elastic deformation before fracture occurs

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 Bond´s Law
100 1
𝑬 = 𝑬𝒊 √ ( ) 1−
L2 1
q2
𝑬 = Energy required
𝑬𝒊 = Work Index
L2 = size of solid particles (product)
L1
q= and L1 = size of solid particles (feed)
L2

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 Bond´s Law
𝑬𝒊 = Work Index

 Work Index is the amount of energy required

to reduce the unit mass of material from an
infinite feed particle size L1 to such a particle
size L2 that 80% of the product L2 passes

L1
through 100 μm screen. Hence, q = =∞
L2
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 Bond´s Law

 Therefore, from Bond’s law, size of the

material can be considered as the size of the

square hole through which 80 per cent of

the material passes through

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 Bond´s Law

 Bond`s Law is an intermediate law

between Rittinger´s and Kick`s Laws, and

is applicable to intermediate crushing

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 Mass Fraction
Total Mass used = 1000 g
Mesh # Mass retained (g) Mass Fraction
4 50 50/1000 = 0.05
8 150 150/1000 = 0.15

16 500 500/1000 = 0.5

32 180 180/1000 = 0.18
Pan 120 120/1000 = 0.12
Total 1000 1.0

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 Mass Fraction

Mesh # Mass retained (g) Mass Fraction

4 50 50/1000 = 0.05
8 150 150/1000 = 0.15

16 500 500/1000 = 0.5

32 180 180/1000 = 0.18
Pan 120 120/1000 = 0.12
Total 1000 1.0

Cummulative mass fraction

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 Percentage
Total Mass used = 1000 g
Mesh # Mass retained (g) Percentage (%)
4 50 (50/1000)*100 = 5
8 150 (150/1000)*100 = 15

16 500 (500/1000)*100 = 50
32 180 (180/1000)*100 = 18
Pan 120 (120/1000)*100 = 12
Total 1000 100

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 Volume or Mass Mean Diameter

∑𝒏𝟏 𝒅𝟒𝟏
𝒅𝒗 =
∑𝒏𝟏 𝒅𝟑𝟏

𝒅𝒗 = Volume or Mass mean diameter

𝒏𝟏 = Mass fraction

𝒅𝟏 = Mean diameter

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 Surface Mean Diameter

∑𝒏𝟏 𝒅𝟑𝟏
𝒅𝒔 =
∑𝒏𝟏 𝒅𝟐𝟏

𝒅𝒔 = Surface mean diameter

𝒏𝟏 = Mass fraction

𝒅𝟏 = Mean diameter

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 Length Mean Diameter

∑𝒏𝟏 𝒅𝟐𝟏
𝒅𝒍 =
∑𝒏𝟏 𝒅𝟏𝟏

𝒅𝒍 = Length mean diameter

𝒏𝟏 = Mass fraction

𝒅𝟏 = Mean diameter

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 Arithmetic Mean Diameter /
Mean Length Diameter

∑𝒏𝟏 𝒅𝟏
𝒅′𝒍 =
∑𝒏𝟏

𝒅′𝒍 = Arithmetic Mean / Mean length diameter

𝒏𝟏 = Mass fraction

𝒅𝟏 = Mean diameter

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 Problem No. 3
A crushing mill reduces limestone from a mean
particle size of 45 mm to the following product:
Size (mm) Amount of Product (percent)
12.5 0.5
7.5 7.5
5.0 45.0
2.5 19.0
1.5 16.0
0.75 8.0
0.40 3.0
0.20 1.0
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 Problem No. 3

It requires 21 kJ/kg of energy to crush this

material. Calculate the energy required to crush

the same material at the same rate, from a feed

having a mean size of 25 mm to a product with

a mean size of 1 mm.

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 Problem No. 4

Power of 3 kW is supplied to a machine

crushing material at the rate of 0.3 kg/s from

12.5 mm cubes to a product having the

following sizes: 80 percent 3.175 mm, 10

percent 2.5 mm and 10 per cent 2.25 mm.

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 Problem No. 4

What power should be supplied to this machine

to crush 0.3 kg/s of the same material from 7.5

mm cube to 2.0 mm cube?

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 Problem No. 5
A crusher was used to crush a material with a
2
compressive strength of 22.5 MN/m . The size
of the feed was minus 50 mm, plus 40 mm and
the power required was 13.0 kW/(kg/s). The
screen analysis of the product was:

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 Problem No. 5
Amount of product
Size of aperture (mm)
(percent)

through 6.0 all

on 4.0 26

on 2.0 18

on 0.75 23

on 0.5 8

on 0.25 17

on 0.125 3

through 0.125 5

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 Problem No. 5

What power would be required to crush 1 kg/s

of a material of compressive strength 45
2
MN/m from a feed of minus 45 mm, plus 40
mm to a product of 0.50 mm average size?

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 Recommended Books
1. McCabe Warren L, Smith Julian C, Harriott Peter.,
“Unit Operations, 7th Edition, 2010, McGraw-Hill
Inc.

2. Coulson J. M, Richardson J. F., “Chemical

Engineering- Particle technology and separation
processes” Vol 2, 5th Ed. 2007, Pergamon Press.

3. Martin Rhodes, “Introduction to Particle

Technology, 2nd Ed. 2008, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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 Recommended Books

4. Richard G. Holdich, “Fundamentals of Particle

Technology”, 2002, Midland Information
Technology and Publishing.

5. Enrique Ortega-Rivas, “Unit Operations of

Particulate Solids: Theory and Practice” 2012,
CRC Press.

6. Hans Rumpf, “Particle Technology”, 4th Edition.

2013.

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