Refer

4.85 & 4.86

Refer Refer
4.87 & 4.88 E- Commerce 4.89

Architecture
Risks &
of Networked
Controls
System

Refer
Master Refer
4.88 Chart of 4.89

Ch 4
Guidlines &
Laws Governing Digital
E-commerce Payment

Computing
Technologies

Refer Refer Refer Refer Refer

4.90 4.93 4.92 4.92 4.93

Virtualization BYOD Artificial Mobile

IOT
intelligence Computing

Grid Green Cloud

WEB 3.0 Machine
Computing Computing Computing Learning
Refer Refer Refer Refer Refer
4.90 4.93 4.91 4.93 4.90
 E-COMMERCE, M-COMMERCE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGY (Chart 4.85)

E-Commerce

Introduction Difference between Traditional commerce & E-Commerce

“Sale / Purchase
of goods /
services through
electronic mode
is e-
commerce.” This
could include
use of
technology in
form of
Computers,
Desktops,
Mobile
Applications,
etc.
 E-COMMERCE, M-COMMERCE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGY (Chart 4.86)

E-Commerce

Benefits Disadvantage of Components Various e- Market Business Models

E-Business 1) User 6) E-commerce models for E-Commerce
To Customer/ To • Internet Connection 2) Internet / Vendors • e - Shops (e-tailers) • Business-to-
To Business / Sellers
Indivisual/ User Government • High start-up costs Network a) Suppliers & Supply • e -Malls Consumer (B2C)
• Convenience • Increased Customer • Instrument • Legal issues 3) Web portal Chain Management • e -auctions • Business-to-
• Time saving Base to fight • Some business 4) Payment b) Warehouse • Portals Business (B2B)
• Various • Recurring payments corruption processes may never Gateway Operations
• Buyer Aggregators • Consumer- to-
Options made easy • Reduction lend themselves to e- c) Shipping & returns
5) Technology • Virtual Community Consumer (C2C)
• Easy to find • Instant Transaction in use of commerce d) E - Commerce
Infrastructure catalogue & product • e -marketing • Consumer to
reviews • Provides a dynamic ecologically
• Cultural • Computers, display • e-procurement Business (C2B)
• Coupon & market damaging
impediments to e- Servers & e) Marketing & loyalty
Deals • Reduction in costs: materials • e -distribution • Consumer to
business Database f) Showroom & offline
• Anytime • Efficiency improvement Government (C2G)
• Mobile Apps purchase programs
• Creation of new markets
• Security Concerns
• Easier entry into new
• Digital g) Different Ordering Trends in E- commerce • Government to
Libraries Methods Consumer (G2C)
markets • Content •
• Data h) Guarantees
• Better quality of goods Social Commerce • • Business to
Interchange i) Privacy Policy
• Elimination of Time Mobile Commerce • Government (B2G)
Delays j) Security Biometrics •
Artificial Intelligence
• Predictive Analysis
 E-COMMERCE, M-COMMERCE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGY (Chart 4.87)

Types of Architecture E-Commerce Architecture Vide Internet

Two Tier Three Tier Layer Includes Purpose

1) Presentation Tier- allows user to interact with 1) Presentation Tier- Occupies top level & displays information
e-commerce / m-commerce vendor related to services available on a website. 1) Client / User 1) User This Layer helps the e-
2) Database Tier- Product data /price data / 2) Application Tier- It controls application functionality by Interface 2) Web Browser commerce customer connect
customer data & other related data are kept performing detailed processing. 3) 3) Web Server to e-commerce merchant
here. Database Tier- Information is stored & retrieved. Data in this
tier is kept independent of application servers or business logic 2) Application 1) E-merchant Customer logs to merchant
Advantages Disadvantages Layer 2) Reseller systems. allows customer to
• System performance is • Performance 3) Logistics partner check products available on
Advantages Disadvantages merchant’s website
higher because business deteriorates if
logic & database are number of users’ • Clear separation of user- • Creates an increased need for 3) Database Information store This layer is accessible to user
physically close increases. interface-control & data network traffic management, Layer house, where all through application layer
presentation from server load balancing & fault data relating to
• Since processing is • There is restricted application-logic tolerance products, price it
shared between client & flexibility and choice kept
• Dynamic load balancing • Current tools are relatively
server, more users could of DBMS, since data
• Change management immature & are more complex
interact with system language used in
server is proprietary
• By having simple • Maintenance tools are
to each vendor
structure, it is easy to currently inadequate for
setup & maintain entire maintaining server libraries.
system smoothly
 E-COMMERCE, M-COMMERCE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGY (Chart 4.88)

E-Commerce Architecture Vide M-Commerce Steps of E-

Commerce
Guidelines & Laws Governing E-Commerce
Layer Includes Purpose Work Flow
Digram Guidelines for E- Commercial Laws
1) Client / 1) Mobile APP Helps e-commerce customer 1) Customers Commerce Governing E-Commerce
User Interface (Application) connect to e- login 2) 1) Billing 1) Income Tax Act, 1961
2) User Product / Service 2) Product guarantee / 2) Companies Act, 2013
Selection 3) warranty
2) Application 1) E-merchant Through these application’s 3) Foreign Trade (Development
Customer Places
Layer 2) Reseller customer logs to merchant 3) Shipping and Regulation) Act, 1992
Order
3) Logistics systems. This layer allows 4) Delivery 4) The Factories Act, 1948
4) Payment
partner customer to check products
Gateway 5) Return 5) The Custom Act, 1962
4) Payment available on merchant’s
5) Dispatch & 6) Payment 6) The Goods and Services Tax
Gateway website
Shipping Process Act, 2017 (GST)
6) Delivery Special Laws governing E-
3) Database Information store This layer is accessible to Tracking Commerce 7) The Competition Act, 2002
Layer house, where all user through application 7) COD tracking 8) Foreign Exchange
data relating to layer 1) Information Technology Act, Management Act (FEMA 1999)
products, price it 2000 9) Consumer Protection Act,
kept
2) Reserve Bank of India, 1934 1986
 E-COMMERCE, M-COMMERCE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGY (Chart 4.89)

Risks & Controls Digital Payments

way of payment which is made through digital modes. Payer & payee
both use digital modes to send & receive money. Also called
electronic payment. No hard cash is involved. All transactions are
Risks Controls completed online. Instant & convenient way to make payments.

1) Privacy & Security E-business Ways to protect risk Cyber Security Risk Types Advantages
2) Quality issues environment, controls 1) Educating Considerations A) New Methods 1) Easy and convenient
3) Delay in goods & Hidden are necessary for all participant about There could be cyber 1) UPI Apps 2) Pay or send money from
Costs persons in chain, nature of risks security risks with 2) Immediate Payment Service anywhere
4) Needs Access to internet & including 2) Communication of Direct as well as (IMPS) 3) Discounts from taxes
lack of personal touch organizational policies Indirect impact.
1) Users 3) Mobile Apps 4) Written record
to its customers • A Direct Financial
5) Security & credit card issues 2) Sellers / Buyers / Impact could be if 4) Mobile Wallets 5) Less Risk
6) Infrastructure Merchants 3) Ensure Compliance Application at 5) Aadhar Enabled Payment 6) Competitive advantage to
7) Problem of anonymity 3) Government with Industry Body Company’s Retailers Service(AEPS) business
8) Repudiation of contract 4) Network Service Standards
4) Protect your e- which contains 6) Unstructure Supplementary 7) Environment Friendly
Providers Commerce business financial information Service Data(USSD)
9) Lack of authenticity of
from intrusion- has weak passwords
transactions 5) Technology Service 7) Mobile Banking Drawbacks
• Viruses at all OSI layers
10) Data Loss or theft or Providers resulting in harming 8) Cryptocurrency 1) Difficult for a Non-technical
• Hackers •
duplication 6) Logistics Service integrity of data. person
Passwords •
11) Attack from hackers Providers Regular software • An Indirect B) Traditional Methods 2) The risk of data theft
12) Denial of Service 7) Payment Gateways updates Operational Impact i) Cards 3) Overspending
• Sensitive data could be if sensitive
13) Non-recognition of • Credit Cards 4) Disputed transactions
customer
electronic transactions • Debits Cards 5) Increased business costs
information
14) Lack of audit trails • Smart Card 6) The necessity of internet
15) Problem of piracy ii) Internet Banking access
 E-COMMERCE, M-COMMERCE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGY (Chart 4.90)

Computing Technologies

Virtualization Grid Computing Machine Learning

Definition: It is a type of AI that provides

Concept Application Areas Concept Types of Resources
computers with ability to learn without
Core concept of 1) Server Consolidation It is a special kind of distributed computing. In 1) Computation 2) Storage being explicitly programmed. It focuses
Virtualization lies 2) Disaster Recovery ideal grid computing system, every resource is 3) Communications 4) Software & Licenses on development of computer programs
in Partitioning, shared, turning a computer network into a that can change when exposed to new
3) Testing & Training 5) Special equipment, capacities, architectures, &
which divides a powerful supercomputer. Every authorized data
4) Portable Applications computer would have access to enormous policies
single physical
server into 5) Portable Workspaces processing power & storage capacity Applications
multiple logical
Grid Computing Security 1) Autonomous vehicles
servers. Once • Secured Single Sign-on 2) Medical diagnosis, in cancer research
physical server is Types Benefits
• Resource Management 3) Search engines
divided, each
logical server can 1) Hardware 1) Making use of Underutilized Resources • Data Management 4) Playing games
run an operating Virtualization 2) Resource Balancing • Management and Protection of Credentials 5) Online assistants
system & 2) Network 3) Parallel CPU Capacity • Interoperability with local security solutions 6) Detecting unusual credit card
applications Virtualization 4) Virtual resources & virtual organizations for • Standardization transactions to prevent frauds
independently 3) Storage Virtualization collaboration. • Exportability Risks
5) Access to additional resources • Support for secure group communication It being an application based on AI, the
6) Reliability • Support for multiple implementations nature of risk to it remain similar to
those posed by AI systems
7) Management
 E-COMMERCE, M-COMMERCE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGY (Chart 4.91)

Cloud Computing
Cloud computing, means use of computing resources as a service through networks, typically Internet. It provides facility to access shared resources &
common infrastructure offering services on demand over network to perform operations that meet changing business needs

Cloud Computing Environment

Private Public Hybrid Community

Resides within boundaries of an IT is provisioned for open use by general public. It may be It is a combination of It is provisioned for exclusive
organisation & used exclusively for owned, managed, & operated by a business, academic, or both at least one use by a specific community
the organisation's benefits government org., or some combination of them. Services private (internal) & at of consumers from
are offered on pay-per-use basis. least one public organizations that have
Characteristics (external). shared concerns
1) Secure Characteristics
2) Central Control 1) Highly Scalable 3) Less Secure Characteristics Characteristics
3) Weak Service Level Agreements 2) Affordable 4) Highly Available 1) Scalable 1) Collaborative & Distributive
Advantages 5) Stringent SLAs 2) Partially Secure Maintenance
1) Improves average server Advantages 3) Stringent SLAs 2) Partially Secure
utilization, higher efficiencies in low 1) Used in development, deployment & management of 4) Complex Cloud 3) Cost Effective
cost enterprise applications, at affordable costs. Management
Advantages
2) High level of security & privacy to 2) Deliver highly scalable & reliable applications rapidly Advantages 1) Establishing a low-cost
user private cloud
3) No need for establishing infrastructure for setting up & 1) Highly scalable
3) small , controlled & maintained by maintaining cloud 2) Provides better 2) Collaborative work
organization 4) Strict SLAs are followed security than public 3) Sharing of responsibilities
5) There is no limit for number of users cloud 4) Better security than public
limitation
IT teams in organization may have to limitation limitation cloud
invest in buying, building & managing Security assurance & thereby building trust among clients Security features are limitation
clouds independently. Budget is a is far from desired but slowly liable to happen. Further, not as good as private autonomy of organization is
constraint in private clouds & they privacy & organizational autonomy are not possible cloud & complex to lost & some of security
also have loose SLAs manage features are not.
 E-COMMERCE, M-COMMERCE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGY (Chart 4.92)

Computing Technologies

Cloud Computing Internet of Things Aritificial Intelligence

It is a system of interrelated computing Defination- Ability to use

devices, mechanical & digital machines, memory, knowledge,
Characteristics Drawbacks Service Models
Pertinent Issues objects, animals or people that are experience, understanding,
1) Elasticity & Scalability 1) If Internet connection provided with unique identifiers & ability reasoning, imagination &
Related to Cloud
2) Pay-per-Use is lost, link to cloud & a) IAAS to transfer data over a network without judgement to solve
thereby to data & Computing requiring human-to-human or human-to- problems & adapt to new
3) On-demand Characteristics
applications is lost. computer interaction situations
4) Resiliency 1) Web access to resources • Threshold Policy
5) Multi Tenancy 2) Security is a major 2) Centralized Management • Interoperability Application Applications
6) Workload Movement concern as entire 3) Elasticity & Dynamic • Hidden Costs 1) Home appliances 1) Autonomous vehicles
working with data & Scaling
7) Wide Range of Network Access applications depend on 4) Shared infrastructure • Unexpected 2) Office machines 2) Medical diagnosis, in
Capacities other cloud vendors or Behaviour cancer research
5) Metered Services 3) Governments can keep track of
providers. • Security Issues resource utilisations 3) Proving mathematical
Advantages Instances
1) Achieve economies of scale 3) Does not permit 1) NAAS 4) DTAAS • Legal Issues 4) Wearables theorems
2) Reduce spending on technology control on these 2) STAAS 5) BAAS • Software 5) Smart City 4) Online assistants
infrastructure resources as these are 3) DBAAS Development in Cloud 6) Smart Grids 5) Creating art
not owned by the user
3) Globalize workforce b) PAAS • Bugs in Large-Scale 7) Industrial Internet of Things 6) Playing games &
or customer.
Distributed Systems predicting outcomes.
4) Streamline business processes 4) Customers may have c) SAAS 8) Connected Car
to face restrictions on
5) Reduce capital costs Instances 9) Connected Health 7) Search engines
availability of
6) Pervasive accessibility 1) TAAS 3) EAAS 10) Smart Retail
applications , operating
7) Monitor projects more effectively systems & infrastructure 2) APIAAS 11) Smart Supply Chain Risks
8) Less personnel training is needed options. d) Other Risks 1) AI relies heavily of data it
9) Minimize maintenance & licensing 5) Applications may not 1) CASS 3) SECAAS 1) Risk to Product manufacturer gets. Incorrect data can lead
software reside with a single 2) Risk to user of these products to incorrect conclusions
2) DAAS 4) IDAAS
10) Improved flexibility cloud vendor & two 2) AI carries a security
a) Security
vendors may have threats
11) Easy access to information/ b) Privacy, autonomy & control
applications that do not
applications c) Intentional obsolescence of devices 3) AI in long term may kill
cooperate with each
12) Load balancing other. 3) Technology Risk human skills of thinking the
13) Backup and Recovery 4) Environmental Risk due to Technology unthinkable
 E-COMMERCE, M-COMMERCE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGY (Chart 4.93)

Computing Technologies

Mobile Computing Green Computing BYOD Web 3.0

It refers to the technology that allows transmission of data via It is study & practice of BYOD refers to business policy that also known as
a computer without having to be connected to a fixed physical establishing/ using computers allows employees to use their Semantic Web,
link. Mobile data communication has become a very important & IT resources in a more preferred computing devices, like describes sites
& rapidly evolving technology as it allows users to transmit efficient & environmentally smart phones & laptops for business wherein
data from remote locations to other remote or fixed locations friendly & responsible way. purposes computers will be
generated raw
data on their own
Components Green Computing Best Advantages without direct user
1) Mobile Communication 3) Mobile Software Practices 1) Happy Employees interaction
2) Mobile Hardware 1) Develop a sustainable 2) Lower IT budgets
Limitations Green Computing plan 3) IT reduces support requirement
1) Insufficient Bandwidth 4) Transmission interferences 2) Recycle 4) Early adoption of new
Technologies Components
2) Security Standards 5) Potential health hazards 3) Make environmentally
3) Power consumption 6) Human interface with device sound purchase decisions 5) Increased employee efficiency 1) Semantic Web
4) Reduce Paper 2) Web Services
Consumption
Benefits Emerging BYOD Threats
1) Remote access to work order details 5) Conserve Energy 1) Network Risks
2) Update work order status in real-time, facilitating excellent Challenges 2) Device Risks
communication a) Evaluate the actual security 3) Application Risks
3) Access to corporate services & information at any time, from mechanisms in order to 4) Implementation Risks
anywhere assess their energy
consumption
4) Improve management effectiveness by enhancing
information quality b) Building new security
mechanisms by considering
5) Remote access to corporate knowledge base job location the energy costs from the
design phase.