EE891 STOCHASTIC

SYSTEMS

Lecture 10
Transformation of RVs
 Transformation of RVs
◦ Consider a RV 𝑋 with a PDF 𝑓 𝑥 and CDF 𝐹 𝑥
◦ Define a new RV 𝑌: 𝑌 𝑔 𝑋 for some function 𝑔 , eg

◦𝑌
◦𝑌 𝑔 𝑋 𝑋
◦𝑌 𝑔 𝑋, 𝑍 𝑋 𝑍
◦𝑌 𝑔 𝑋, 𝑍

◦ What are the characteristics of new RV 𝑌?

◦ What is the PDF/CDF, 𝑓 𝑦 /𝐹 𝑦 , of the new RV?
 Transformation of RVs
◦ For 𝑋~𝑁 𝜇, 𝜎
◦ Let 𝑌 𝑔 𝑋 ; What is the PDF of 𝑌?
Transformation of RVs: Applications
◦ Received Signal at receiver
𝑦 𝑃ℎ𝑥 𝑛
◦ 𝑃: transmit power
◦ ℎ: channel gain (usually complex Gaussian RV)
◦ 𝑛: noise (usually complex Gaussian RV with power 𝑁 )
◦ System performance depends on SNR 𝛾
𝑃ℎ
𝛾
𝑁
◦ Note 𝛾 𝑔 ℎ is a function of RV ℎ
◦ We know PDF of ℎ but need to find CDF of 𝛾 to find
outage probability
Transformation of RVs: Applications
◦ Transmit power might be adaptive eg Cognitve Radio
◦ Received Signal at receiver
𝑦 𝑃ℎ𝑥 𝑛
◦𝑃 : transmit power
◦ 𝑖: interference channel power gain (exponential RV)
◦ ℎ: channel gain (usually complex Gaussian RV)
◦ 𝑛: noise (usually complex Gaussian RV with power 𝑁 )
◦ System performance depends on SNR 𝛾

𝑖
◦ Note 𝛾 𝑔 ℎ, 𝑖 is a function of RV ℎ and 𝑖
◦ We know PDF of ℎ and 𝑖 but need to find CDF of 𝛾 to find
outage probability
 Monotonically Increasing Function
o As X increases 𝑌 𝑔 𝑋 also increases

◦ Probability that 𝑌 𝑦 is calculated as

Pr 𝑌 𝑦 Pr 𝑔 𝑋 𝑦
Pr 𝑌 𝑦 Pr 𝑋 𝑔 𝑦
𝐹 𝑦 𝐹 𝑔 𝑦 CDF

◦ Take derivative w.r.t. 𝑦 to get the PDF 𝑥 𝑔 𝑦

𝑑
𝑓 𝑦 𝑓 𝑔 𝑦 𝑔 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 𝑦 𝑓 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 PDF
𝑑𝑥
 Monotonically Decreasing Function
o As X increases 𝑌 𝑔 𝑋 decreases

◦ Probability that 𝑌 𝑦 is calculated as

Pr 𝑌 𝑦 Pr 𝑔 𝑋 𝑦
Pr 𝑌 𝑦 Pr 𝑋 𝑔 𝑦
𝐹 𝑦 1 𝐹 𝑔 𝑦 CDF
𝑥 𝑔 𝑦

◦ Take derivative w.r.t. 𝑦 to get the PDF

𝑑
𝑓 𝑦 𝑓 𝑔 𝑦 𝑔 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 𝑦 𝑓 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 PDF
𝑑𝑥
Increasing/decreasing functions

Increasing Function Decreasing Function

𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 𝑦 𝑓 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

• Note: 0 • Note: 0

◦ Both these cases can be consolidated to yield PDF as

𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
 Example
◦ 𝑋 is and exponential RV
𝑓 𝑥 2 exp 2𝑥 𝑢 𝑥
◦ Define a transformation 𝑌 𝑋
◦ What is the PDF of 𝑌?

◦ Solution:
 General Case

◦ We want to find PDF of 𝑌

◦ Note: 𝑦 𝑌 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 maps to
𝑥 𝑋 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∪ 𝑥 𝑋 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∪ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑋 𝑥 ∪ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑋 𝑥
◦ Pr 𝑦 𝑌 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Pr 𝑥 𝑋 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∪ 𝑥 𝑋 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∪ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑋 𝑥
∪ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑋 𝑥
◦ Note: 𝑥 are the roots of the equation 𝑦 𝑔 𝑥
 General Case
◦ Pr 𝑦 𝑌 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 Pr 𝑥 𝑋 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Pr 𝑥 𝑋 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Pr 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑋 𝑥 Pr 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑋 𝑥

◦ For a RV 𝑍: Pr 𝑧 𝑍 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑓 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 as 𝑑𝑧 → 0,
◦ Applying to above expression yields
𝑓 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑓 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
◦ In general, this can be expressed as
𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 are the roots of the equation 𝑦 𝑔 𝑥
Example
◦ Obtain the PDF of RV given that RV
has PDF and CDF
Example
Examples

◦Practice more examples and

questions from book