Q1.

HEALTHCARE SECTOR
With a shortage of hand sanitizers, counterfeiting of face masks, and many other
disruptions in supply chain channels, coronavirus has already created havoc in global markets.
Disruptions in the healthcare supplychain have significantly impacted the sourcing, procurement,
and management of necessary medical equipment inventories. China is among the largest
suppliers of a majority of healthcare commodities, namely pharmaceutical APIs and
components of medical devices. But with China as the epicenter for the pandemic, the healthcare
sector is exposed to the risk of COVID-19.As a response to supply chain disruptions,
healthcare facilities have started stockpiling available products. Such unrestricted
purchasing is further imposing financial pressure on the healthcare sector, which is already
suffering issues such as procurement inefficiencies and wasted spend. This has also led to the
yield of compromised quality of care. Several instances of sanitizer and face
maskscounterfeiting have been noted in developing countries, which could negatively impact
the healthcare sector as a whole.
The coronavirus pandemic has tremendously impacted the healthcare sector, including
pharmaceutical and medical devices. The sector has experienced a declining growth rate in the
first quarter of 2020. It will take the coming two to three years for it to return to normal, where
the strategies for mitigating the impact will be fully functional. Till then, the healthcare sector is
expected to grow at a stagnant rate.

CHALLENGES FACED BY THE HEALTHCARE INDUSTRY

Cybersecurity
Although ransomware, data breaches, and other cybersecurity concerns are nothing new to the
healthcare industry, the 2020 Covid-19 pandemic revealed just how vulnerable sensitive patient
health information really is.
Telehealth
With the Covid-19 Pandemic encouraging minimal in-person human interaction, consumer
adoption of telehealth grew from 11% during 2019 to 46% in 2020. While the future implications
of Covid-19 are still uncertain, it seems that telehealth adoption will continue to grow.
Invoicing and Payment Processing
To meet patient expectations and improve the user experience, ensure billing statements
are patient-friendly. You should offer paperless statements (eStatements) and a variety of
payment options (e.g., eCheck, credit card, etc.) via an online patient portal and utilize the latest
payment technologies
Prize Transparency
Today’s tech-savvy patients are now researching service pricing for various health systems
before making a decision as to which practice they book an appointment with. Any system that
does not make their pricing public may be dropped from consideration altogether.
Patient Experience
The medical insurance landscape experienced some significant changes in recent years. As more
patients are responsible for a larger portion of their healthcare bill, they naturally demand better
services from their providers.
TOURISM SECTOR
Tourism is one of the sectors most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Indeed, the number of
international tourist arrivals declined by 84 per cent between March and December 2020
compared with the previous year, according to data observed by UNWTO. Based on a range of
tourist arrivals’ projections, the report quantifies the potential economic effects of the contraction
in tourism in 2021. The indirect effects are significant. Due to linkages with upstream sectors
such as agriculture, a drop in tourist sales leads to a 2.5-fold loss in real GDP, on average, in the
absence of any stimulus measures.
Tourism is an important source of income for many developing countries, accounting for 50 % of
total exports for many small economies, particularly Small Islands Developing States such as
Maldives and Saint Lucia (UNCTAD 2020b). Tourism has relatively low barriers to entry and
employs a high share of young people and women. UNWTO (2021a) estimates that 100-120
million direct tourism jobs are at stake.

CHALLENGES FACED BY THE TOURISM INDUSTRY

Taxation
Tourism is one of the sectors that governments heavily tax. If you glance at the taxes paid on
hotel rooms and airline tickets, you can get an idea of the way taxation can negatively affect
tourism. It is therefore important for the travel and tourism industry to offer competitive prices
for its services and products. Governments should also realize that tourists already contribute to
local economies through purchases and other expenditures associated with tourism.
Travel marketing
Tourists or travelers can at times deem travel marketing to be false, inadequate or exaggerated.
Marketing entities can change this perception by working towards creating innovative marketing
solutions so that they can attract travelers. Travel marketers should also harness creativity and
technology. They should also pay attention to local content.
Globalization
Globalization has created less distinctive locales. Due to global standardization, indistinguishable
products are found in every country. If a person is traveling in order to learn or have an
opportunity to explore the different and unique, then the lack of unique products becomes a
tourism challenge. 
Security
Although security is a major challenge to the travel and tourism industry, many industry leaders
have failed to confront security issues. A majority of tourism offices or visitor and convention
bureaus lack or have almost no contact with law enforcement departments.
Q 2.
IKEA
We are a value-driven company with a passion for life at home. Every product we create is our
idea for making home a better place. At the INGKA Group, we have 374 stores in 30 countries*.
* As of 2020

OWNERSHIP & STRUCTURE

The IKEA Group of companies (Ingka Holding B.V. and its controlled entities) has an ownership
structure that ensures independence and a long-term approach. Stichting Ingka Foundation in the
Netherlands is our owner, and its funds can be used in only two ways: it can be reinvested in the
IKEA Group or donated for charitable purposes through the Stichting IKEA Foundation.

BUSINESS CONCEPT
Vision and business idea
“To create a better everyday life for the many people”, this is the IKEA vision. Our business idea
is “to offer a wide range of well-designed, functional home furnishing products at prices so low
that as many people as possible will be able to afford them”.
We work hard to achieve quality at affordable prices for our customers through optimizing our
entire value chain, by building long-term supplier relationships, investing in highly automated
production and producing large volumes. Our vision also goes beyond home furnishing. We
want to create a better everyday for all people impacted by our business.

SUSTAINABLE GROWTH
Investing for the future
“To create a better everyday life for the many people”, this is the IKEA vision. The main
financial principle of the IKEA Group is to grow by using our own resources. In other words, we
earn our money before we spend it. This makes it possible for us to make long-term investments
for the future.
The IKEA vision is the foundation for our growth. We want to make sure that IKEA is
accessible, so that more people can create a better everyday life at home. We re-invest a majority
of our profits in existing and new IKEA stores, as well as in product development, sustainable
solutions and by continuously lowering prices to our customers.

Three Growth Areas

Quality products at low prices
To reach many people, our products must be of good quality and affordable. We design with our
customers’ needs in mind.
People & Planet Positive
We are working towards having an overall positive impact on both people and the planet while
we continue to grow.
When people grow, IKEA grows too
Our co-workers are essential for our continued growth. We see every person as a talent with the
possibility to develop
WALMART
What started small, with a single discount store and the simple idea of selling more for less, has
grown over the last 50 years into the largest retailer in the world. Each week, approximately 220
million customers and members visit approximately 10,500 stores and clubs under 48 banners in
24 countries and eCommerce websites. With fiscal year 2021 revenue of $559 billion, Walmart
employs over 2.3 million associates worldwide. Walmart continues to be a leader in
sustainability, corporate philanthropy and employment opportunity. It’s all part of our
unwavering commitment to creating opportunities and bringing value to customers and
communities around the world.

Every day low prices on a broad assortment - anytime, anywhere.

Every Day Low Price (EDLP) is the cornerstone of our strategy, and our price focus has never
been stronger. Today's customer seeks the convenience of one-stop shopping that we offer. From
grocery and entertainment to sporting goods and crafts, we provide the deep assortment that our
customers appreciate — whether they're shopping online at Walmart.com, through one of
our mobile apps or shopping in a store. We currently operate three primary store formats in the
U.S., each custom tailored to its neighborhood. John Furner is Walmart U.S. President & CEO.

Working at Walmart
A job at Walmart means an opportunity to build a career. More than 75% of our Walmart U.S.
store operations management team members started as hourly employees, and in FY2020, we
promoted more than 200,000 people to jobs of greater responsibility and higher pay in Walmart
U.S. The average hourly wage for full- and part-time U.S. hourly associates at the end of
FY2020 was more than $14.00 per hour. Learn more about the opportunities and benefits we
offer, as well as our commitment to hire 250,000 veterans.

Community Giving
Walmart gives back to every community in which it serves. Learn more about the Walmart
Foundation and our $2 billion commitment to fight hunger in the U.S.
Environmental Sustainability
Walmart is the largest onsite green power generator in the U.S. Learn more about
our sustainability initiatives in the United States and around the world.

Our Stores
Walmart has stores in 50 states and Puerto Rico offering low prices on the broadest assortment of
products through a variety of formats including the Supercenter, Discount Store and
Neighborhood Market. 
Q3.
BATA INDIA

Gross margin
Warren Buffett believes that firms with excellent long term economics tend to have consistently
higher margins.
Durable competitive advantage creates a high Gross Margin % because of the freedom to price in
excess of cost. Companies can be categorized by their Gross Margin %
1. Greater than 40% = Durable competitive advantage
2. Less than 40% = Competition eroding margins
3. Less than 20% = no sustainable competitive advantage
Consistency of Gross Margin is key
Bata India had a gross margin of 56.16% for the quarter that ended in Jun. 2021 => Durable
competitive advantage
Gross Margin % is calculated as gross profit divided by its revenue. Bata India's Gross Profit for
the three months ended in Jun. 2021 was ₹1,500 Mil. Bata India's Revenue for the three months
ended in Jun. 2021 was ₹2,670 Mil. Therefore, Bata India's Gross Margin % for the quarter that
ended in Jun. 2021 was 56.16%.
During the past 13 years, the highest Gross Margin % of Bata India was 55.74%.
The lowest was 48.90%. And the median was 52.77%.
The 5-Year average Growth Rate of Gross Margin for Bata India was 0.20% per year.

GMROI
BATA INDIA's Profit Margin measures overall efficiency of a company and shows its ability to
withstand competition as well as defend against adverse conditions such as rising costs, falling
prices, decline in sales or management distress. Profit margin tells investors how well the
company executes on its overall pricing strategies as well as how effective the company in
controlling its costs.
Net Income 
Profit Margin  =  X100 
Revenue 

Current BATA INDIA Profit

      11.22 %  
Margin
Most of BATA INDIA's fundamental indicators, such as Profit Margin, are part of
a valuation analysis module that helps investors searching for stocks that are currently trading at
higher or lower prices than their real value. If the real value is higher than the market price,
BATA INDIA is considered to be undervalued, and we provide a buy recommendation.
Otherwise, we render a sell signal.
In a nutshell, Profit Margin indicator shows the amount of money the company makes from total
sales or revenue. It can provide a good insight into companies in the same sector, as well as help
to identify trends of a company from year to year.
Q4.