BALANCING THE TRAVERSE GEOM 202

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CALCULATION OF CONSECUTIVE COORDINATES

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CALCULATION OF CLOSING ERROR AND ACCURACY

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CALCULATION OF CLOSING ERROR AND ACCURACY
➢Closing error occurs due to error in easting(departure) and error in
northing(latitude)
Let , error in departure = eE = σ ∆𝐸 and error in latitude = eN = σ ∆𝑁

 Closing error(magnitude), e = eE2 + eN2

e
 Direction of closing error =tan−1 ( E )
eN
𝑒 1
 Accuracy = = 𝑝 where, p is perimeter of traverse
𝑝
𝑒

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CALCULATION OF CLOSING ERROR AND ACCURACY
Example: A close traverse has a closing error 0.08 ft and perimeter 2466.00 ft. find
the accuracy achieved.
1:30000 i.e. the surveyor would expect one foot error for each 30000 foot.

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LINEAR MISCLOSURE (CLOSING ERROR)
 These discrepancies represent the difference on the ground between the
position of the point computed from the observations and the known position
of the point.
 The easting and northing misclosures are combined to give the linear
misclosure of the traverse, where
eDep = 0.03
eLin = eLat
2
+ eDep
2

eLat = 0.37
= 0.36 2 + 0.03 2 = 0.37

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 TRAVERSING – PRECISION
➢ By itself, the linear misclosure only gives a measure of how far the computed
position is from the actual position (accuracy of the traverse measurements).
➢ Another parameter that is used to provide an indication of the relative accuracy of
the traverse is the proportional linear misclosure.
➢ Here, the linear misclosure is divided by total distance measured, and this figure is
expressed as a ratio e.g. 1 : 10000.
➢ In the example given, if the total distance measured along a traverse is 253.56m,
and the linear misclosure is 0.01m, then the proportional linear misclosure is
➢ 0.01/253.56 = 1/25356 or approximately 1 : 25000
TRAVERSING – ANGULAR ERROR
➢ The required accuracy of the survey in terms of its proportional linear misclosure
also defines the equipment and allowable misclosure values.
➢ For example, for a traverse with an accuracy of better than 1/5000 would require a
distance measurement technique better than 1/5000, and an angular error that is
consistent with this figure.
➢ If the accuracy is restricted to 1/5000, then the maximum angular error is

N 1/5000 = tan
 = 000'41"

E
BALANCING THE TRAVERSE

Bowditch method

Transit method

Arbitrary Method

Graphical method
Least Square Adjustment
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BOWDITCH METHOD [COMPASS RULE]
➢ Most frequently as this rule is applicable when the linear and angular measurements are
equally precise.
➢ The corrections are given by
𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ∗ 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓𝐴𝐵
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝐴𝐵 =
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒

𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ∗ 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓𝐴𝐵

𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝐵 =
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒
TRANSIT METHOD
➢Used where angular measurement are more accurate than linear measurement.
➢Transit rule “the correction to latitude(or departure) of any traverse leg should be
proportional to the latitude (or departure) instead of the length of the traverse leg
itself. ”
Correction to the latitude of traverse leg is given by:
Latitude of that traverse leg
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝐴𝐵 =
Total Sum of latitudes
x Total error in latitude

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ARBITRARY METHOD
➢No fixed rule for distributing the closing error in latitude and departure.
➢However engineering judgement is used.
➢If there is reason to believe that because of field conditions or types of instruments
used measurement of one line is less reliable than others then it would be reasonable
to adjust only the latitude and departure of the line so that algebraic sums of latitudes
and departures are made zero.

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CALCULATION OF INDEPENDENT COORDINATES
 If AB be a traverse leg whose consecutive coordinate(∆𝐸,∆𝑁) and independent coordinate
of A(E1, N1 ), then independent coordinate of B(E2,N2 ):

 (E2 =E1 + ∆𝐸, N2 = N2 +∆𝑁)

where, ∆𝐸 and ∆𝑁 are to be adjusted.

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SOURCES OF ERROR IN TRAVERSING
Personal Errors
[Error due to poor skill and lack of experience of person involved in traversing]
• Error due to inaccurate centering and levelling.
• Error due to false observation( reading)
• Error due to recording and booking etc.
Instrumental Errors
[Error due to instrument or maladjustment of instruments]
• Error due to imperfect geometry of instrument
• Error due to standardization of instrument
• Error due to graduation of instrument
• Error due to non vertical signal
• Error due to optical geometry of instrument
Natural Errors
[Error due to natural cause such as high/low temp, wind, storm, cloud etc.]

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EXERCISE

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