MDCAT: Left Over

TOPIC-1

BY:
FARAZ AHMED
PGC BAHAWALPUR
1.
•Types of SentenceS

2.
•Types of Clauses

3.
•Sentence Fragment
 TYPES OF SENTENCES

On the base of Function On the base of Structure

 TYPES OF SENTENCE
On the basis of Function

Declarative Interrogative Imperative Exclamatory

 DECLARATIVE SENTENCE:

A declarative sentence simply makes a statement or expresses an

opinion. In other words, it makes a declaration. This kind of sentence
ends with a full stop.

Examples:

i. I want to be a good writer. (makes a statement)

ii. My friend is a really good writer. (expresses an opinion)
 INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE:

An interrogative sentence asks a question. This type of sentence

often begins with who, what, where, when, why, how, or do/does,
and it ends with a question mark.

Examples:

i. When are you going to turn in your writing assignment?

ii. Do you know what the weather will be tomorrow?
 IMPERATIVE SENTENCE:

An imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request.

It usually ends with a period/full stop but can, under certain
circumstances, end with an exclamation point.

Examples:

i. Please shut the door to keep out the bugs. (request)

ii. Feed the dog once per day. (instruction)
iii. Please don’t give the dog popcorn. (request)
iv. Stop feeding the dog! (command)
 EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE:

An exclamatory sentence is a sentence that expresses great emotion

such as excitement, surprise, happiness, sorrow, anger, frustration
and appreciation. It usually ends with an exclamation mark.(!)

Examples:

i. What a pretty dress it is! (surprise)

ii. Alas! I lost my wallet! (sorrow)
iii. Hurrah! I got selected for the job! (happiness)
iv. What a horrible night! (fear)
 TYPES OF SENTENCE
On the basis of Structure

Compound-
Simple Compound Complex
complex
 Simple Sentence:

A simple sentence comprises only one clause (main or independent

clause). An independent clause contains a subject, a verb, and a
complete thought.
Examples: 1. Tom reads novels.
2. Tom reads newspapers.
3. Tom reads novels and newspapers. (compound Object)
4. Tom reads and enjoys novels. (Compound verb)
5. Tom and harry read novels. (compound subject)
6. Tom and Harry read and enjoy novels and newspapers.
(compound subject, verb, object.)

Punctuation note: NO commas separate two compound elements (subject, verb,

direct object, indirect object, subjective complement, etc.) in a simple sentence.
 Compound Sentence:

A compound sentence contains at least two independent clauses.

These two independent clauses can be combined with a comma and a
coordinating conjunction or with a semicolon.
Examples:

1. She completed her literature review, and she created

her reference list.
2. Tom reads novels; his friends read comics.
3. We must eat to live, but we should not live to eat.
 Complex Sentence:
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and at
least one dependent clause.
If a sentence begins with a dependent clause, place the comma after
this clause. If, on the other hand, the sentence begins with an
independent clause, there is not a comma separating the two clauses.
Examples: 1. They rested when evening came.
2. Where ignorance is bliss, it is folly to be wise.
3. Because he organized his sources by theme, it was easier
for his readers to follow.
4. The dog went to the county fair after he smelled popcorn.
Punctuation note:
• Dependent clause + , + Independent clause
• Independent clause + Dependent clause
 Compound-Complex Sentence:
A Compound-complex sentence has two independent clauses joined
Examples: to one or more dependent clauses.
TYPES OF CLAUSES
 TYPES OF CLAUSES:

There are two major types of clauses Main (or independent) clause
and subordinate (or dependent) clause.

Main or Independent Clause:

An independent (or main clause) is a complete sentence. It contains a subject

and verb and expresses a complete thought in context and meaning.

Examples:
1. I met the boy who had helped me.
2. She is wearing a shirt which looks nice.
3. He takes medicine because he suffers from fever.
 Subordinate or dependent Clause:
A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is part of a sentence; it contains
a subject and verb but does not convey the complete sense. It often starts
with a subordinating conjunction.

Examples: Subordinate Conjunctions:

after although as because
1. I met the boy who had helped me. even
before even if if
2. I bought a table that costs $ 100. though
3. He takes medicine because he suffers provided
from fever. once rather than so that
that

since though than that

until unless whenever when
Who Which After Therefore
whereas where whether while
 ADVERB CLAUSES:
An adverb clause describes a verb and answers one of these questions:
where? why? how? when? to what degree?
An adverbial clause begins with a subordinating conjunction, which
makes the clause subordinate (dependent).
Examples:
Adverb clause answering why? Adverb clause answering when?
 ADVERB CLAUSES:
Examples:
Adverb clause answering how?
Adverb clause answering where?

Adverb clause answering

to what degree?
 ADVJECTIVE CLAUSES:

An adjective clause describes a noun (in the sentence's main clause) and answers one of these
questions: which one? what kind?
An adjective clause usually begins with a relative pronoun, which makes the clause
subordinate (dependent).
Common relative pronouns: that which who whom whose
Adjectival clauses always follow the person, place, or thing they describe, usually immediately.

Examples:
Adjective clause answering
Adjective clause answering what kind?
which one?
 NOUN CLAUSES:
A Noun Clause (nominal clause) is a group of words which contains a Subject and a Verb of
its own, and does the work of a Noun. Nouns can function as subjects, direct objects,
indirect objects, object of the preposition.
Noun clauses may begin with interrogatives:

that who whom what which whoever whomever whatever when where

Examples:
1. Whatever you want is fine with me.
(Noun clause as Subject)
2. Can you tell me when it is time for dinner?
(Noun clause as Direct Object)
3. I asked about why Tom ate those hot peppers.
(Noun clause as Object of Preposition)
SENTENCE FRAGMENTS
 What is sentence fragment?
A complete sentence will have at least one subject and one verb.
Sentences are considered fragments when they are missing either a
subject or a verb or any other part. In other words, fragments are
incomplete sentences. Usually, fragments are pieces of sentences that
have become disconnected from the main clause.

Examples: FRAGMENT WITH NO SUBJECT

• Ran around the tree.

• The dog ran around the tree.

• Shot through the sky.

• The rocket shot through the sky.
 FRAGMENT WITH NO VERB

Examples:

• A time of wonder and amazement.

• My cute little dog fluffy.
• That was a time of wonder and
• My cute little dog is fluffy.
amazement.

FRAGMENT WITH DEPENDENT CLAUSES:

• Because it was raining.

• We canceled the picnic because it was raining.

• Since she never saw that movie.

• Since she never saw that movie, we should invite her.
Thank You