Analog Communications Question Bank

Syllabus as per R15Regulation

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION
(III Year B.Tech.ECE. I Smemster R13 Regulation)
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
This Course aims at:
 .Understand basic terminology and concepts of Antennas.
 To attain knowledge on the basic parameters those are considered in the antenna design process and
the analysis while designing that.
 Analyze the electric and magnetic field emission from various basic antennas and mathematical
formulation of the analysis.
 To have knowledge on antenna operation and types as well as their usage in real time field.
 Aware of the wave spectrum and respective band based antenna usage and also to know the
propagation of t he waves at different frequencies through different layers in the existing layered free
space environment structure.

SYLLABUS
UNIT-1 ANTENNA BASICS
Introduction, Basic Antenna Parameters- Radiation Patterns- Beam Area, Radiation
Intensity, Beam efficiency, Directivity-Gain-Resolution, Antenna Apertures,
Effective Height. Related Problems
Fields from oscillating dipole, Field zones, Front to back ratio, Antenna Theorems,
Radiation, Retarded potentials-Helmholtz theorem.
Thin Linear Wire Antennas
Radiation from Small Electric Dipole, Quarter wave Monopole and Half wave
Dipole – Current Distributions,
Evaluation of Field Components, Power Radiated, Radiation Resistance, Beam
width, Directivity, Effective Area and Effective Height, Natural current distributions,
far fields and patterns of Thin Linear Center-fed Antennas of different lengths,
Related Problems.
Loop Antennas: Introduction, Small Loops, Comparison of far fields of small loop
and short dipole, Directivity and Radiation resistance of small loops and large loop.
UNIT-2 VHF, UHF AND MICROWAVE ANTENNAS - I
Arrays with Parasitic Elements, Yagi - Uda Array, Folded dipoles and their
characteristics, Helical Antennas-Helical Geometry, Helix modes, Design
considerations for monofilar helical antennas in Axial and normal Mode, Horn
Antennas – Types, Fermat's Principle, Optimum Horns, Design Characteristics of
Pyramidal Horns, Relative problems.
UNIT-3 VHF, UHF AND MICROWAVE ANTENNAS - II
Microstrip Antennas-Introduction, features, Advantages and limitations, Rectangular
Patch Antennas-Geometry and parameters, Characteristics of Microstrip Antennas,
Impact of Different Parameters on Characteristic’s. Reflector Antennas- Geometry,
Flar sheet and corner Reflectors, Paraboloidal Reflectors, Geometry, Pattern
Characteristics, Feed Methods, Reflector Types-Related Features, Related Problems.

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Analog Communications Question Bank

LENS ANTENNAS- Introduction-Geometry of Non-metallic Dielectric Lenses,

Zoning, Tolerance, Applications
UNIT-4 ANTENNA ARRAYS
Point sources-Definition, Patterns, Arrays of 2 Isotropic sources – different cases,
Principle of Pattern Multiplication
Uniform Linear Arrays – Broadside, End fire Arrays, EFA with Increased
Directivity, Derivation of their characteristics and comparison, BSAs with Non-
uniform Amplitude Distributions-General considerations and Binomial Arrays,
Related Problems.
ANTENNA MEASUREMENTS – Introduction, Concepts, Reciprocity, near and
Far fields, Coordinate System, Sources of errors, Pattern to be measurement, pattern
measurement arrangement, Directivity Measurement, Gain Measurements
UNIT-5 WAVE PROPAGATION - I
Introduction, Definitions, categorizations and General Classifications, Different
Modes of Wave Propagation, ray mode Concepts, Ground Wave Propagation-Plane
Earth Reflections, Space and Surface Waves, Wave Tilt, Curved Earth Reflections,
Space wave propagation- Field strength variation with Distance and height, Effect of
Earth’s Curvature, Absorption, Super Refraction, M-curves and Duct Propagation,
Tropospheric propagation, Scattering, Fading and Path Loss Calculations
WAVE PROPAGATION – II
Sky wave propagation-Structure of Ionosphere, Reflection and Refraction of sky
Ray path, Critical Frequency, MUF,LUF,OF, Virtual Height and skip distance
Relation between MUF and skip distance, Multi-hop propagation Energy Loss in
Ionosphere, Summary of Wave Characteristics in frequency ranges

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Antennas and Wave propagation-J.D.Kraus, R.J.Marhatka and Ahmad S.Khan, TMH,
New Delhi, 4th Edition.
2. Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems – E.C.Jordan and K.G.Balmain, PHI, 2nd
edition.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Antenna theory – C.A. Balanis, John Wiley & sons, 3rd edition.
2. Antennas and Wave Propagation – K.D.Prasad, Satya Prakashan, Tech India Publications,
New Delhi.
3. Transmission and Propagation – E.V.D.Glazier and H.R.L.Lamont, The services text
bookof radio, Vol.5, Standard Publishers Distributors,Delhi.
4. Electric and Radio Engineering – F.E.Terman, McGraw-Hill, 4th Edition, 1995.
5. Antenna - J.D.Kraus, McGraw-Hill, 2nd Edition.

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SREYAS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(Approved by A.I.C.T.E.New Delhi., Affiliated to JNTUH Hyderabad)
Accredited by NAAC
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
III Year B.Tech. ECE, Semester-I , R15 Regulation, Academic Year: 2017-18

ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION

Question Bank for I Mid Term Examinations – September-2017
UNIT-1

ANTENNA BASICS
Introduction, Basic Antenna Parameters- Radiation Patterns- Beam Area, Radiation
Intensity, Beam efficiency, Directivity-Gain-Resolution, Antenna Apertures, Effective
Height. Related Problems. Fields from oscillating dipole, Field zones, Front to back
ratio, Antenna Theorems, Radiation, Retarded potentials-Helmholtz theorem.

Radiation from Small Electric Dipole, Quarter wave Monopole and Half wave Dipole
– Current Distributions.Evaluation of Field Components, Power Radiated, Radiation
Resistance, Beam width, Directivity, Effective Area and Effective Height, Natural
current distributions, far fields and patterns of Thin Linear Center-fed Antennas of
different lengths, Related Problems.

Loop Antennas: Introduction, Small Loops, Comparison of far fields of small loop
and short dipole, Directivity and Radiation resistance of small loops and large loop.

QUESTIONS:
UNIT-I
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. 1. What is an “ oscillating dipole “ and name the three fields that emanate from
anantenna and their properties.(December-2011) (TL1) (10)
2. Derive the expressions for components of radiated field of an alternating current
element?(May-2015) (TL5) (10)
3. Explain what is “Reciprocity theorem" in terms of antennas? (December-2011)
(TL2) (10)
4. Distinguish between the terms: i) Beam Width, Beam Area and Beam Efficiency.
(February-2016) (TL4) (10)
5. Show that the radiative resistance of half wave dipole antenna is 73 Ω?(February-
2016) (TL5) (10)
6. Derive the relation between the directivity and effective aperture of
antenna(November-2015) (TL5) (10)
7. What is Friis Transmission formula and find the power received by the receiving
antenna using this ?(November-2015) (TL5) (10)

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8. In a microwave communication link ,Two identical antennas operating at 10 GHz are

used with power gain of 40 dB .If the transistor power is 1 KW ,find the received
power for the range of 30 Kms.?(TL6) (10)
9. Derive the components of electric and magnetic fields for an alternating current
element?(Nov-2004)(TL5) (10)
10. Describe and explain the significance of the terms :radiative resistance, aperture
efficiency and beam solid angle as applicable to antennas?December-2013)
(TL2) (10)

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

11. Define the radiation pattern. Draw and explain its parameters? (November-2015)
(TL2) (3)
12. Discuss in brief about retarded potentials? (November-2015) (TL2) (3)
13. Define and explain the term effective length of an antenna?(November-2015)
(TL2) (3)
14. Define the following parameters related to antenna (Nov-2009) (TL6) (2)
i) main lobe and side lobe ii) Beam area iii) gain and directivity
15. Explain effective aperture area with its types in detail? (March-2016) (TL2) (3)
16. Compare the properties of half wave dipole and elementary dipole? (TL6) (2)
17. Define the term directivity and list out different formulas for its evaluation?
(February-2016) (TL2) (2)
18. The radiation resistance of ana antenna is 72 Ω and loss resistance is 8Ω ,what is the
directivity if the power gain is 16? (February-2016) (TL5) (3)
19. Calculate the power gain of a Half wave dipole whose ohmic losses and directive
gain are 7 ohms and 1.64 respectively?(February-2016) (TL6) (3)
20. Distinguish between the terms:
i) Gain, Directivity and Resolution (December-2014) (TL4) (3)

UNIT II
VHF, UHF AND MICROWAVE ANTENNAS - I
Arrays with Parasitic Elements, Yagi - Uda Array, Folded dipoles and their characteristics,
Helical Antennas-Helical Geometry, Helix modes, Design considerations for monofilar
helical antennas in Axial and normal Mode, Horn Antennas – Types, Fermat's Principle,
Optimum Horns, Design Characteristics of Pyramidal Horns, Relative problems.

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QUESTIONS:
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. a) What is folded dipole antenna? List its characteristics and applications?(February-

2016) (TL1) (10)
2. What are the design considerations of pyramidal horn antennas?(November-2015)
(TL2) (10)
3. Discuss in detail about pyramidal horn antenna and write down its merits and
demerits?(November-2015) (TL2 ) (10)
4. a) Explain about the operating principle of helical antenna in normal and axial
modes?(February-2016) (TL2) (10)
5. Sketch and explain the constructional features of a helical antenna?(February-2016)
(TL2) (10)
6. What are parasitic arrays? Explain the construction of yagi-Uda antenna?(February-
2016) (TL2) (10)
7. Describe the requirements, performance characteristics and applications of yagi-
Uda antenna?
(February-2016) (TL2) (10)
8. What are the practical design considerations for mono filar helical antenna in normal
mode?
(December-2011) (TL2) (10)
9. Distinguish between sectorial, pyramidal and conical horns. Explain their utility and
applications?(November-2015) (TL4) (5)
10. Obtain the expression for the directivity of pyramidal horn in terms of its aperture
dimensions?(November-2015) (TL5) (10)

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. W
1. Write down the characteristics of folded dipole antenna? (February-2016)
(TL1) (3)
2. Explain the construction of Yagi-uda Antenna? (February-2016) (TL2) (3)
3. Explain the design considerations of pyramidal horn antenna? (February-2015)
(TL2) (3)
4. Write short notes on optimum horn? (November-2004) (TL3) (3)
5. Explain about parasitic elements? (February 2016) (TL2) (2)
6. What is principle of equality of path length? How is it applicable to horn antennas?
(November-2003) (TL2) (2)
7. Calculate the directivity of a pyramidal horn with an aperture of size 12cmx12cm,
operating with 3.2 cm wavelength. (November-2009) (TL4) (3)
8. The length of an E-plane sectoral horn is 15cm. Design the horn dimensions such
that it is optimum at 10GHz. (May-2009,November-2009) (TL5) (3)

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9. Design Yagi-Uda antenna of 6 elements to provide a gain of 12Db if the operating

frequency is 200MHz. (November-2009) (TL5) (3)
10. Write the utility of sectoral, pyramidal and conical horns? . (November-2003)
(TL1) (3)

UNIT-III

VHF, UHF AND MICROWAVE ANTENNAS - II

Microstrip Antennas-Introduction, features, Advantages and limitations, Rectangular
Patch Antennas-Geometry and parameters, Characteristics of Microstrip Antennas,
Impact of Different Parameters on Characteristic’s. Reflector Antennas- Geometry,
Flat sheet and corner Reflectors, Paraboloidal Reflectors, Geometry, Pattern
Characteristics, Feed Methods, Reflector Types-Related Features, Related
Problems.

QUESTIONS
UNIT-III

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. List advantages and disadvantages of micro strip antennas?(June-2015)
(TL1) (10)
2. Write and explain various applications of micro strip antennas? (June-2015)
(TL2) (10)
3. Write an explanatory notes on i) Contact type feeding ii) Noncontact type feeding
in micro strip antennas?(June-2015) (TL2) (10)
4. Estimate the curvature profile for a parabolic reflector antenna and hence define the
terms aperture
blocking and Focal length to diameter ratio? (March-2016) (TL6) (10)
5. Explain the geometry of parabolic reflectors? (December-2011) (TL2) (10)

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. List any five applications of patch antennas?(February-2016) (TL1) (2)

2. Discuss the features of micro strip antennas? (December-2014) (TL2) (3)
3. What are limitations of micro strip antennas?(February-2016) (TL1) (2)
4. List different types of reflectors?(February-2016) (TL1) (2)
5. What id Huygens’s principle? (March-2016) (TL1) (2)

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II Mid Term Examinations

UNIT-III

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. List out differences between active and passive corner reflectors .What are retro
reflectors?(February-2016) (TL1) (10)
2. Describe the Cassegrain feed mechanism of parabolic reflectors? (March-2016)
(TL2) (10)
3. Establish and explain the gain and beam width relations for a parabolic reflector and
account for its
beam shaping considerations?(December-2011) (TL5) (10)
4. Define zoning and distinguish between curved surface zoning and plane surface
zoning of a Plano-convex lens antenna .Which one is advantageous and why ?
Discuss the merits and demerits of zoned lens? (December-2011) (TL4) (10)
5. Explain the basic principle of operation lens antennas. Hence distinguish between the
different types of lens antennas and explaining their curvature profiles?(November-
2015) (TL2) (10)
6. Distinguish between natural dielectric and artificial dielectric lens? Discuss their
Characteristic, merits and demerits? (December-2011) (TL4) (10)

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Explain in detail about corner reflector antenna?(November-2015) (TL2) (3)
2. Explain different feed methods used for parabolic reflector antennas?(November-
2015) (TL2) (3)
3. With necessary diagrams explain the principle of operation of lens antennas and also
discuss advantages and disadvantages?(November-2015) (TL2) (3)
4. Explain the Flat sheet and corner reflector in detail?(November-2015)
(TL2) (3)
5. Explain about non-metallic dielectric lens? (March-2016) (TL2) (3)

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Analog Communications Question Bank

UNIT-IV

ANTENNA ARRAYS
Point sources-Definition, Patterns, Arrays of 2 Isotropic sources – different cases,
Principle of Pattern Multiplication Uniform Linear Arrays – Broadside, End fire
Arrays, EFA with Increased Directivity, Derivation of their characteristics and
comparison, BSAs with Non-uniform Amplitude Distributions-General considerations
and Binomial Arrays, Related Problems.

ANTENNA MEASUREMENTS – Introduction, Concepts, Reciprocity, near and Far

fields, Coordinate System, Sources of errors, Pattern to be measurement, pattern
measurement arrangement, Directivity Measurement, Gain Measurements

QUESTIONS

UNIT-I

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Derive the array factor of two element array with equal amplitude and equal phase?
(June-2015) (TL5) (10)
2. Write in brief about Binomial array?(June-2015) (TL3)(10)
3. Obtain array factor of N-element uniform array?(November-2015) (TL5) (10)
4. Explain the principle of pattern multiplication and find the radiation pattern of 4 and
8 element array? (February-2016) (TL2) (10)
5. Define broad side and endfire arrays and obtain the expression for the array factor of
linear end fire array of a 4 element?(March-2016) (TL2) (10)
6. Explain in detail about the measurement of radiation pattern with neat diagram?
(November-2015) (TL2) (10)
7. Use the principle of pattern multiplication and draw the radiation pattern with 8
element array with d = λ/2 (February-2016) (TL5) (10)
8. Explain the typical sources of errors in antenna measurements?(February-2016)
(TL2) (10)
9. For a 16 element broadside array with λ / 2 spacing ,derive the array factor and hence
calculate its BWFN , first side lobe level , directivity and effective area?(February-
2016) (TL4) (10)
10. A broad side array operating at 100 cm wavelength consists of four half wave dipole
spaced 50 cm. Each element carries a radio frequency current in the same phase and

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Analog Communications Question Bank

amplitude 0.5 A . Calculate i) radiated power ii ) HPBW of major lobe.

(December-2014) (TL4) (10)

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Explain different types of arrays of antennas?(February-2016) (TL2) (3)

2. What is uniform linear array?(November-2015) (TL1) (2)
3. A linear broadside array consists of 4 equal isotropic sources with λ / 3 spacing
(overall length of array = λ ) then calculate the beam width?(November-2015) (TL4)
(2)
4. Write a short notes on “Pattern multiplication “ ?(February-2016) (TL2) (3)
5. Derive Hansen-woodyard condition for N element end fire array for enhancing its
directivity?(February-2016) (TL5) (3)
6. Compare the broadside and end fire arrays?(February-2016) (TL6) (2)
7. What is uniform linear array and what are its applications? (March-2016) (TL1) (3)
8. What are the various differences between binomial and linear arrays?(November-
2015) (TL1) (2)
9. What are the advantages and disadvantages of binomial arrays? (March-2016)
(TL1) (2)
10. Enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of linear arrays? (December-2014)
(TL1) (2)

UNIT-V

WAVE PROPAGATION - I
Introduction, Definitions, categorizations and General Classifications, Different
Modes of Wave Propagation, ray mode Concepts, Ground Wave Propagation-Plane
Earth Reflections, Space and Surface Waves, Wave Tilt, Curved Earth Reflections,
Space wave propagation- Field strength variation with Distance and height, Effect of
Earth’s Curvature, Absorption, Super Refraction, M-curves and Duct Propagation,
Tropospheric propagation, Scattering, Fading and Path Loss Calculations

WAVE PROPAGATION – II

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Analog Communications Question Bank

Sky wave propagation-Structure of Ionosphere, Reflection and Refraction of sky

Ray path, Critical Frequency, MUF,LUF,OF, Virtual Height and skip distance
Relation between MUF and skip distance, Multi-hop propagation Energy Loss in
Ionosphere, Summary of Wave Characteristics in frequency ranges.

QUESTIONS

UNIT-IV
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. Discuss the characteristics of F1 and F2 layers? (December-2014) (TL2) (10)
2. Write about ground wave propagation and how the reflection takes place on the
surface of the earth?(june-2015) (TL2) (10)
3. Explain in detail about:
a) Skip distance b)Critical frequency c) D- layer in ionosphere.(june-2015)
(TL2) (10)
4. Derive the equation of radio horizon of space wave propagation considering earth
effective radius? (March-2016) (TL5) (10)
5. Find the maximum range of troposphere transmission for which the height of the
transmitting antenna is 100 ft and that of receiving antenna is 50 ft?(November-
2015) (TL4) (10)
6. Derive the expression for the variation of field strength of a space wave with antenna
heights and distance involved. What happens when the distance is large?(February-
2016) (TL5) (10)
7. With neat illustrations explain the structure and formation of ionospheric layers, and
corresponding frequencies of propagation?(February-2016) (TL2) (10)
8. Explain the concept of reduction factor and numerical distance in ground wave
propagation? (February-2016) (TL2) (10)
9. Derive the expression for MUF for flat earth?(November-2015) (TL5) (10)
10. Derive the expression for MUF for curved earth?(November-2015) (TL5) (10)

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Explain the salient features of troposphere scatter propagation?(February-2016)
(TL2) (2)
2. Explain in detail about ground wave propagation and write down the factors
effecting ground wavepropagation?(February-2016) (TL2) (3)
3. Explain briefly about the radio horizon and line of sight propagation?(February-
2016) (TL2) (3)
4. Discuss in detail about duct propagation?(November-2015) (TL2) (3)
5. Derive the field strength of a tropospheric wave?(November-2015) (TL5) (3)
6. Write a short notes on : a)Virtual height b)MUF c)Layers of ionosphere(March-
2016) (TL3) (3)
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Analog Communications Question Bank

7. What is critical frequency and derive the expression for critical frequency? (March-
2016) (TL1) (3)
8. Write short notes on M curves and their characteristics? (November-2005) (TL3) (2)
9. Derive the relation between Maximum usable frequency and Skip distance?
(November-2015) (TL5) (2)
10. Derive the expression for space wave electric field produced by an antenna at a
distant point, assuming a flat earth? (December-2014) (TL5) (2)

Prepared By:

Y.Satishkumar

B.Tech (ECE)., M.Tech(Embedded systems). MISTE.

Associate Professor of ECE, Mobile: 8008379494 E-mail: satishkumar.y@sreyas.ac.in

Mr.Mahesh K

B.Tech (ECE)., M.Tech(Embedded systems).

Assistant Professor of ECE, Mobile: 9030472070 E-mail: maheshkusuma@gmail.com

Dept of ECE Page 11