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Rheological Investigation of Smart Polymer-Carbon Nanotube Complex On Properties of Water-Based Drilling Fluids
Rheological Investigation of Smart Polymer-Carbon Nanotube Complex On Properties of Water-Based Drilling Fluids
Rheological Investigation of Smart Polymer-Carbon Nanotube Complex On Properties of Water-Based Drilling Fluids
G R A P H I C A L A B S T R A C T
A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T
Keywords: Carbon-based nano-materials and polymers are the most propitious materials proposed to cure the serious
Polymer/carbon nanotube problems encountered in drilling operation. The aim of this study is to improve the essential properties of
Water-based drilling fluid selected water-based drilling muds (WBMs) using a new synthesized complex of oxidized multi-walled carbon
Plastic viscosity nanotube wrapped by polyethylene glycol (POCNT). A rotational rheometer and an API filter press were used to
Yield stress
analyze the rheological and filtration properties of the drilling muds, and smart hydrophilic and hydrophobic
Filter loss
behaviors were expected due to carboxylic bonds and PEG polymer chains. It has been shown that adding a
relatively low amount of POCNT to selected water-based muds will lead to a significant improvement in
rheological behaviors of the drilling fluid, and a noticeable reduction in their associated formation damage.
Specifically, the presence of POCNT in WBMs has shown to enhance the viscosity, yield stress, and subsequently
the carrying capacity of the drilling muds at several temperatures. Moreover, it has been indicated that this
formulation could properly decrease the permeability of mud cake, and as a result, reduce the filtration volume
of nanofluids compared with that of base fluid by up to 82%. At the end, the curve fitting analysis proves that the
Herschel- Bulkley method better fits the rheological behaviors of this new nano drilling fluid.
Abbreviations: API, American Petroleum Institute; CNT, carbon nanotube; MWCNT, multi-walled carbon nanotubes; POCNT, wrapped oxidized multi-walled carbon
nanotubes; PEG, polyethylene glycol; YP, yield point (yield stress); PV, plastic viscosity; LPLT, low pressure- low temperature conditions; NPs, nanoparticles; OBMs,
oil-based muds; WBMs or WBFs, water-based muds or water-based fluids; NDF, nano drilling fluid
⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: a.kazemi@hsu.ac.ir (A. Kazemi-Beydokhti), s.h.hajiabadi@hsu.ac.ir (S.H. Hajiabadi).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.07.058
Received 2 June 2018; Received in revised form 21 July 2018; Accepted 31 July 2018
Available online 01 August 2018
0927-7757/ © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A. Kazemi-Beydokhti, S.H. Hajiabadi Colloids and Surfaces A 556 (2018) 23–29
1. Introduction Emrooz Company (KEPEG 4000). The raw bentonite, used in prepara-
tion of the solutions, were supplied from a local mine while the other
Drilling fluids, being a significant component of the circulating chemicals were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich and consumed without
system, play an important role in the process of drilling and so opti- any further treatment.
mization of its properties is critical for drilling operation success [1,2].
Broadly speaking, water-based drilling fluids (WBFs or WBMs) and non- 2.2. Characterization
aqueous drilling fluids are among the two main types of well-known
drilling fluids while WBMs are commonly employed as appropriate The morphological structure of oxidized MWCNT and POCNT were
fluids in the drilling process considering their lower cost, biodegradable identified through the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) method
and eco-friendly characteristics [3–5]. and using Leo 912 AB, Japan operated at 120 kV. During the TEM
In addition, several studies have shown that shear-thinning fluids analysis, the formvar carbon coated grid Cu Mesh 300 was used and
exhibit proper rheological properties that make them a good candidate 2.0 μL drops of sample solution were placed on a small piece of gold-
to achieve a desirable drilling mud [6]. In such a case, drilling muds covered surface while the residual water was evaporated using a hot
exhibit high resistance in low shear rates to provide a proper cutting plate.The Shimadzu model TGA-50 was used for thermo-gravimetric
transport efficiency and hole cleaning performance [7]. Note that analysis (TGA) with a heating rate of 10 °C/min in the air while a
Bingham plastic, power law, Herschel- Bulkley and Casson models are WiseCircu stirrer (Korea) was hired for mechanical mixing of the dril-
the most prevalent rheological models to describe the behavior of mud ling fluids. The nanofluids were sonicated using a probe ultrasonic
under stress conditions [2]. 950 W (SJIA LAB) and an ultrasonic bath (Elmasonic P, Germany).
Among the most common treatments on drilling fluids is improve- The pH values were measured using a calibrated pH meter
ment of the stabilities and flow properties of clay suspensions using (Metrohm-827 pH lab, Metrohm AG, Herisau, Switzerland). X-ray dif-
dispersant solutions, such as, polymers [8,9], salts [10] and surfactants fraction analysis (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) analysis
[11,12]. However, the carbon nanotubes (CNTs), specifically, the multi- were carried out on bentonite powders using Siemens, D5000, Germany
walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been suggested as the most diffractometer and SPECTRO iQ II, Ametek, Germany, respectively.
efficacious additives to the drilling fluids [6,7]. For instance, Nasser These parameters were set for the XRD analysis: Radiation source: ru-
et al. [13], Samsuri et al. [14], Halali et al. [15], and Ismail et al. bidium (cathode), tungsten (anode), wavelength: 1.54 A, step scan size:
[16–18] demonstrated the capability of MWCNT to improve the visc- 0.02°, step time: 0.5 s, and counting time: 1650s (27.5 min).
osity, cutting carrying capacity, yield stress and some other rheological Rheological behaviors were analyzed using a rotational rheometer
attributes of the drilling fluids. Recent work has also confirmed the (RST-CC, Brookfield, USA).
positive effect of MWCNT and changes in functionalization degree of
NPs on the rheological properties of drilling fluid samples [19]. 2.3. Preparation of POCNT
Similar results have been obtained in the case of drilling fluid fil-
tration examination where the addition of MWCNTs, with regards to At the beginning, 1 g of MWNTs was carboxylated by H2SO4 (10 ml,
their ultra-fine dimensions, leave a tight and thin mud cake on the 95%) and HNO3 (30 ml, 70%) treatment within a reflux system in-
wellbore leading to negligible drilling fluid loss [14,20]. Kosynkin et al. cluding a cooling supply to control the reaction temperature. This step
[21] prepared a water-based drilling mud with a mixture of MWCNT ended in aqueous-soluble CNTs while still the stability of nanoparticles
NPs and xanthan gum as an additive to present additional controls on in the base fluid is not proper enough for further investigations. More
mud filtration and production of an impermeable mud-cake. Similar details are provided at Kazemi-Beydokhti et al. [19].
observation was reported by Ismail et al. [22] while performing some Next, the PEGylation of CNTs was applied in order to increase the
experimental studies on the effect of nanotube and nano-silica on the stability and distribution of the nanotubes in the solution. The oxidized
WBMs. Later, several investigators found that the MWCNT can be used solution was then separated by a 0.45 μm membrane filter and dried
as a suitable additive to decrease the drilling mud filter loss into the overnight, and simultaneously, 5 g of polyethylene glycol (PEG) was
formation [15,17,19,23]. dispersed in 10 ml of chloroform and sonicated for 4 h to reach an
Besides, it should be noted that polymers are also known as proper uniform suspension. It should be mentioned that the use of chloroform
additives to modify some properties of drilling fluids, such as viscosity can improve the quality of PEG wrapping around the CNTs.
attributes, gel properties, and filtration features [24–29]. Afterwards, the CNTs were added to the suspension and the sus-
The present study is an attempt to investigate the impact of oxidized pension was sonicated again for the next 2 days. Note the suspension
multi-walled carbon nanotube wrapped by PEG (POCNT) on the rheo- was given about 10 min of rest for each one hour of operation.
logical behavior of WBMs. Oxidized MWCNTs were prepared and Finally, the solution was centrifuged at a rate of 5000 × g for 30 min
characterized through chemical treatment of raw CNTs, after which the till deposition of the unbounded polymers occurred and the collected
nano platforms were modified with polymer. The nanofluids were then supernatants were used in the next steps.
prepared through API (American Petroleum Institute) standards and
analyzed based on a number of pre-designed tests and their filtration 2.4. Preparation of drilling fluid samples
properties were examined to investigate the potential of additives in
reduction of formation damage. At the end, the best rheological model Solutions of local bentonite with a density of 68 PCF (lb/ft3,
fitted to flow behavior of these novel nano-drilling fluids was identified. ∼1.9 g/L), as the base fluid, were prepared by mixing the materials
with deionized water for 20 min. Moreover, in order to prepare the
2. Materials and method nanofluids, 500 mg of the POCNT were added to 80 ml of deionized
water, and dispersed by the bath sonicator for about 1 h.
2.1. Materials Then the nano drilling fluids (NDF-1, NDF-2, and NDF-3) were
prepared by adding the proper amount of the POCNT solution to the
MWCNTs were purchased from the US Research Nanomaterial base fluid. The uniform gray color of final sample shows the good
(Houston) and the nanotubes were synthesized by chemical vapor de- dispersion of the nanocomplex in the drilling fluids. But, the black se-
position (CVD) method (purity: > 95%, outside diameter: 20–30 nm, parated dots in the sample indicate that the agglomeration has oc-
specific surface area: > 110 m2/g, tap density: 0.28 g/cm3, true density: curred. It should be noted that to perform each of rheological and fil-
2.1 g/cm3). tration tests, 80 ml and 350 ml of each drilling fluid were prepared,
The industrial grade of PEGs were obtained from the Kimyagaran respectively.
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A. Kazemi-Beydokhti, S.H. Hajiabadi Colloids and Surfaces A 556 (2018) 23–29
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A. Kazemi-Beydokhti, S.H. Hajiabadi Colloids and Surfaces A 556 (2018) 23–29
Table 1
The amount of mud cake thickness for different concentrations of the POCNT.
Nomenclature Formulation pH Initial filter loss (spurt Filtration volume Standard Final filtration rate Mud cake thickness
loss) (ml) (ml) deviation (ml/min) ( μm )
Fig. 4. Graphical results of measured viscosity versus shear rate for varying
Fig. 3. The filtration volume versus time for varying concentrations of POCNT. concentrations of the POCNT.
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A. Kazemi-Beydokhti, S.H. Hajiabadi Colloids and Surfaces A 556 (2018) 23–29
Fig. 7. Changes in the YP/PV ratio with different concentration of the POCNT
at varying temperatures.
- Larger surface area to volume ratio of the POCNT as compared with 3.3.2. Appropriate rheological model for POCNT drilling muds
the clay particle ones leading to a higher interaction and friction This section provides a comparison of the most common rheological
inside the solution that increase viscosity of the sample. models to determine the appropriate equation that is properly sets to
- It could be due to the hydrogen bonding sites that are introduced by the flow behavior of modified drilling fluid. Identification of this
acid oxidation [41]. The hydrogen-bonding network among in- equation is, especially, critical for introducing new additives that aim to
dividual NPs, and the NPs and interlamellar water molecules, con- improve the rheological properties of drilling fluids.
trols the large-scale properties of CNT solutions, such as, viscosity Table 2 shows a curve fitting analysis performed on the rheogram
and yield stress. The intensity of these properties increases with the plots. The definition of parameters used in each rheological model is
concentration of the CNT, due to more dense hydrogen bonding also introduced in the Table 3 [47]. Referring to the F-value and P-value
[42,43]. of the experiments, the fitting models are significant and the presented
- Finally, it might be occurred due to the effect of polymer part of the R- squared (R2) values demonstrate the good fitting of all rheological
additive that evidently increases the viscosity. Note that PEG mo- models to experimental results. However, they always increase by
lecules are non-ionic polymers, which cannot interact with the adding a new predictor and cannot be used solely to quantify a model
27
A. Kazemi-Beydokhti, S.H. Hajiabadi Colloids and Surfaces A 556 (2018) 23–29
Table 2
The summary of curve fitting analysis of the most convenient rheological models of nano drilling fluid samples. Significant differences in P-value < 0.05 (*).
Model Equation Sample df F value P-Value Statistic
Acknowledgement
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A. Kazemi-Beydokhti, S.H. Hajiabadi Colloids and Surfaces A 556 (2018) 23–29
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