Our health and medicine

Lecture 29
Nilkamal Mahanta
IIT Dharwad
Introduction to medicinal chemistry
Commonly
used terms
in medicine
Our health and medicine
Lecture 30
Nilkamal Mahanta
IIT Dharwad
Introduction to medicinal chemistry
Commonly used terms
• Analgesics
• Anthelmintics
• Antipyretics
• Anesthetics
• Antidote
• Anti-inflammatory
• Anticoagulant
• Antiseptic
• Antitussive
• Antipruritic
• Antiemetics
• Anticonvulsants
• Antacids
• Antispasmodic
• Antiemetic
What causes motion sickness?
Your brain receives signals from motion-sensing parts of your body: your eyes, inner
ears, muscles and joints. When these parts send conflicting information, your brain
doesn’t know whether you’re stationary or moving. Your brain’s confused reaction
makes you feel sick.

For example, when riding in a car, your:

•Eyes see trees passing by and register movement.
•Inner ears sense movement.
•Muscles and joints sense that your body is sitting still.
•Brain senses a disconnect among these messages.

Many actions can trigger motion sickness, such as:

•Amusement park rides and virtual reality experiences.
•Reading while in motion.
•Riding in a boat, car, bus, train or plane.
•Video games and movies.
Drugs that are agonists activate the
receptors they bind to. This bond will
either increase or decrease the activity
within the cell. Antagonist drugs do the
opposite; they will block the receptors
and prevent the natural agonists within
the body from binding.

Most drugs bind to a specific type of

receptor (which is known as receptor
selectivity). The ability of a drug to bind
to a certain receptor is determined by
its unique chemical structure.
Thalidomide exists in two mirror-image forms: it is a
racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-enantiomers. The (R)- It was introduced in Germany in 1950s as a sedative and
enantiomer, shown in the figure, has sedative effects, hypnotic and was marketed over the counter largely as a
whereas the (S)-isomer is teratogenic. Under drug for treating morning sickness in pregnant women.
biological conditions, the isomers interconvert, so
separating the isomers before use is ineffective.

About 10,000 infants worldwide were born with Experts estimate that the drug thalidomide led to
phocomelia, or limb malformation. Only half of the death of approximately 2,000 children and
the infants survived, and some of those who did serious birth defects in more than 10,000 children,
had other defects in addition to limb deficiencies. about 5,000 of them in West Germany.
Antiviral
Drugs
 Antiviral Drugs
• Most antiviral drugs disrupt critical stages in a virus’s
multiplication cycle.
• Examples include:
• Tamiflu (Oseltamivir)-Neuraminidase inhibitor-Influenza (H1N1)
• AZT (Azidothymidine)-Nucleoside reverse transcriptase
inhibitor-HIV/AIDS
• Ritonavir (Viral protease inhibitor)-HIV/AIDS

AZT Ritonavir Tamiflu

 Antifungal Drugs
• Difficult as fungal cells are much more similar to human cells
• Fungistatic and have low therapeutic index
• Polyenes and Azoles: Both block fungal cell membrane
biosynthesis

• Amphotericin B (Polyene)

• Fluconazole, Miconazole (Azoles)

Anticancer drugs
Chemistry
in synthesis
of Drugs
Synthesis of Ibuprofen and “Meth”

Ibuprofen
Drug discovery process
Laborious and painful
AI/ML
in drug discovery
Our health and medicine
Lecture 31
Nilkamal Mahanta
IIT Dharwad
Community medicine definition
Scientists involved
Healthcare
system in
India
Health care systems worldwide
• USA-Private/Insurance (extremely costly)

• UK-Public/Socialistic (National Health Services, NHS)

• Some of the world’s best healthcare systems include Spain, Singapore and HongKong

• Videos

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OLPZrbsPabk

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UmL1jxQDuFk