TWO-DIMENSIONAL FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

•THE MEMBRANE PROBLEM

•MESHING IN 2D
•BASIS/SHAPE FUNCTIONS
•MASTER ELEMENT + ELEMENT CALCULATIONS
•AN EXAMPLE
 STRINGS….
P ∂w ∂ w
2
+ 2 ∆x
q ( x)∆x ∂x ∂x

EQUILIBRIUM
P
∂w  ∂w ∂ 2 w  ∂w
∂x
P + 2 ∆x  − P + q∆x = 0
 ∂x ∂x  ∂x
∂2w ∂2w q
⇒ − P 2 = q ⇒ − 2 = = r ( x)
∂x ∂x P

MEMBRANES
 ∂2w ∂2w 
−  2 + 2  = r ( x, y )
 ∂x ∂y 
 r ( x, y )
ΓD
B
w=0
w=0
Y ΓD
ΓN

n
POLYGONAL DOMAINS
X

Shear Force on boundary

  ∂w ∂v ∂w ∂v   ∂w ∂w 
∫B  ∂x ∂x + ∂y ∂y  dA = ∫B (rv ) dA + Γ ∫+Γ  ∂x nx + ∂y n y v dS
D N

∂w
∂n
THE WEAK FORMULATION ∂w
= ∫ v dS
ΓN
∂n

v = 0 on ΓD
∂w
|ΓN = g ( x( s ), y ( s ))
∂n
 0
•NEED C ELEMENTS IN 2D.
•MESH HAS TO BE FIRST MADE, THEN THE BASIS
FUNCTIONS DESIGNED.
NODE I
φ I 21 22
26
23 24
28
25
30 32
25 27 29 31 MESH OF TRIANGLES
16 18 17 20
18 22 19 24 20
17 19 21 23
11 10 12 12 13 14 14 16 15
9 11 13 15
6 2 7 8 6 9 10
4 8
1 3 5 7
1 2 3 4 5
25 φi ( x, y ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 y
wFE ( x, y ) = ∑ α iφi ( x, y ) PIECEWISE
i =1
 THE i th EQUATION

 ∂wFE ∂φi ∂wFE ∂φi   ∂w 

∫B  ∂x ∂x + ∂y ∂y  dA = ∫B (rφi ) dA + Γ∫  ∂n φi dS
N

NEL
 ∂wFE ∂φi ∂wFE ∂φi  NEL 
 ∂  
∑ ∑  (rφ ) dA + w 
∫ 
 ∂x ∂x
k =1 I k 
+
∂y ∂y



dA =
 ∫ i ∫ 
∂I k ∩ΓN 

∂n 
φi dS

k =1  I k 

INTEGRALS OVER ELEMENT AREA

ELEMENT EDGE INTEGRAL
 N 3k

( X 3k , Y3k )
N 2k
N1k
ELEMENT k

( X 1k , Y1k ) ( X 2k , Y2k )

N1k ( x, y ) = 1 at x = X 1k ; 0 at x = X 2k ; 0 at x = X 3k

N ( x, y ) =
1
k 1
(d1 + xb1 + ya1 ) ai = X k − X j
2A
bi = Yk − Y j
N 2 ( x, y ) =
k 1
(d 2 + xb2 + ya2 )
2A A=
1
2
(ak b j − a j bk )
N 3 ( x, y ) =
k 1
(d 3 + xb3 + ya3 ) d j = X k Yi − X iY j
2A
THIS IS A LONG EXPRESSION !!!!

LET US INTRODUCE THE MASTER ELEMENT

η
3̂ (0,1)

(0,0) (1,0)

1̂ 2̂ ξ
 x = X 1k (1 − ξ − η ) + X 2k ξ + X 3k η LINEAR OR
AFFINE MAP
y = Y1k (1 − ξ − η ) + Y2k ξ + Y3k η

Nˆ 1 (ξ ,η ) = 1 − ξ − η Nˆ 2 (ξ ,η ) = ξ Nˆ 3 (ξ ,η ) = η

NOW THE BASIS

FUNCTION IS NON-
ZERO IN MORE THAN
φI I 2 ELEMENTS (6 HERE)
 18 3 2 19

22

GLOBAL ELEMENT 22
NODES

1 LOCAL NODE NUMBER

13

ELEMENT CONNECTIVITY INFORMATION

LOCAL GLOBAL
1 → 13 2 → 19 3 → 18
REPRESENTATION OF FEM SOLUTION IN A
GENERIC ELEMENT Ik
3
wFE ( x, y ) |I k = ∑ α i N ( x, y )
k
i
k

i =1

3
wFE ( x, y ) |I 22 = ∑ α ik N ik ( x, y )
i =1

= α13φ13 ( x, y ) + α19φ19 ( x, y ) + α18φ18 ( x, y )

USING THE TRANSFORMATION WE GET

3
wˆ FE ( x(ξ ,η ), y (ξ ,η )) |I k = ∑ α ik Nˆ i (ξ ,η )
i =1
∂N k
∂Nˆ i ∂ξ ∂Nˆ i ∂η
i
= +
∂x ∂ξ ∂x ∂η ∂x CONVERSION OF
DERIVATIVES TO
∂N ik ∂Nˆ i ∂ξ ∂Nˆ i ∂η MASTER ELEMENT
= +
∂y ∂ξ ∂y ∂η ∂y
NEED TO GET
THESE
  ∂x ∂x 
dx   ∂ξ ∂η  dξ 
 =  
dy   ∂y ∂y  dη  [J ]
 ∂ξ ∂η 

JACOBIAN MATRIX

 ∂ξ ∂ξ 
dξ   ∂x ∂y  dx 
 =   −1
[J ]
dη   ∂η ∂η  dy 
 ∂x ∂y 

∂x ∂x
= X 2k − X 1k = X 3k − X 1k
∂ξ ∂η THIS CAN BE
EVALUATED
∂y ∂y
= Y2k − Y1k = Y3k − Y1k
∂ξ ∂η

∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
|J| = − THE JACOBIAN
∂ξ ∂η ∂η ∂ξ

∂ξ 1 ∂y ∂ξ 1 ∂x
= =− THIS CAN BE
∂x | J | ∂η ∂y | J | ∂η OBTAINED
∂η 1 ∂y ∂η 1 ∂x
=− =
∂x | J | ∂ξ ∂y | J | ∂ξ
ELEMENT STIFFNESS AND LOAD CALCULATIONS

  ∂Nˆ j
 ∂ξ ∂Nˆ j ∂η  ∂Nˆ i ∂ξ ∂Nˆ i ∂η  
+  + +
  ∂ξ
 ∂x ∂η ∂x  ∂ξ ∂x ∂η ∂x  
K ij( k ) =∫   | J | dAˆ
 ˆ
Aˆ  ∂N j ∂ξ ∂Nˆ j ∂η  ∂Nˆ i ∂ξ ∂Nˆ i ∂η  
 +  +  
  ∂ξ ∂y ∂η ∂y  ∂ξ ∂y ∂η ∂y  
 

( )
Fi ( k ) = ∫ rˆ( x(ξ ,η ), y (ξ ,η )) Nˆ i | J | dAˆ
Aˆ
ON THE BOUNDARY EDGES (NEUMANN EDGE)

THIS IS EXTRA INFORMATION THAT

3 HAS TO BE CREATED WHILE MESHING.
∂w IF AN EDGE LIES ON A BOUNDARY?
=g WHICH BOUNDARY SEGMENT?
∂n
1 2

F1( k ) = F1( k ) + ∫ (g (s) N )

k
1 ( x( s ), y ( s ) ds
E3

F3( k ) = F3( k ) + ∫ (g (s) N )

k
3 ( x( s ), y ( s ) ds
E3
 AN EXAMPLE
13 14 15 16

ALL EDGES
CLAMPED 8 10
B=3 7 9
r(x,y)=1
5 2 6 4 7 6 8
1 3 5
GENERIC 1 2 3 4
NUMBERING SHOWN
A=3

2 1 LOCAL
3 NUMBERING
3
1 2
ELEMENT TYPE 1 ELEMENT TYPE 2
WITH THE GIVEN LOCAL NUMBERING BOTH ELEMENT
TYPES HAVE THE SAME STIFFNESS MATRIX AND (IN THIS
CASE) LOAD VECTOR

1 
6 
 0.5 − 0.5 0.0  
[ K ( k ) ] = − 0.5 1.0 − 0.5  {F }
(k ) 1 
= 
 0.0 − 0.5 0.5 6 
1 
6 
 

NOW THE ELEMENT EQUATIONS CAN BE ASSEMBLED.

THE B.C. REQUIRES ALL DOFS ON THE BOUNDARY TO BE
SET TO ZERO – SAME PROCEDURE AS BEFORE.
HIGHER ORDER TRIANGULAR ELEMENTS

WORK IN THE MASTER ELEMENT ξ =0

5 ξ +η = 1
ξ +η = 1/ 2

6 4 η = 1/ 2

Nˆ 1 (ξ ,η )
1 2 3
ξ = 1/ 2
Nˆ 1 (ξ ,η ) = α (ξ + η − 1)(ξ + η − 0.5)
Nˆ 1 (0,0) = 1 ⇒ α (−1)(−0.5) = 1 ⇒ α = 2 η =0
SIMILARLY FOR THE OTHERS. E.g.

Nˆ 2 (ξ ,η ) = β (ξ )(ξ + η − 1)
Nˆ 2 (0.5,0) = β (0.5)(−0.5) = 1 ⇒ β = −4

THERE ARE (p+1)(p+2)/2 SHAPE FUNCTIONS IN GENERAL

PASCAL’S TRIANGLE COMPLETENESS

 THE PASCAL TRIANGLE

1
x y
x 2 xy y2
3
x 3
x y 2
xy 2 y
x 4
x y 3 2
x y 2
xy 3
y4

THE CHOSEN BASIS FUNCTIONS OF ORDER p SHOULD BE

ABLE TO REPRESENT ALL THE MONOMIALS OF ORDER
UPTO p. THIS GIVES THE MINIMUM NUMBER OF BASIS
FUNCTIONS TO BE (p+1)(p+2)/2

THERE ARE FAMILIES WHICH DO MORE –

QUADRILATERAL ELEMENTS