Background

What is Fukuoka Method ? 1. Landfill structure in most of developing countries are

in case of Tafaigata Landfill Anaerobic type (Open dump) and generate methane
gas (CH4) continuously.

2. Most of developing countries have much precipitation.

　　　09,Nov,2005 It makes decomposition slow and lead to Anaerobic
condition.
Takeo Tashiro JICA / SPREP

3. About 30% of CH4 has been generated from landfill.

Anaerobic Landfill structure ( Conventional type ) Semi-Aerobic Landfill structure ( Fukuoka Method )
Rain Rain
Gas Venting Pipe
CO2
CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2

Landfill Landfill
Anaerobic Methane Fermentation
Aerobic Microbial Degradation
End of the Pipe is Generated heat 50～70℃
Always
Open to the Air O2 O2 O2 O2
Leachate Leachate
Leachate Leachate
Leachate
Air
Perforated Leachate Collection Pipe
Leachate
1. Immediate remove makes leachate clear than anaerobic type
1. Promote Global Warming in generation of Methane Gas (CH4)
2. Generation of CH4 is small and effective for preventing of Global
2. As rubbish is dipped in leachate, decomposition is slow in anaerobic condition Leachate adjustment pond
Warming
↓
3. Contaminate underground water Treatment Facility 3. Fast stabilize and easy maintenance

Structure of Fukuoka Method Leachate flow on the bottom of the rubbish layer
Gas venting pipe

Leachate collection pipe

le
■ Leachate is collected in a leachate collection pond through ng
perforated pipe embedded in graded boulders. lA
na
di
itu
ng
■ As the outlet of main leachate collection pipe is always open to Lo
air, fresh air is down into the layers thereby introducing an
aerobic condition around the pipes. Perforated Pipe

■ Since leachate is removed as quick as it is formed, the internal Horizontal Plane Transversal Angle
waste layer have lower water contents.
Leachate flows toward less resistance for down the stream.
Perforated pipe can discharge leachate immediately.

1
 Merit of Fukuoka Method Concepts of Fukuoka Method for developing countries

1. structure is very simple and low cost

available for local materials such as; are;
Bamboo, Waste Drums, Waste Tires, etc.
1. Low cost
Tafaigata case US$ 400K
2. decomposition is fast and sanitary
less odor 2. Easy maintenance
smooth for after land use Minimum energy use
Using natural cleansing effect
3. leachate treatment become easier
quick removal of leachate make it clean 3. Sustainability
4. can rehabilitate existing dumpsite to sanitary landfill

Tafaigata Landfill Site Structure of Landfill

Leachate Retention Pond
Storm Drain 　　 Surface Water
Reservoir

#５Block
#４Block

Office

#３Block
Section Divider Bund

Medical
Waste
incinerator
Landfill Area
Recycle Area
Sludge Disposal Area
Gus Emission Pipe
#２Block

Leachate Collection Pipe

#１Block

Example of using
Perforated Leachate Collection Pipe
local materials

Perforated Gas Venting Pipe

Malaysia

China

Mexico

Leachate collection pipe using bamboo and waste tire.

2
 Effects of Fukuoka method
on Global Warming

1. Fukuoka Method can transform Methane

gas(CH4) to Carbon Dioxide(CO2)

2. CH4 has 21 times higher effect on global

warming than CO2

3. Emission of green-house gas from Semi-Aerobic

type landfill is 54% smaller than Anaerobic
type.

Gas Venting pipe using waste oil drum

Effectiveness of Fukuoka Method - Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Aerobic lysimeter
（％） CO2
Change of Gas Emission
100
Gas Composition

1.8
O2
Semi-Aerobic type
ＣＨ４　generation

( ×10 　Ｌ）
1.6 S em i-A erobic
1.4 A naerobic

３
・Decomposition begins at the 1.2
50
N2 early 1.0
stage and peak of decomposition 0.8
0.6

V olum e
is 3 years after. 0.4
0
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60 63 66 69
CH4
・After 3 years decomposition 0.2
0.0

（％）Anaerobic lysimeter
gradually converge 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
100 Elapse T im e (Y ear)
Gas Composition

CO2
O2 1.8
Anaerobic type ＣO ２　generation S em i-A erobic
( ×10 　Ｌ）

1.6
50 A naerobic
・Decomposition begin gradually 1.4
３

N2 1.2
and peak is 5 years after, then 1.0

0
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60 63 66 69
decomposition gradually 0.8
0.6
V olum e

CH4 converge 0.4

Expiration month ・Amount of CH4 generation is 0.2

0.0
large. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
● Main gases released from landfill site … CO2, methane, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, etc. Elapse T im e (Y ear)

● Gas composition … Depends on waste decomposition mechanism of site.

Effectiveness of Fukuoka Method - Leachate Treatment-

Modification of Leachate after 1 month operation

3/Oct/2005

Leachate is modified with Oxygen.

5/Nov/2005

3
 Leachate Treatment Facility
Aerial View April, 2005

Leachate Collection
Pond

Surface Water
Leachate
Leachate Collection Reservoir
Collection Pond
Pipe
Trickling Filter
Ｐ

40×20×3 Power Line

2400 m3
1st Gravel-Bed Channel Water Supply

Compact
Wet Land
Biotope
Filter Bed

2nd Gravel-Bed 10×10×0.6

Channel 60 m3

Surface Water
Leacha t e Co l l ec t ion pond
Reservoir
for t he fu t ure Ｎ

Work Space

Scale: 1/1000
Ditch
0 10 20 30 40 50 m

Ex t ens i on Area for t he fu t ure

Leachate Treatment Natural Cleansing Effect

Trickling Filter① Circulation　

In the river wastewater is clarified at downstream by

Circulation Line

V1 ② Aeration

V2
Ｐ
microbial degradation
Leachate Collection Pipe (Existing)

Discharge Line
Leachate Collection Pond (Existing) 　

④ Filter ③ 1st Gravel-bed Channel We adopt natural cleansing

using Coral Sand /Contact aeration process
(and Activated Carbon)
Water Fall
effect for leachate
/ Aeration treatment because:
⑤ Compact Wet Land

⑥ Biotope Surface Water

1. simple
Reed

2. low cost
nd
③ 2 Gravel-bed Channel Reservoir
/Contact aeration process
Evaporation
especially running cost
Liner
3. easy maintenance

Permeate into ground

from Leachate Collection Pond

Circulation treatment Valve for future use
φ36 PVC
from Leachate

using Trickling Filter

Collection Pond

φ25 PVC
Aeration Gravel-bed Channel
500

Flow control
Valve
500

Provide oxygen to the Micro Micro Organism attached to

2,500
500

to Leachate Organism and promote microbial rocks decompose organic

500

Collection Pond
degradation substances
500

2,300

Top View

Trickling Filter

Circulation　Treatment
Trickling Filter
Circulation Pipe
Ｐ Rubbish Layer

Microbial
Degradation
Leachate Collection Pipe

Cross Cutting

4
 Tafaigata , Samoa

Filtration Compact Wet Land

Using local materials for filter Using indigenous aquatic
i.e. Coral tip, Coconut husk vegetation i.e. reed, sedge etc.
activated carbon. for absorption of Nitrogen and
Phosphorus.

Fukuoka , Japan

Fa’afetai lava
Thank you