APPENDIX A – 2.

1A

FLOW CHART ON SCIENTIFIC BREAKTHROUGHS

TRADITIONAL
NAME OF BELIEF BEFORE SCIENTIST’S REACTION FROM
SCIENTIST’S LASTING IMPACT
SCIENTIST SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATIONS COMMUNITY
DARING IDEA
REVOLUTION
WILLIAM HARVEY Many physicians
The same blood Observed that a
(1578 – 1657) were unwilling to His research is
is constantly bound artery
Food is turned accept the idea considered the
recycled through would fill with
into blood in the that human origin (starting
the heart. blood in the
heart. Arteries blood is point) of modern
Arteries and section nearer
and veins are constantly being science of
veins carry blood the heart, while
empty and serve recirculated physiology (the
to and from the the portion away
as air tubes. through a closed study of how the
heart, which acts from the heart
system of arteries body functions).
like a pump. would empty.
and veins.
NICOLAUS His ideas were
The earth is at
COPERNICUS Spent years rejected by most His theory or idea
the center of the
(1473 – 1543) mapping the people, many of provided the
universe. It stays The earth and
locations of the whom claimed foundation for
fixed in a other planets
planets using that it would take the modern
permanent place, revolve around
complex more than science of
with the sun and the sun.
mathematical mathematics to astronomy (the
planets revolving
calculations. explain how the study of planets).
around it.
planets moved.
ANDREAS His work proved
To completely
VESALIUS His ideas were many ancient
understand Dissected large
(1514 – 1564) accepted by ideas about
human anatomy, numbers of
It is a sin to many, but he human anatomy
it is necessary to human bodies
dissect dead wrote a book to and helped begin
dissect the dead and made precise
human bodies. defend his ideas the modern
bodies of sketches of what
against a few sciences of
humans, not he saw.
powerful critics. anatomy and
those of animals.
physiology.
GALILEO GALILEI Celestial bodies Only through Used a personally Church officials Invention of the
(1564 – 1652) (the moon, precise built telescope refused to accept telescope led to a
planets and stars) observation can and observed his claims. Some series of
are perfect one determine that the moon claimed that important
spheres made of what celestial was not smooth what appeared in astronomical
ether (a type of bodies are made but had the lens of the discoveries.
gas). of. numerous craters telescope were Jupiter had
and high optical illusions. moons, the sun
mountains. had large spots,
visual proof that
the earth
revolved around
 the sun.
ISAAC NEWTON The same force His theories
(1642 – 1727) that pulls an Used complex (ideas) created
object to earth mathematics to His ideas were the foundation
Spirits and
like an apple demonstrate that accepted by most for many
divinities control
falling to the any two objects scientists, and he scientific fields,
the movement of
ground, keeps in the universe was praised by including
the planets
the moon and pull toward each England’s queen. astronomy,
planets in orbit other. engineering, and
around the sun. physics.