Lecture 2: Working of IC engines, performance

parameters and history of IC engines

Internal Combustion Engines

Dr. Doraj Kamal Jamuwa

(Assistant Professor)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Engineering College Ajmer
Email: k.doraj[at]ecajmer.ac.in
Working of 4 Stroke S.I. Engine
Working of 2 Stroke S.I. Engine
Comparison of SI and CI Engine
Comparison of SI and CI Engine (Contd.)
General expression for Power

Power=(pmALN)/n
 where pm= mean effective pressure, N/m2
 L=length of stroke, m
 A=Area of piston, m2
 N=rotational speed of the engine rev/sec
 n=number of revolutions required to complete one engine cycle
n=1 for two stroke engine
n=2 for four stroke engine
Comparison of 4-Stroke and 2-Stroke Engine
Comparison of 4-Stroke and 2-Stroke Engine
(Contd.)
First Law Analysis of Engine cycle
Engine Performance Parameters

 Indicated Thermal Efficiency

 Brake Thermal Efficiency
 Mechanical Efficiency
 Volumetric Efficiency
 Relative efficiency or efficiency ratio
 Mean effective pressure
 Specific Fuel consumption
 Air Fuel ratio
Indicated Power, Brake Power and Friction Power

Brake power (b.p.): Power developed by the engine at the output

shaft.
b.p.=2 πNT
Where T is torque in Nm and N is rotational speed in rps.
T=Wr
Where W is the force at dymaometer in N and r is radius in m.
Indicated Power, Brake Power and Friction Power

Indicated Power (i.p.): Total power developed by

combustion of fuel in combustion chamber is, however,
more than b.p.
Friction power (f.p.): Power consumed in
overcomingfriction between moving parts, inducting the
air, exhausting the products of combustion, drive
auxiliary devices like water pump and lubricating oil
pump etc.
b.p.=i.p-f.p.
Indicated Thermal Efficiency
Ratio of energy in the indicated power to the fuel energy

ip
it 
m f  CV
Brake Thermal Efficiency
Ratio of energy in the Brake power to the fuel energy

bp
bt 
m f  CV
Mechanical Efficiency
Ratio of Brake power to indicated power.

bp
 m ech 
ip
Volumetric Efficiency
Ratio of the air actually inducted at ambient conditions to the swept
volume of the engine. Volumetric efficiency can be calculated
considering mass or volume of air. It is preferable to use mass basis.

V
vol 
Vs
Relative efficiency or efficiency ratio
Ratio of thermal efficiency of actual cycle to the
ideal cycle

 act
 rel 
 ASE
 Mean Effective Pressure
Hypothetical pressure which is thought to be acting on the piston
throughout the stroke that results in the same amount of indicated or
brake work produced by the engine.

Scales out effect of engine size. It is true indication of

the relative performance of different engines.
 Two useful types: imep and bmep

where pim=indicated mean effective pressure, N/m2

L=length of stroke, m
A=Area of piston, m2
N=rotational speed of the engine rev/sec
n=number of revolutions required to complete one engine cycle
n=1 for two stroke engine
n=2 for four stroke engine
Relation between Torque and mep:
Large engine produces more torque for the same mep. Therefore, torque is
not the measure of the ability of an engine to utilize its displacement for
producing power from fuel.

MEP gives indication of engine displacement utilization. Higher the mep,

higher will be the power developed by the engine for given displacement.
Specific fuel consumption
Amount of fuel consumed per unit of power developed
per hour.
Fuel-Air Ratio
Energy Distribution
Comparison of Otto, Diesel and Dual cycle
for same compression ratio and heat input
Comparison of Otto, Diesel and Dual cycle
for same Maximum Pressure and heat input
Comparison of Otto, Diesel and Dual cycle
for same Maximum Pressure and temperature
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
OF I.C. ENGINES
Huygens Gunpowder Engine
(1680)
Lenoir engine
Free-piston Otto-Langen engine
Brayton engine
Wankel Rotary Engine
Stirling Engine
Free piston engine