C0GNITIVE RADIO

TECHNICAL SEMINAR
ON
“COGNITIVE RADIO”

A technical seminar report submitted for fulfillment of the requirements

for the award of B.Tech Degree in
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering under BPUT

SUBMITTED BY

Name- RAHUL KUMAR

Regd. No- 1801289224
BRANCH- ETC

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND

TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
TRIDENT ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY
BHUBANESWAR

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TRIDENT ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY

BHUBANESWAR

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that RAHUL KUMAR , bearing Regd.No.1801289224

student of sixth semester, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering,
Trident Academy of Technology, Bhubaneswar has submitted seminar report
on “COGNITIVE RADIO”.

This is required for the Partial fulfilment for Bachelor’s Degree in

Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering under BPUT.

SEMINAR COORDINATOR HOD (ETC)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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I would like to extend my sincere thanks to Prof. (Dr.) Sakuntala Mahapatra, HOD,
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, for providing the
necessary facilities. I wish to express my thankfulness to the seminar coordinators, for
helping me to complete the seminar successfully. I would also like to convey my
gratefulness to my guide whose co-operative guidance has helped me in the successful
completion of this seminar.

I take this opportunity to express my heartfelt thanks to all those who individually as
well as collectively helped me in the successful completion of this seminar.

I wish to extend my deep sense of gratitude and appreciation to all the faculty
members of the Dept. of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering for their
valuable and scholarly guidance, constant supervision and timely advice, also to the
non-teaching staff of the Dept. of Electronics & Telecommunication and my friends
without whom my endeavours wouldn’t have been successful.

Name-RAHUL
KUMAR
Regd.no-1801289224

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ABSTRACT

Cognitive radio has been considered as a key technology for future wireless communications
and mobile computing. It is an emerging technology that enables the flexible development and
deployment of highly adaptive radios that are built upon software defined radio technology. As
we know that radio frequency spectrum is a scarce resource and its efficient use is of the great
importance. The spectrum bands are usually licensed to certain services, such as mobile, fixed,
broadcast, and satellite. Most spectrum bands are allocated to certain services but worldwide
spectrum table show that only portions of the spectrum band are fully used. Moreover, there
are large temporal and spatial variations in the spectrum occupancy. In the development of
future wireless systems the spectrum utilization functionalities will play a key role due to the
scarcity of unallocated spectrum. Moreover, the trend in wireless communication systems is
going from fully centralized systems into the direction of self-organizing systems where
individual nodes can instantaneously establish ad hoc networks whose structure is changing
over time. Cognitive radios, with the capabilities to sense the operating environment, learn and
adapt in real time according to environment creating a form of mesh network, are seen as a
promising technology

Name-RAHUL KUMAR
Regd.no-1801289224

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Table of Contents

Preface ................................................................................................................................................. - i -
Acknowledgement .............................................................................................................................. - ii –
Abstract .............................................................................................................................................. – iii-
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................... – iv –
List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... - v –
List of Figures ................................................................................................................................... - vii –
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... - 1 -
CHAPTER 2. COGNITIVE RADIO ........................................................................................................... - 2 -
2.1 What are Cognitive Radios? .................................................................................................. - 2 -
2.2 What is Software Defined Radio (SDR)? .............................................................................. - 2 - 2.3
Need of Cognitive Radio ......................................................................................................... - 3 -
2.4 How is Cognitive Radio different from other Radios? ........................................................ - 4 -
2.5 Physical architecture of the cognitive radio.......................................................................... - 4 -
CHAPTER 3. COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS........................................................................................ - 6 -
3.1 Architecture for Cognitive Radio Networks ......................................................................... - 6 -
3.2 Dynamic System Allocation.................................................................................................... - 7 -
CHAPTER 4. FUNCTIONS OF COGNITIVE RADIO .................................................................................. - 8 -
4.1 Spectrum Sensing .................................................................................................................... - 8 -
4.1.1 Transmitter Detection ................................................................................................... - 10 -
4.1.2 Cooperative detection .................................................................................................... - 11 -
4.2 Spectrum Decision ................................................................................................................ - 12 -
4.3 Spectrum Mobility ................................................................................................................ - 12 -
4.4 Spectrum Sharing ................................................................................................................. - 13 -
CHAPTER 5. APPLICATIONS OF COGNITIVE RADIO ........................................................................... - 15 -
CHAPTER 6. PRESENT SCENARIO ....................................................................................................... - 16 -
Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... - 17 -
References ........................................................................................................................................ - 18

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List of Abbreviations
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A/D Analog To Digital Converter

AP Access Point
AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise
BER Bit Error Rate
CR Cognitive Radio
CRAHN Cognitive Radio Ad-Hoc Network
CRN Cognitive Radio Networks
D/A Digital To Analog Converter
DISA Defence Information Systems Agency
DoD Department Of Defence
DSA Dynamic Spectrum Access
DSO Defence Spectrum Organisation
DTT Digital Terrestrial Television
DTV Digital Television
FCC Federal Communications Commission
GEMSIS PMO Global Electromagnetic Spectrum Information System
Program Management Office
GSM Global System For Mobile Communications
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IF Intermediate Frequency
ISM Industrial, Scientific and Medical
ITU International Telecommunication Union
JSC Joint Spectrum Center
LAN Local Area Network
LNA Low Noise Amplifier
MAC Medium Access Control
ML Maximum Likelihood
NTIA National Telecommunication And Information
Administration
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
PLL Phase Locked Loop
PU Primary User
QoS Quality Of Service
RF Radio Frequency
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SCF Spectral Correlation Function
SDR Software Defined Radio
SU Secondary User
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List of Figures

Figure 1: Use of frequency spectrum...................................................................................................3

Figure 2: Difference between Cognitive Radio and other radio..........................................................4

Figure 3: Physical Architecture of the Cognitive Radio (a) Cognitive radio transceiver and (b) Wideband
RF/analog front-end architecture ........................................................................................................5

Figure 4: Cognitive Radio Network Architecture................................................................................6

Figure 5: Dynamic Spectrum Access...................................................................................................7

Figure 6: Periodic Spectrum Sensing Structure...................................................................................8

Figure 7: Spectrum Holes or White Spaces.........................................................................................9

Figure 8: Spectrum Sensing Techniques..............................................................................................9

Figure 9: Block Diagram of Energy Detector....................................................................................10

Figure 10: Implementation of Cyclostationary Feature Detector......................................................11

Figure 11: Cognitive Radio Operation..............................................................................................14

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

The wireless communication systems are making the transition from wireless telephony to interactive
internet data and multi-media type of applications, for desired higher data rate transmission. As more and
more devices go wireless, it is not hard to imagine that future technologies will face spectral crowding,
and coexistence of wireless devices will be a major issue. Considering the limited bandwidth availability,
accommodating the demand for higher capacity and data rates is a challenging task, requiring innovative
technologies that can offer new ways of exploiting the available radio spectrum. Cognitive radio is the
exciting technologies that offer new approaches to the spectrum usage. Cognitive radio is a novel concept
for future wireless communications, and it has been gaining significant interest among the academia,
industry, and regulatory bodies. Cognitive Radio provides a tempting solution to spectral crowding
problem by introducing the opportunistic usage of frequency bands that are not heavily occupied by their
licensed users. Cognitive radio concept proposes to furnish the radio systems with the abilities to measure
and be aware of parameters related to the radio channel characteristics, availability of spectrum and
power, interference and noise temperature, available networks, nodes, and infrastructures, as well as
local policies and other operating restrictions.

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CHAPTER 2
COGNITIVE RADIO

2.1 What are Cognitive Radios?

The concept of Cognitive Radio was first proposed by Joseph Mitola III in a seminar at the
Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm in 1998 and published in an article by Mitola and
Gerald Q. Maguire, Jr. in 1999. It was thought of as an ideal goal towards which a SoftwareDefined Radio
(SDR) platform should evolve.

Listed below are the definitions of cognitive radio by some institutions -

ITU: A radio or system that senses, and is aware of, its operational environment and can
dynamically and autonomously adjust its radio operating parameters accordingly.

FCC: CR is a radio that can change its transmitter parameters based on interaction with the
environment in which it operates.

NTIA: A radio or system that senses its operational electromagnetic environment and can
dynamically and autonomously adjust its radio operating parameters to modify system operation.

WWRF: CR employs a dynamic time-frequency power based radio measurement and analysis of
the RF environment, to make an optimum choice of carrier frequency and channel bandwidth to
guide the transceiver in its end-to-end communication, with quality of service being an important
design requirement.

They all talk about a radio, interaction with the environment, measuring, decision making, autonomicity
and adaptation.

So a “Cognitive Radio” is an SDR that is aware of its environment, internal state, and location, and
autonomously adjusts its operations to achieve designated objectives.

2.2 What is Software Defined Radio (SDR)?

An SDR is a radio in which the properties of carrier frequency, signal bandwidth, modulation, and network
access are defined by software. SDR is a general-purpose device in which the same radio tuner and
processors are used to implement many waveforms at many frequencies. The advantage of this approach
is that the equipment is more versatile and cost-effective. Additionally, it can be upgraded with new
software for new waveforms and new applications after sale, delivery, and installation.

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2.3 Need of Cognitive Radio
Globally wireless networks are increasingly facing bandwidth crisis .The spectrum available has become a
scarce resource. Today mobile communications are allowed only certain frequencies which are getting
crowded. As demand for new enhanced services like music, videos and internet are increasing day by day
requirement for bandwidth is far more than currently available. Hence fundamental problem facing future
wireless communication systems is where to find suitable carrier frequencies and bandwidths to meet the
predicted demand of future services.

However if one scans the radio spectrum, it would be found that

• Some frequencies are unutilized for most of the time

• Some frequencies are partially utilized
• Some frequencies are heavily loaded for most of the time Thus the available spectrum is
inefficiently utilized.

Figure 1: Use of frequency spectrum

One can identify a range of frequencies dedicated to a particular user, but at a particular time and place
this frequencies are not being utilized. Cognitive radio exploits this to efficiently utilize the available
spectrum. With cognitive radio technology one can use all available frequency even those dedicated to TV
and Satellite. Intelligent devices will negotiate with each other in order to utilize the whole spectrum
available in the most efficient way.

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2.4 How is Cognitive Radio different from other Radios?

Figure 2: Difference between Cognitive Radio

and other radios
2.5 Physical architecture of the cognitive radio
A generic architecture of a cognitive radio transceiver is shown in figure. The main components of a
cognitive radio transceiver are the radio front-end and the baseband processing unit. Each component
can be reconfigured via a control bus to adapt to the time-varying RF environment. In the RF front-end,
the received signal is amplified, mixed and A/D converted. In the baseband processing unit, the signal is
modulated/demodulated and encoded/decoded. The baseband processing unit of a cognitive radio is
essentially similar to existing transceivers. However, the novelty of the cognitive radio is the RF front-end.

The components of a cognitive radio RF front-end are as follows:

1. RF filter: The RF filter selects the desired band by band pass filtering the received RF signal.
2. Low noise amplifier (LNA): The LNA amplifies the desired signal while simultaneously minimizing
noise component.
3. Mixer: In the mixer, the received signal is mixed with locally generated RF frequency and converted
to the baseband or the intermediate frequency (IF).
4. Voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO): The VCO generates a signal at a specific frequency for a given
voltage to mix with the incoming signal. This procedure converts the incoming signal to baseband or
an intermediate frequency.
5. Phase locked loop (PLL): The PLL ensures that a signal is locked on a specific frequency and can also
be used to generate precise frequencies with fine resolution.

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Figure 3: Physical Architecture of the

Cognitive Radio (a) Cognitive radio
transceiver and (b) wideband RF/analog
front-end architecture
6. Channel selection filter: The channel selection filter is used to select the desired channel and to
reject the adjacent channels. There are two types of channel selection filters. The direct conversion
receiver uses a low-pass filter for the channel selection. On the other hand, the super heterodyne
receiver adopts a band pass filter.
7. Automatic gain control (AGC): The AGC maintains the gain or output power level of an amplifier
constant over a wide range of input signal levels.

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CHAPTER 3
COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORKS

3.1 Architecture for Cognitive Radio Networks

The components of the cognitive radio network architecture, as shown in figure, can be classified in two
groups as the primary network and the cognitive network. Primary network is referred to as the legacy
network that has an exclusive right to a certain spectrum band. While, cognitive network does not have a
license to operate in the desired band.

Figure 4: Cognitive Radio Network

Architecture
The basic elements of the primary and unlicensed networks are defined as follows:
1. Primary User: Primary user has a license to operate in a certain spectrum band.
2. Primary Base-Station: Primary base-station is a fixed infrastructure network component which has a
spectrum license. In principle, the primary base-station does not have any cognitive radio capability
for sharing spectrum with cognitive radio users.

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3. Cognitive Radio User: Cognitive radio user has no spectrum license. Hence, the spectrum access is
allowed only in an opportunistic manner.
4. Cognitive Radio Base-Station: Cognitive radio base-station is a fixed infrastructure component with
cognitive radio capabilities.
In cognitive radio network architecture, there are three different access types over heterogeneous
networks, which show different implementation requirements as follows:

1. Cognitive Radio Network Access: Cognitive radio users can access their own cognitive radio base-
station both in licensed and unlicensed spectrum bands.
2. Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Access: Cognitive radio users can communicate with other cognitive radio
users through ad hoc connection on both licensed and unlicensed spectrum bands.
3. Primary Network Access: The cognitive radio user can access the primary base-station
through the licensed band, if the primary network is allowed.

3.2 Dynamic System Allocation

Currently Static allocation model is deployed in which the portion of spectrum for a particular service is
always dedicated. This procedure ensures simplicity, guaranteed access to the licensee and better quality
of services. However deployment of cognitive networks call for a model in which if the licensee called the
primary user is not utilizing the band at a particular time then the secondary user can opportunistically
use the spectrum. This deployment called Dynamic Spectrum Access would open up vast amount of
spectrum.

Figure 5: Dynamic Spectrum Access

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Figure 4:
Cognitive Radio Network Architecture

The basic elements of the primary and unlicensed networks are defined as follows:
 Primary User: Primary user has a license to operate in a certain spectrum band.
 Primary Base-Station: Primary base-station is a fixed infrastructure network component which has a
spectrum license. In principle, the primary base-station does not have any cognitive radio capability
for sharing spectrum with cognitive radio users.

 Cognitive Radio User: Cognitive radio user has no spectrum license. Hence, the spectrum access is
allowed only in an opportunistic manner.

 Cognitive Radio Base-Station: Cognitive radio base-station is a fixed infrastructure component with
cognitive radio capabilities.

In cognitive radio network architecture, there are three different access types over heterogeneous
networks, which show different implementation requirements as follows:

 Cognitive Radio Network Access: Cognitive radio users can access their own cognitive radio base-
station both in licensed and unlicensed spectrum bands.

 Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Access: Cognitive radio users can communicate with other cognitive radio
users through ad hoc connection on both licensed and unlicensed spectrum bands.

 Primary Network Access: The cognitive radio user can access the primary base-station

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through the licensed band, if the primary network is allowed.

3.2 Dynamic System Allocation

Currently Static allocation model is deployed in which the portion of spectrum for a particular service is
always dedicated. This procedure ensures simplicity, guaranteed access to the licensee and better quality
of services. However deployment of cognitive networks call for a model in which if the licensee called the
primary user is not utilizing the band at a particular time then the secondary user can opportunistically
use the spectrum. This deployment called Dynamic Spectrum Access would open up vast amount of
spectrum.

Figure 5: Dynamic Spectrum Access

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CHAPTER 4
FUNCTIONS OF COGNITIVE RADIO

There are four main functions of cognitive radio listed below:

• Spectrum sensing
• Spectrum decision
• Spectrum mobility
• Spectrum sharing

4.1 Spectrum Sensing

A cognitive radio should monitor the available spectrum bands, capture their information, and then
detect the spectrum holes.

Figure 6: Periodic Spectrum Sensing

Structure
However, in reality, RF frontend of CR users cannot differentiate the primary user signals and CR user
signals. In case of the energy detection, transmission and sensing cannot be performed at the same time.
Thus, during the sensing (observation time), all CR users should stop their transmissions and keep quiet.
Due to this hardware restriction, CR users should sense the spectrum periodically with sensing period T s
and observation time ts.

Active Spectrum Sensing Techniques:

To be capable to sense very weak signals, cognitive radios must have significantly better sensitivity than
conventional radios. The goal of the spectrum sensing is to decide between the two hypotheses, namely

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where x(t) is the complex signal received by the cognitive radio, s(t) is the
transmitted signal of the primary user, n(t) is the additive white Gaussian
noise and h is the complex amplitude gain of the ideal channel.

H0 is a null hypothesis, which states that no licensed user is present in a certain spectrum band.
H1 is the alternative hypothesis which indicates that some primary user signal exists.

Figure 7: Spectrum Holes or White Spaces

A cognitive radio should monitor the available spectrum bands, capture their information and then detect the
spectrum holes. Primary user detection is the most efficient way to find the spectrum holes.

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Figure 8: Spectrum Sensing Techniques

4.1.1 Transmitter Detection

Cognitive radios must have the capability to determine if a signal from a primary transmitter is locally
present in a certain spectrum. There are several proposed approaches to transmitter detection:

o Matched Filter Detection o Energy Detection

o Cyclostationary Feature Detection

1. MATCHED FILTER DETECTION:

The most important property of a matched filter is that if a signal s(t) is corrupted by additive white
Gaussian noise (AWGN), the filter with an impulse response matched to the signal s(t) maximizes the
output signal-to-noise ratio. In the matched filter, the input y(t) is correlated with a stored replica of the
signal s(t). The output is compared to a threshold in order to make a decision.

When secondary user has a priori knowledge of primary user signal at both physical and medium access
control (MAC) layers, such as the pulse shape, modulation type and the packet format, the optimal signal
detection method is a matched filter, since it maximizes received signal-to-noise ratio. The main
advantage is that matched filter needs less time to achieve high processing gain due to coherent
detection. A huge drawback in the use of matched filter is that it would require dedicated sensing receiver
for every PU signal type. Digital television (DTV) band is an example where matched filter detection can be
performed.

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2. ENERGY DETECTION:
If the secondary receiver cannot gather sufficient information about the PU signal, the optimal detector is
an energy detector, also called as a radiometer. It is a common method for detection of unknown signals.
It measures the energy in the received waveform over an observation time window. The block diagram of
the energy detector is shown in figure 8.

Figure 9: Block Diagram of Energy Detector

First, the input signal y(t) is filtered with a band pass filter (BPF) in order to limit the noise and to select the
bandwidth of interest. The noise in the output of the filter has a band-limited, flat spectral density. Next, in
the figure there is the energy detector consisting of a squaring device and a finite time integrator. The
output signal V from the integrator is

1
= |( )|

Finally, this output signal V is compared to the threshold η in order to decide whether a signal is present or
not. The threshold η is set according to statistical properties of the output V when only noise is present.
The energy detector is also often referred to as a quadratic detector.

3. CYCLOSTATIONARY FEATURE DETECTION:

Cyclostationary processes are random processes for which the signal characteristics are periodically time-
variant. This means that statistical properties such as the mean and autocorrelation change periodically as
functions of time. Many of the signals used in wireless communication and radar systems possess this
property. The idea of the cyclostationary feature detection is to utilize the built-in periodicity of the
modulated signal. Cyclostationary signals exhibit correlation between widely separated spectral
components due to spectral redundancy caused by periodicity. Cyclostationarity may be caused by
modulation or coding, or it may be also intentionally produced in order to aid channel estimation
synchronization. In wireless communication systems we typically have some knowledge on the waveforms
and structural or statistical properties of the signals that the primary user of the spectrum is using. An
illustration of a cyclostationary feature detector is presented in figure 10. Parameter α is the cycle
frequency.

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Figure 10: Implementation of Cyclostationary

Feature Detector
4.1.2 Cooperative detection
Advantages and challenges: Considering spectrum sensing performed by a single radio, sensing
requirements are set by the worst case channel conditions introduced by multipath, shadowing and local
interference. By allowing multiple radios to share their sensing measurements it is possible to improve the
overall probability of detection through exploiting the inherent variability of the channel. Several cognitive
radios in various locations will not experience the worst channel conditions; therefore, the one with good
channel conditions can provide reliable sensing information for the whole network. In the cooperative
sensing, all the SUs send their knowledge about the channel state to an access point or a “master” node.
The node collects the channel state information and makes the final decisions whether PU is present or
not.

Boosting protocol: Different approaches have been suggested for collecting and sharing the information
in cooperative spectrum sensing. A boosting protocol for spectrum pooling system is suggested in. The
boosting protocol consists of two different phases. In the first phase, the sub-bands that are accessed
since the last detection cycle are indicated. In the second phase, the sub-bands that have become idle
since last detection system are signalled. The basic idea is that the information will be sent by transmitting
complex symbols at maximum power level on the OFDM symbols that want to be pointed out and on the
remaining OFDM symbols zeros will be transmitted. This information will be gathered by an access point
(AP) and the information about actual pool allocation will be distributed among all associated mobile
terminals and those who want to get associated.

4.2 Spectrum Decision

In cognitive radio (CR) networks, unused spectrum bands will be spread over a wide frequency range
including both unlicensed and licensed bands. These unused spectrum bands detected through spectrum
sensing show different characteristics according to the radio environment. Since CR networks can have
multiple available spectrum bands having different channel characteristics, they should be capable of
selecting the proper spectrum bands according to the application requirements, called spectrum decision.

4.3 Spectrum Mobility

As CR networks have capability to support flexible usage of wireless radio spectrum, cognitive radio (CR)
techniques have attracted increasing attention in recent years. In CR networks, secondary users may

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dynamically access underutilized spectrum without interfering with primary users, which is called
spectrum handoff. Spectrum handoff refers to the procedure invoked by the cognitive radio users when
they users wish to transfer their connections to an unused spectrum band. Spectrum handoff occurs

1) when primary user is detected or

2) current spectrum condition becomes worse.

The cognitive radio users monitor the entire unused spectrum continuously during the transmission. If
spectrum handoff occurs, they move to the "best matched" available spectrum band. However, due to the
latency caused by spectrum sensing, decision and handoff procedures, quality degrades during spectrum
handoff. Hence, our spectrum handoff method focuses on the seamless transition with minimum quality
degradation.

4.4 Spectrum Sharing

Spectrum sharing is the simultaneous usage of a specific radio frequency band in a specific geographical
area by a number of independent entities. Since there may be multiple CR users trying to access the
spectrum, CR network access should be coordinated in order to prevent multiple users colliding in
overlapping portions of the spectrum.

LICENSED SPECTRUM SHARING

• Licensed Band Cognitive Radio is capable of using bands assigned exclusively to a licensed users, for
instance, a specific mobile operator

• Also known as VERTICAL spectrum sharing.

• Higher priority is given to the primary user (license holder) in accessing the spectrum.

UNLICENSED SPECTRUM SHARING

• Unlicensed Band Cognitive Radio can only utilize unlicensed part of the radio frequency (RF) spectrum.
These are prone to interference.

• Also known as HORIZONTAL sharing (all participating systems have equal right in accessing the
spectrum)

• These unprotected bands are highly used because o Ease of developing innovative technologies to
operate in unlicensed bands o No cost to the consumer of using such bands

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Figure 11: Cognitive Radio

Operation

CHAPTER 5

APPLICATIONS OF COGNITIVE RADIO

Cognitive radio has the potential to drastically alter the way we would manage our communication in the
future. Some of the promising applications are-

1. Emergency Services Use of Cognitive Radio:

The public safety users have direct application for cognitive radios. In conditions of emergency need for
quality of service and interoperability among various standards becomes vital. CR with their inherent
ability to adapt and adjust to different standards would help in such situation.
2. Low Cost Internet Access:
The dynamic spectrum access model approach would enable broadband access on the unused spectrums,
thereby enabling lower Internet access cost by drastically reducing cost component associated with
purchase of spectrum.
3. Rural connectivity:
By deploying smart mesh CRN systems remote rural areas can be provided connectivity.

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4. New services:
Radio based advertising in which the user gets only relevant information

Application in public safety: Emergency situation generally require great deal of coordination of between
different relief workers, fire brigade, police and other concerned person. Chances of communication
breakdown both internally and externally increase due to lack of common standards and overburden of
emergency bands. Cognitive radio would help in such situation by prioritizing such communication and
enabling communication all standards.

Application in security: Imagine a situation in which a soldier has to only turn on the device which he is
carrying. Once engaged the cognitive radio will determine what spectrum to use, sense any disruptions in
the environment (jamming) and adjust accordingly.

Application in daily life: A flight entering into the borders of another country. Currently the radio
parameters need to be set by the pilot with the help of ground controllers as the standards for
communication are different in different countries With cognitive radios no human involvement would be
required.

CHAPTER 6
PRESENT SCENARIO

DISA- US Defense Information Systems Agency

The US Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) is moving into the age of dynamic spectrum access
(DSA), which is the key near-term contribution of cognitive radio. DISA's Defense Spectrum Organization
(DSO) is the DoD center of excellence for spectrum management. The key DSO elements are:
1. Global Electromagnetic Spectrum Information System Program Management Office
(GEMSIS PMO)

2. Joint Spectrum Center (JSC)

Nokia
Nokia a market leader with the aim of improving user experiences for more innovative and integrated
telecommunication has already adapted cognitive radio within allocated spectrum bands to manage
heterogeneous more efficiently. Nokia research center is working extensively in this field

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Cognitive Access to TV Bands

In UK digital switchover is expected to be completed by 2012 that would require the TV stations to
convert from analogue to digital transmission. After the switchover a portion of TV analogue channels
would become vacant which be auctioned off by regulators to other services. In addition there will be a
number of TV channels in a given area that would not be used by DTV station because such stations would
not be able to operate without interference to adjacent channels. These vacant TV channel care called
white spaces. The proposed new rules would, in principle allow the operation of both fixed and portable
broadband devices on a noninterference basis in this white spaces. A preliminary study by Ofcom
indicates that “at any one location, around 100 MHz on average is not being used by DTT (Digital
Terrestrial Television) and could, in principle be used by license-exempt devices”

Conclusion

Cognitive radio is an immature but rapidly developing technology area. In terms of

spectrum regulation, the key benefit of CR is more efficient use of spectrum, because CR
will enable new systems to share spectrum with existing legacy devices, with managed
degrees of interference. There are significant regulatory, technological and application
challenges that need to be addressed and CR will not suddenly emerge.

Cognitive radio networks are being studied intensively. The major motivation for this is
the currently heavily underutilized frequency spectrum. The development is being pushed
forward by the rapid advances in SDR technology enabling a spectrum agile and highly
configurable radio transmitter/receiver. A fundamental property of the cognitive radio
networks is the highly dynamic relationship between the primary users having an
exclusive priority to their respective licensed spectrum and the secondary users
representing the cognitive network devices. This creates new challenges for the network

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design which have been addressed applying varies approaches as has been discussed in
the previous sections.

The fundamental problems in detecting the spectrum holes are naturally mostly related
to signal processing at the physical layer. From the traffic point of view careful attention
must be paid in order to guarantee an efficient usage of the wireless medium while
simultaneously providing fairness between competing users and respecting the priority of
the primary users.

References

(i) Ekram Hossain & Vijay Bhargava, 2007, “Cognitive Wireless

Communication Networks”, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

(ii) Huseyin Asrlan, 2007, “Cognitive Radio, Software Defined Radio, and
Adaptive Wireless Systems”, Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA
Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

(iii) Lars Berlemann, George Dimitrakopoulos, Klaus Moessner, Jim

Hoffmeyer, 2005, “Cognitive Radio and Management of Spectrum
and Radio Resources in Reconfigurable Networks”, IEEE 2005,
Wireless World Research Forum.

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(iv) Joe Evans, U. Kansas Gary Minden, U. Kansas Ed Knightly, Rice, Sep
15 2006, “Technical Document on Cognitive Radio Networks”, IEEE.

(v) https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_radio#:~:text=A
%20cognitive%20radio%20(CR)%20is,avoid%20user
%20interference%20and%20congestion
https://www.wipro.com/engineeringNXT/cognitive-radio/
https://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-14/ftp/cr/index.html

(vi) K. C. Chen, Y. J. Peng, N. Prasad, Y. C. Liang, S. Sun, “Cognitive Radio

Network Architecture: Part I – General Structure”, IEEE.

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