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2stress Analysis Part 1
2stress Analysis Part 1
Part I
October 2009
Suat Kadıoğlu
(updated October 2020)
Solution Steps
• For the Mechanical design and analysis of components
and structures, conventionally the following steps are
followed.
– Force analysis
• Free body diagrams, support reactions, joint forces
• Internal forces in members, shear force, bending moment, axial force, torque
diagrams
– Stress analysis
• Determination of critical points
• Determination of stresses at the critical points
• Setting up the stress state (cubic element with stresses applied on
its faces) and finding principal stresses, maximum shear stress,and
their orientations.
– Application of static or fatigue failure criteria
2
Analysis and Design
• As a result of this procedures,
– In analysis problems where the component or the structure is
fully defined, a prediction can be made whether it is safe (no
failure) or not.
– In design problems, dimensions and material can be chosen
such that the component or the structure can function without
failure.
• Statics analysis, force analysis and fundamentals of
stress analysis (for 2D cases) has already been covered
in ME 205 and ME 206.
• Now the concept of stress analysis will be reviewed and
extended to full 3D stress state.
3
STRESS ANALYSIS
Design of many machine elements is governed by the stress state at the
critical points.
Hence the designer should be able to:
• Determine the critical points
• Determine the stress state at these points
Critical point(s) : The points on the machine element which are most
likely to fail under given loads.
Failure : Yielding or Fracture (In this context)
Plastic deformation Breaking, disintegrating
Permanent shape change
4
Example: For an end loaded cantilever beam, critical points are at the
location of support at the top and bottom surfaces of the beam, since the
bending moment and consequently the bending stress are maximum
there.
NOTE THAT strength as well as stresses can change from point to point
on a body. Hence there may be more than one critical point on the body.
All of them should be checked.
5
Stress State: Now take a cut through B, which
Consider a point B on a prismatic member.
Take a cut perpendicular to the axis of the
makes an angle b with the x-axis.
member through point B. F Rt Rn s
F b
B t
F
y
B B
x
s1
F F
F
F
F acting on A'c is produced as the
Resultant of normal stress over resultant of Rt and Rn. In turn Rt and Rn
the cross sectional area, Ac, are the resultants of stresses s and t
gives force F. acting on A'c.
t (+ CW)
s1 y
b
x s s1 y y
n
s
s
t B x
B t
2b
n
s1 7
Example: Consider a thin walled cylindrical pressure vessel with a helical weld
line. Let it be given that the weld line is critical. sall (on weld line), tall (on weld
line), r and t are given. Maximum safe internal pressure is asked.
2sttl=P2lr
N st
T st=Pr/t sL
B r
P
45 sL2ptr=Ppr2
sL=Pr/(2t)
l t
B
s2 s1
9
Upto this point all the cases considered were two dimensional. (Bi-axial)
The stresses considered were all acting on planes whose normals are in x-y planes.
(stresses are in x-y plane)
Hence stresses can be represented
on a cubic element as in the figure
or in an array form as shown below.
s xx t xy
t s
yx yy
s - sy
2
sx + sy
tmax = x + txy
2
s1,2 = tmax
2 2
10
Example: 2D stress state (Stresses in units of MPa)
y 2
50 - (-30)
tmax = + 30
2
x 30 2
30 tmax = 50
50 50 - 30
s1,2 = 50
2
s1 = 60 s2 = -40
s xx t xy 50 30
t 30 -30
yx s yy
11
In the general 3-D case, there will be Note that txy=tyx, txz=tzx, tzy=tyz.
3 more stress components as shown
in the figure. Name convention: sij
i: direction of normal vector of the surface on
which stress acts.
j:direction of stress itself
Sign convention:
• tensile stresses are (+),
• compressive stresses are (-).
A shear stress is (+) if it is in;
1. (+) direction, on a surface whose outward
normal is in (+) direction.
2. (-) direction, on a surface whose outward
3-D stress state at a point is also normal is in (-) direction.
represented by the array below. Otherwise shear stress is (-).
s xx t xy t xz
t yx s yy t yz All the stresses shown above are positive.
t zx t zy s zz 12
Example: Principal stresses in 3-D are
obtained by solving the following
sxx=10 szz=0
eigen value problem:
syy=-5 tyz=6 s xx t xy t xz
txy=-3 txz=0 t yx s yy t yz m = s m
t zx t zy s zz n n
where
10 - 3 0
- 3 - 5 6
m is the direction cosine vector,
0 6 0
n
s xx - s t xy t xz
(eigen vector) of principal stress, s (eigen value). Therefore, t yx s yy - s t yz = 0
t zx t zy s zz - s
then characteristic equation is
s xx s xy s xz
s 3 - (s xx + s yy + s zz )s 2 + (s xxs yy + s xxs zz + s yys zz - s yx 2 - s yz 2 - s xz 2 )s - s yx s yy s yz = 0
s zx s zy s zz
A simple special case of 3D stress state occurs when two opposite sides of the stress
element are free from shear stresses. Then, the normal stress on these faces is a
principal stress. The two other principle stresses can be found by 2D Mohr Circle
13
analysis. (This is because superposition is applicable.)
Solution Procedure by Calculator
s3 - sx + s y + sz s2 + sx sy + sx sz + sysz - txy 2 - tyz 2 - tzx 2 s - sx sysz + 2txy tyz tzx - sx tyz 2 - sy tzx 2 - sz txy 2 = 0
I1 I1 I1 2 2
σ1 = r cos θ1 + σ2 = r cos θ2 + σ3 = r cos θ3 + r= I − 3I2
3 3 3 3 1
C n=li+mj+nk
T
sxx
syz B n
syy
y s
B
A
szy t
x szz C
A
s xx t xy t xz
T = t yx s yy t yz m , T is the traction vector (stress vector).
t zx t zy s zz n
s = T .n , t = T 2 - s 2 where T=T. 15
In 3-D (triaxial stress state) Mohr circle can be drawn only after finding the
principal stresses by solving the eigen value problem.
let s1>s2>s3 be the principal stresses. Max. shear stress is given by the largest
of the 3 circles.
t
tmax
tmax=(s1-s3)/2
s3 s2 s1 s
2D Cases which we have considered earlier are special cases of the general 3-D
case where one (or two) of the principal stresses is zero.
Uniaxial tension: s2=s3=0 tmax
y
s1 s1
x 16
Thin walled pressure vessel:(Bi-axial tension)
s3=0
s1 tmax
y
s2 s2 s1
B x
2-D Mohr
s1 Circle
Combined tension and torsion:(Bi-axial stress,s2=0) Note that the 2-D Mohr
tmax circle drawn may or may
s3 not give the maximum
y shear stress (which is used
in design criteria).
s1 s3 s2 s1 Therefore always draw the
B x 3-D Mohr circle by taking
one principal stress as zero
after a two dimensional
s3
analysis to find tmax.
Mohr circle obtained
by 2D- analysis
17
STRAIN C’
0
D D’
C
= 0
F F a
90 B’
A B A’
Normal Strain: Shear Strain:
- 0 p
= = = -a
0 0 2
HOOKE'S LAW:
Uniaxial loading: s = E E is Young's Modulus.
z
General Stress Strain relations for İsotropic Homogeneous Materials:
s zz
z
x y
s xx
s yy
s yy s zz
s xx yy = zz =
xx = E
E E
By superposition (strains in terms of stresses): xx = -yy xx = -zz
s yy s
xx = s xx -syy -szz
1 xx = - xx = - zz
E E
E
t
yy = s yy -sxx -szz xy = xy
1 Mohr Circle for strains can be
E G drawn similar to stresses but t must
t be replaced with /2, s must be
zz = s zz -syy -sxx xz = xz yz =
t
1 yz
replaced with . 19
E G G
Normal stresses in terms of given strains:
E x 1 - + E y + z
sx =
1 - - 2 2
E y 1 - + E x + z
sy =
1 - - 2 2
E z 1 - + E x + y
sz =
1 - - 2 2
20
PLANE STRESS and PLANE STRAIN problems
xx =
1
s xx -syy yy =
1
s yy -sxx very large, loading is in x-y plane and
it is not a function of z.
E E
xy =
t xy zz = 0 =
1
s zz -syy -sxx
zz = - (s xx +s yy ) E
G E
s zz = (s yy +s xx )
One can solve sxx and syy in terms of
xx and yy to obtain, xx =
E
1
s xx -syy - 2 (s xx +s yy )
s xx =
E
xx +yy xx =
1- 2
s
xx -
s
yy
1- 2
E 1-
1- 2 t xy
s yy =
E
yy +xx yy = s yy - s xx xy =
1- G
1- 2
E
r
z Pi O O
a
sr
b s
22
sr+dsr SFy=0 : (sr+dsr) 2 (r+dr)-2 r sr-2 dr s =0
y
rdsr/dr+sr-s=0 .....(1)
sr
Projected area
(Note dr2 terms are neglected) (unit depth)
s s
1
Consider zz: zz = c = s z -sr -s sr+s=C (=Ec'/ )
E
0
then s=C - sr .....(2)
sr=A+B/r2
s=A-B/r2
23
Boundary Conditions:
24
Stress distributions in a thick walled cylinder subjected to internal pressure
25
PRESS and SHRINK FIT PROBLEMS
c b- b+ b
a
2pb - 2pb + b - b + b - b + i b - b- b - b- o
i = = = o = -
=
2pb +
b +
b b b b b
Initial Interference, =b+-b- = -(b-b+) + (b-b-) =o-i So, =o-i .
= b o - b i At this point assume szz=0.
1 1
= b s o - o s r o - b s i - i s r i ........... (1)
Eo Ei
26
c2 + b2
For the outer cylinder, at r=b : (s ) o = 2 P and (s ) = - P ................(2)
c -b 2 r o
b2 + a 2
For the inner cylinder, at r=b : (s ) i = - 2 P and (s r ) i = - P ................(3)
b -a 2
1 c2 + b2 1 b2 + a 2
= Pb 2 + o + 2 - i
c -b b -a
2 2
Eo Ei
given , P can be found and vice versa.
It is assumed that members are of the same length, otherwise stress concentration
occurs at the ends.
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