MAK 4009E

Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Part #1

Asst. Prof. Dr. Osman Taha Şen

İstanbul Technical University
Department of Mechanical Engineering
senos@itu.edu.tr
www.adl.itu.edu.tr

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Today ?

Course Details
History of Transportation
Sustainable Mobility, Energy

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Course Details

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History of Transportation
Present Market Situation

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 Early Days

New York Taxi Cab in about 1901, a battery electric vehicle

Reference: Larminie, J., Lowry, J., Electric Vehicle Technology Explained, John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
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 Early Days

Camille Jenatzy’s ‘La Jamais Contente’. This electric car

held the world land speed record in 1899, and was the
first vehicle to exceed both 60mph and 100kph

Reference: Larminie, J., Lowry, J., Electric Vehicle Technology Explained, John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
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 Early Hybrid Vehicles

Reference: Fuhs, A.E., Hybrid Vehicles and the Future of Personal Transportation, CRC Press, 2009.
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Electric Passenger Car - Thomas Edison

Thomas A. Edison has presented the first electric

passenger vehicle in USA : "Electric-Runabout"

1889
1893
1897
1899
1900

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Reference : IfF – TU BS
Lohner-Porsche – Electric Drive via Wheel Hub Motors

Company Lohner has presented in Berlin (international motor

vehicle fair) two electric vehicles designed by Porsche. The
vehicles had 2,5 PS wheel hub motors.
Ferdinand Porsche has introduced the series hybrid electric
vehicle principle for improving the range. He used an ICE to
improve the range of the hybrid electric vehicle.

1889
1893
1897
1899
1900

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Reference : IfF – TU BS
California “Clean Air Act”

A decision in 1990 (for 1990 and following years) to make

10% of all sold automobiles as ZEV (Zero Emission
Vehicles)

1980
1990
1994
1995
1996

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Reference : IfF – TU BS
First Fuel-Cell Vehicle

1994 : DaimlerChrysler NECAR 1.

A modest performance :
Max. Speed : 90 km/h
Range : 130 km

1980
1990
1994
1995
1996

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zANuVkYV8lA

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Reference : IfF – TU BS
 Level of Interest and Activity in the EV from 1890 to 1924

Reference: Fuhs, A.E., Hybrid Vehicles and the Future of Personal Transportation, CRC Press, 2009.
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 Shift in types of vehicles in the future as
petroleum supplies diminish

EVH : Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle «FEV»

EVB : Battery Electric Vehicle «BEV»

Reference: Fuhs, A.E., Hybrid Vehicles and the Future of Personal Transportation, CRC Press, 2009.
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 The possible effects of decreasing petroleum
production on vehicles in the future

Reference: Fuhs, A.E., Hybrid Vehicles and the Future of Personal Transportation, CRC Press, 2009.
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 Common Types of Electric Vehicles – Small Vehicle Applications

Electric bicycles

Electric powered wheel chairs

(Small) Electric Delivery Vehicles

Reference: Larminie, J., Lowry, J., Electric Vehicle Technology Explained, John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
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 Time Dimensions and Planning Horizons
in the Automotive Industry

Reference: Naunheimer, H. et. al., Automotive Transmissions, Springer, 2011.

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 Passenger Cars Worldwide

800 million passenger cars are operated today !

the same trend

is observed
in Japan
and Europe

Saturation at a
ratio of
approximately 400
to 800 cars per
1000
inhabitants

Schematic representation of the development

of the number of passenger cars operated worldwide
Reference: Guzzella, L., Sciarretta, A., Vehicle Propulsion Systems, Springer, 2007.
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Turkey (2014)
18 million motor vehicles, incl. 9 million automobiles.
125 automobiles per 1000 inhabitants.

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 CO2-Fleet Emissions in 2005 in g/km

200 192 195

185
180 177

156 159
160 151 151
149
139 144
140
*
120

100

80

60

40

20

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

* EU is forcing an average of 125 g/km until 2015

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Reference : Institute of European Environment Policy (AMS: November 2006), FAZ Nr. 248, 2007
 CO2-Fleet Emissions in g/km

Reference : European Environment Agency, CO2 emissions performance of car manufacturers in 2011, 2012
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 CO2-Emissions
Total CO2 Emissions
≅ Year CO2 Emissions – Human generated
Biomass Year
Combustion
Vegetation Other
Passen Heavy
Oceans Big Ships ger
Air Commercial
traffic Cars Vehicles
transport
Energy Biomass
Production Combustion

Industry
Soil Household, Small Consumers
Human generated
CO2 Emissions

Reference: Verband der Automobilindustrie, 2008.

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 Sales 2005

Western Europe USA Japan

95,35% 98,70%
49.80%

49.99% < 0,4% 3,40% 1,26% 0,04%

1,25%

14,11 Mio. 16,95 Mio. 4,75 Mio.

Passenger cars (PCs) Passenger cars inkl. light Passenger cars (PCs)
duty trucks bis 6,4t

Gasoline Diesel Hybrid

Reference: AAA, ACEA, VDA, JAMA, BFAI.
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Sustainable Mobility, Energy

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 Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)
Energy Usage

30% Heat to cooling water

30% Heat to exhaust gases

Fuel energy 100% ICE 5% Heat radiation

5% Friction

30% Usable mech. energy

Reference: Gevatter, H.J., Grünhaupt. U., Handbuch der Mess- und Automatisierungstechnik im Automobil, Springer, 2006.
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 Efficiency Definitions

"well-to-station“
"well-to-tank“
1. well “well-to-wheel”
2. station
3. tank "station-to-wheel”
4. wheel
"tank-to-wheel"

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 Alternative Fuels & Propulsion Systems for Land Vehicles

Ø Natural Gas (in gaseous form or liquid methan) Fossile Energy

Ø LPG (mix of liquid propane and buthane) Carriers

Ø Bio-Diesel
From Biomass
Ø Bio-Ethanol

Ø Biomass-to-Liquid (BTL)
Ø Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) Synthetic Fuels
Ø Coal-to-Liquid (CTL)

Ø Hydrogen (used in fuel cells or in ICE's)

Ø Full-Electric vehicle Electrification

Ø Hybrid-electric vehicle (Electric + Gasoline or Diesel Engine) of vehicle propulsion

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 Automobile Energy Storing Systems
Working Capacity at the Wheel

Mechanical energy
available at the

! drive wheels as a
function
of the mass of the
energy supply +
energy accumulator
(container). Various
levels of
engine efficiency
with energy
conversion are
taken into
consideration.

Reference: Naunheimer, H. et. al., Automotive Transmissions, Springer, 2011.

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 Carbon Dioxide Emissions (well-to-wheel)
from Different Categories of Vehicle

Combined Cycle Gas

Reference: Larminie, J., Lowry, J., Electric Vehicle Technology Explained, John Wiley & Sons, 2003. Turbine
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 Energy use (well-to-wheel)
arising from different categories of vehicles

Reference: Larminie, J., Lowry, J., Electric Vehicle Technology Explained, John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
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 Indicative energy use for IC engine and
battery powered cars

Reference: Larminie, J., Lowry, J., Electric Vehicle Technology Explained, John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
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 Historical and projected increases in global motor vehicle population
1950–2030.

Reference: Sperling, D., Gordon, D., Two billion cars driving towards sustainability, Oxford, 2009.
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 Cumulative global oil production, 1950–2030

Reference: Sperling, D., Gordon, D., Two billion cars driving towards sustainability, Oxford, 2009.
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 The mismatch between those who have the oil and those who use it, 2006

Reference: Sperling, D., Gordon, D., Two billion cars driving towards sustainability, Oxford, 2009.
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 Main Elements of the Energy Conversion Scheme

1. Well
2. Station
3. Tank
4. Wheel

Efficiencies :

"well-to-station“
"well-to-tank“
“well-to-wheel”

"station-to-wheel”

"tank-to-wheel"

Reference: Guzzella, L., Sciarretta, A., Vehicle Propulsion Systems, Springer, 2007.
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 Overview of Prime Movers for Motor Vehicles

Reference: Naunheimer, H. et. al., Automotive Transmissions, Springer, 2011.

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 Different paths to convert a primary energy source to mechanical energy
needed to drive a car in the MVEG-95 test cycle.

Reference: Guzzella, L., Sciarretta, A., Vehicle Propulsion Systems, Springer, 2007.
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 “Well-to-miles” CO2 emission of three conventional powertrains

The vehicle is described by the parameters m = 1600 kg, cd·Af = 0.86m2, and cr = 0.013
Reference: Guzzella, L., Sciarretta, A., Vehicle Propulsion Systems, Springer, 2007.
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 “Well-to-miles” CO2 emission of a battery electric vehicle

The vehicle is described by the parameters m = 1600 kg, cd·Af = 0.86m2, and cr = 0.013
Battery efficiency includes charging, discharging, and power electronic losses.
Reference: Guzzella, L., Sciarretta, A., Vehicle Propulsion Systems, Springer, 2007.
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 “Well-to-miles” CO2 emission of a fuel cell electric vehicle

The vehicle is described by the parameters m = 1600 kg, cd·Af = 0.86m2, and cr = 0.013
The efficiency of the on-board gasoline-to-hydrogen reformer is not experimentally verified..
Reference: Guzzella, L., Sciarretta, A., Vehicle Propulsion Systems, Springer, 2007.
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 Energy storage system weight and volumes
for various energy carriers
(considering a vehicle range of 500 km)

Weight
Weight
Weight

Volume
Volume
Volume

Reference: Pistoia, G., Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, Elsevier, 2010.

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 Non-electric Hybrid Propulsion Systems
Aside from energy carriers fossil fuels and electrochemical batteries, other methods are suitable
for storing energy onboard. Due to their lower specific energy, these systems are referred to as
Short-term Storage Systems (3S). Their very limited energy density does not allow the use of
short-term storage systems as the sole energy storage devices. Instead, these devices may be
used in hybrid vehicles, in combination with a main prime mover, with two main goals.

On the one hand, they are aimed at recuperating the energy made available by the vehicle’s
deceleration and to make it utilizable for subsequent traction phases (regenerative braking).

On the other hand, they allow for the implementation of cyclic operations (Duty-Cycle Operation,
DCO), in which the main prime mover operates in a high-efficiency full-load point or is turned off,
including engine start/stop strategies. In the off phase, the short-term storage system provides
the energy for traction, while in the engine-on phase it is recharged.

This operation is made convenient by the circumstance that short-term storage systems exhibit
a higher specific power than most long-term energy carriers. Of course, the overall benefit
obtained with a 3S-based hybridization is partially overcome by the additional mass installed on-
board, which therefore has to be carefully limited at a reasonable fraction (e.g., 10%) of the
vehicle mass.

Reference: Guzzella, L., Sciarretta, A., Vehicle Propulsion Systems, Springer, 2007.
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 Non-electric (and Electric) Hybrid Propulsion Systems

1. electrochemical, generator/motor and battery;

2. electrostatic, generator/motor and supercapacitor;
3. electromagnetic, generator/motor and superconductor coil;

4. inertial, CVT and flywheel;

5. potential, CVT and torsion spring;
6. pneumatic, pneumatic pump/motor and accumulator; and
7. hydraulic, hydraulic pump/motor and accumulator.

Reference: Guzzella, L., Sciarretta, A., Vehicle Propulsion Systems, Springer, 2007.
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 Specific power versus specific energy
for various short-term energy storage systems

Reference: Guzzella, L., Sciarretta, A., Vehicle Propulsion Systems, Springer, 2007.
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 Series Hybrid Concepts with Short-term Energy Storage Systems

Reference: Guzzella, L., Sciarretta, A., Vehicle Propulsion Systems, Springer, 2007.
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 Application map for various EV technologies

Reference: Pistoia, G., Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, Elsevier, 2010.

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 Potential sources of hydrogen

Reference: Sperling, D., Gordon, D., Two billion cars driving towards sustainability, Oxford, 2009.
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Sustainable Mobility, Energy
Country-Specific Information

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USA

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 Financial standings of major private oil companies, 2007
(billions of US$)

Reference: Sperling, D., Gordon, D., Two billion cars driving towards sustainability, Oxford, 2009.
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 Increasing efficiency of U.S. cars and light trucks, 1975–2004.
Fuel economy stagnation after 1985

Reference: Sperling, D., Gordon, D., Two billion cars driving towards sustainability, Oxford, 2009.
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 U.S. hybrid market historical sales (2000–2007)

Reference: Sperling, D., Gordon, D., Two billion cars driving towards sustainability, Oxford, 2009.
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 Timeline:
California’s history of air quality
and climate policy innovations.

Reference: Sperling, D., Gordon, D., Two billion cars driving towards sustainability, Oxford, 2009.
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EU & Germany

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 CO2-Emissions
Total CO2 Emissions
≅ Year CO2 Emissions – Human generated
Biomass Year
Combustion
Vegetation Other
Passen Heavy
Oceans Big Ships ger
Air Commercial
traffic Cars Vehicles
transport
Energy Biomass
Production Combustion

Industry
Soil Household, Small Consumers
Human generated
CO2 Emissions

Reference: Verband der Automobilindustrie, 2008.

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 Daily driving distances in Germany

Reference: Pistoia, G., Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, Elsevier, 2010.

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 Mileage and emissions from road transport
(Germany 1960–2008)

Reference: Pistoia, G., Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, Elsevier, 2010.

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 Distribution of annual mileage of passenger cars in
Germany

Reference: Pistoia, G., Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, Elsevier, 2010.

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China

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 Chinese cars, trucks, and buses in millions, projected to 2050

Reference: Sperling, D., Gordon, D., Two billion cars driving towards sustainability, Oxford, 2009.
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Turkey (2014)
18 million motor vehicles, incl. 9 million automobiles.
125 automobiles per 1000 inhabitants.

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