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David Reich (geneticist) - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Reich_(geneticist)
Overview Early life Academic career Genetic research Books Notes Sources External links
David Emil Reich (born July 14, 1974) is an American geneticist known for his research into the
population genetics of ancient humans, including their migrations and the mixing of populations,
discovered by analysis of genome-wide patterns of mutations. He is professor in the department
of genetics at the Harvard Medical School, and an associate of the Broad Institute. Reich was
highlighted as one of Nature's 10 for his contributions to science in 2015. He received the Dan
David Prize in 2017, the NAS Award in Molecular B…
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Reich_(geneticist)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Reich_(geneticist)

David Reich (geneticist)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the geneticist. For the anesthesiologist/hospital president, see David L. Reich.

David Reich
David Emil Reich

Born
July 14, 1974

Washington, D.C.

Harvard University
Alma mater
St Catherine's College, Oxford

Awards Nature's 10 (2015)[1]
 
Darwin-Wallace Medal (2019)

NAS Award in Molecular Biology

Wiley Prize (2019)


Dan David Prize (2019)
Scientific career

Genetic analysis of human evolutionary

Thesis history with implications for gene
mapping (1999)

Doctoral
David Goldstein[2]
advisor

David Emil Reich[3] (born July 14, 1974) is an American geneticist known for his research into
the population genetics of ancient humans, including their migrations and the mixing of
populations, discovered by analysis of genome-wide patterns of mutations. He is professor in the
department of genetics at the Harvard Medical School, and an associate of the Broad Institute.
Reich was highlighted as one of Nature's 10 for his contributions to science in 2015.[4] He
received the Dan David Prize in 2017, the NAS Award in Molecular Biology, the Wiley Prize,
and the Darwin-Wallace Medal in 2019.

Contents
 1 Early life
 2 Academic career

 3 Genetic research

o 3.1 Split of chimpanzees and humans (2006)

o 3.2 Indian population (2009)

o 3.3 Human genetic map (2011)

o 3.4 Interbreeding of Neanderthals and humans (2010–2012)

o 3.5 Genetic markers for prostate cancer

o 3.6 Indo-European origins

 4 Books

 5 Notes

 6 References
  7 Sources

 8 External links

Early life

Reich grew up as part of a Jewish family in Washington, D.C. His parents are novelist Tova
Reich (sister of Rabbi Avi Weiss) and Walter Reich, a professor at George Washington
University, who served as the first director of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.[5]
[6]
David Reich started out as a sociology major as an undergraduate at Harvard College, but later
turned his attention to physics and medicine. After graduation, he attended the University of
Oxford, originally with the intent of preparing for medical school.[5] He was awarded a Doctor of
Philosophy degree in 1999 for research supervised by David Goldstein.[2]

Academic career

Reich received a BA in physics from Harvard University and a PhD in zoology from the
University of Oxford, St. Catherine's College.[7] He joined Harvard Medical School in 2003.[5]
Reich is currently a geneticist and professor in the department of genetics at Harvard Medical
School, and an associate of the Broad Institute, whose research studies compare the human
genome with those of chimpanzees, Neanderthals, and Denisovans.

Reich's genetics research focuses primarily on finding complex genetic patterns that cause
susceptibility to common diseases among large populations, rather than finding specific genetic
flaws associated with relatively rare illnesses.

Genetic research
Split of chimpanzees and humans (2006)
Main article: Human-chimp MRCA

Reich's research team at Harvard University has produced evidence that, over a span of at least
four million years, various parts of the human genome diverged gradually from those of
chimpanzees.[8] The split between the human and chimpanzee lineages may have occurred
millions of years later than fossilized bones suggest, and the break may not have been as clean as
previously thought. The genetic evidence developed by Reich's team suggests that after the two
species initially separated, they may have continued interbreeding for several million years. A
final genetic split transpired between 6.3 million and 5.4 million years ago.[9]

Indian population (2009)

Main article: Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia

See also: ANI and ASI and Dravidian migrations

Reich's 2009 paper Reconstructing Indian population history[10] was a landmark study in the
research on India's genepool and the origins of its population. Reich et al. (2009), in a
collaborative effort between the Harvard Medical School and the Indian Centre for Cellular and
Molecular Biology (CCMB), examined the entire genomes worth 560,000 single-nucleotide
polymorphisms (SNPs), as compared to 420 SNPs in prior work. They also cross-compared them
with the genomes of other regions available in the global genome database.[11] Through this
study, they were able to discern two genetic groups in the majority of populations in India, which
they called "Ancestral North Indians" (ANI) and "Ancestral South Indians" (ASI).[note 1] They
found that the ANI genes are close to those of Middle Easterners, Central Asians and Europeans
whereas the ASI genes are dissimilar to all other known populations outside India.[note 2][note 3]
These two distinct groups, which had split ca. 50,000 years ago, formed the basis for the present
population of India.[12]

A follow-up study by Moorjani et al. (2013) revealed that the two groups mixed between 1,900
and 4,200 years ago (2200 BCE–100 CE), where-after a shift to endogamy took place and
admixture became rare.[note 4] Speaking to Fountain Ink, David Reich stated, "Prior to 4,200 years
ago, there were unmixed groups in India. Sometime between 1,900 to 4,200 years ago, profound,
pervasive convulsive mixture occurred, affecting every Indo-European and Dravidian group in
India without exception." Reich pointed out that their work does not show that a substantial
migration occurred during this time.[13]

Metspalu et al. (2011), representing a collaboration between the Estonian Biocenter and CCMB,
confirmed that the Indian populations are characterized by two major ancestry components. One
of them is spread at comparable frequency and haplotype diversity in populations of South and
West Asia and the Caucasus. The second component is more restricted to South Asia and
accounts for more than 50% of the ancestry in Indian populations. Haplotype diversity associated
with these South Asian ancestry components is significantly higher than that of the components
dominating the West Eurasian ancestry palette.[14]

Human genetic map (2011)

Reich was a co-leader, along with statistician Simon Myers, of a team of genetics researchers
from Harvard University and the University of Oxford that made the most complete human
genetic map then known in July 2011.[15]

Interbreeding of Neanderthals and humans (2010–2012)

Main article: Neanderthal admixture

Reich's research team significantly contributed to the discovery that Neanderthals and
Denisovans interbred with modern human populations as they dispersed from Africa into Eurasia
70,000–30,000 years ago.[16]

Genetic markers for prostate cancer

Reich's lab received media attention following its discovery of a genetic marker which is linked
to an increased likelihood of developing prostate cancer.[17] Reich has also noted that the higher
incidence of prostate cancer among African Americans, compared to European Americans,
appears to be largely genetic in origin. These findings led to some angry questioning by audience
members, after a presentation. [18]

Indo-European origins

Reich has suggested that the Indo-European languages may have originated south of the
Caucausus, in present day Iran or Armenia:

"Ancient DNA available from this time in Anatolia shows no evidence of steppe ancestry similar
to that in the Yamnaya (although the evidence here is circumstantial as no ancient DNA from the
Hittites themselves has yet been published). This suggests to me that the most likely location of
the population that first spoke an Indo-European language was south of the Caucasus Mountains,
perhaps in present-day Iran or Armenia, because ancient DNA from people who lived there
matches what we would expect for a source population both for the Yamnaya and for ancient
Anatolians. If this scenario is right the population sent one branch up into the steppe – mixing
with steppe hunter-gatherers in a one-to-one ratio to become the Yamnaya as described earlier –
and another to Anatolia to found the ancestors of people there who spoke languages such as
Hittite."[19]

Books
 Who We Are and How We Got Here, Oxford University Press, 2018

Notes
1.

 Reich (2009) excluded the Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman speakers from their analysis in order to
avoid interference.
  Reich (2009): "We analyze 25 diverse groups to provide strong evidence for two ancient
populations, genetically divergent, that are ancestral to most Indians today. One, the "Ancestral North
Indians" (ANI), is genetically close to Middle Easterners, Central Asians, and Europeans, while the other,
the "Ancestral South Indians" (ASI), is as distinct from ANI and East Asians as they are from each other."

  Moorjani et al. (2013): "Most Indian groups descend from a mixture of two genetically divergent
populations: Ancestral North Indians (ANI) related to Central Asians, Middle Easterners, Caucasians, and
Europeans; and Ancestral South Indians (ASI) not closely related to groups outside the subcontinent."

 Moorjani et al. (2013): "We report genome-wide data from 73 groups from the Indian subcontinent
and analyze linkage disequilibrium to estimate ANI-ASI mixture dates ranging from about 1,900 to 4,200
years ago. In a subset of groups, 100% of the mixture is consistent with having occurred during this
period. These results show that India experienced a demographic transformation several thousand years
ago, from a region in which major population mixture was common to one in which mixture even
between closely related groups became rare because of a shift to endogamy
References
1.

 "365 days: Nature's 10". Nature. 528 (7583): 459–467. 2015. Bibcode:2015Natur.528..459..
doi:10.1038/528459a. ISSN  0028-0836. PMID  26701036.
  Reich, David Emile (1999). Genetic analysis of human evolutionary history with implications for gene
mapping. ox.ac.uk (DPhil thesis). University of Oxford. OCLC  863264589. EThOS  uk.bl.ethos.580823.

  "David Reich | Genetics". genetics.hms.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2018-01-08.

  "Nature's 10". Retrieved 11 April 2018.

  Zimmer, Carl (2018-03-20). "David Reich Unearths Human History Etched in Bone". The New York
Times. Retrieved 2018-03-20.

  Rincon, Paul (11 April 2018). "How ancient DNA is transforming our view of the past". BBC.
Retrieved 11 April 2018.

  Emile., Reich, David (1999). "Genetic analysis of human evolutionary history with implications for
gene mapping".

  ScienceNews.org - 'Hybrid-Driven Evolution: Genomes show complexity of human-chimp split: Not

only did the evolutionary parting of human from chimpanzee ancestors occur more recently than had
been indicated by previous data, but it also played out over an extended period during which
forerunners of people and chimps interbred', Bruce Bower, Science News (May 20, 2006)

  Patterson, N.; Richter, D. J.; Gnerre, S.; Lander, E. S.; Reich, D. (2006). "Genetic evidence for complex
speciation of humans and chimpanzees". Nature. 441 (7097): 1103–1108.
Bibcode:2006Natur.441.1103P. doi:10.1038/nature04789. PMID  16710306.

  Reich 2009.

  Chakravarti, Aravinda (24 September 2009). "Tracing India's invisible lthreads" (PDF). Nature (News
& Views).

  Elie Dolgin (2009), Indian ancestry revealed. The mixing of two distinct lineages led to most modern-
day Indians, Nature News

  Srinath Perur, The origins of Indians. What our genes are telling us. , Fountain Ink Archived 2016-03-
04 at the Wayback Machine

  Metspalu et al. 2011.

  David Cameron (July 20, 2011). "Detail distinguishes map of African-American genomics". Harvard
Gazette. Retrieved July 22, 2011.
  Reich, D.; Green, R.E.; Kircher, M.; Krause, J.; Patterson, N.; Durand, E.Y.; et al. (2010). "Genetic
history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia". Nature. 468 (7327): 1053–1060.
Bibcode:2010Natur.468.1053R. doi:10.1038/nature09710. PMC  4306417. PMID  21179161. Reich, D.;
Patterson, N.; Kircher, M.; Delfin, F.; Nandineni, M.R.; Pugach, I.; et al. (2011). "Denisova Admixture and
the First Modern Human Dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania". The American Journal of Human
Genetics. 89 (4): 516–528. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.09.005. PMC  3188841. PMID  21944045.
Sankararaman, S.; Patterson, N.; Li, H.; Pääbo, S.; Reich, D; Akey, J.M. (2012). "The Date of Interbreeding
between Neandertals and Modern Humans". PLoS Genetics. 8 (10): e1002947.
doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002947. PMC  3464203. PMID  23055938. Carl Zimmer, "Interbreeding with
Neanderthals", Discover, March 2013, pp. 38–44.

  https://reich.hms.harvard.edu/sites/reich.hms.harvard.edu/files/inline-
files/2007_NG_Haiman_colorectal_and_prostate.pdf

  Who We Are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past. By David
Reich. New York: Pantheon, 2018.

19.  Who We Are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human
Past. By David Reich. New York: Pantheon, 2018.

Sources
 Metspalu, Mait; Romero, Irene Gallego; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Mallick,
Chandana Basu; Hudjashov, Georgi; Nelis, Mari; Mägi, Reedik; Metspalu, Ene; Remm, Maido;
Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas
(2011), "Shared and Unique Components of Human Population Structure and Genome-Wide
Signals of Positive Selection in South Asia", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 89 (6):
731–744, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.010, ISSN  0002-9297, PMC  3234374, PMID  22152676
 Moorjani, P.; Thangaraj, K.; Patterson, N.; Lipson, M.; Loh, P. R.; Govindaraj, P.; Singh, L. (2013),
"Genetic evidence for recent population mixture in India", The American Journal of Human
Genetics, 93 (3): 422–438, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.006, PMC  3769933, PMID  23932107

 Reich, David; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Patterson, Nick; Price, Alkes L.; Singh, Lalji (2009),
"Reconstructing Indian population history", Nature, 461 (7263): 489–494,
Bibcode:2009Natur.461..489R, doi:10.1038/nature08365, ISSN  0028-0836, PMC  2842210,
PMID  19779445

External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to: David Reich (geneticist)

 David Reich Interview

 How Genetics Is Changing Our Understanding of ‘Race’ by David Reich

 Harvard.edu - Dr. Reich's Lab

 David Reich, Who we are how we got there by Jared Diamond

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 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n2016189439

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