16.

OPO • REVOLUTIO A Y PA HUTS ODER SCIE CE A D A RCHl { 1'9

for th de elopmeot of the better-sifted indi idual is
perati n, cooperation for e port, etc.), political, inte!-
e ery on may himself , the chief obsl It to this d~veiop-
tual, artiStiC, cdu ati nal, and $0 on. -hat formerly
m nt. ot only be ause, ith a 10 producti ity, ruch '
on ed ithout a hado of d ubt to the function of th
ke~t ~t a 10 ~e el by capita Ii m and the tate, the immen
te, or the church, enters no into the domain of free
maJonty of If ted men ha neither the lei ure nor the
chane to de elop their hi h r gifts; but al because th ganization.
This tendency de elop ith a strikin rapidity und r our
ho ha e ~hat lei un are re ognized and re atded by the
e e. It a sufficient that a breath of emancip tion
!>resen~ ~I~tr on the condition of ne er in "too far"
uld ha e slight! limited th po ers of church and State
a.n theIr ntl I m of that society, and e pecially ne er in
in their never- ati fied tend nc to atds further e ten i n-
o ~r to act that may lead to its de tru tion, or e en to a
nd oluntary r anization ha e alread rminated by the
" nou ref em . Th 0 n 1y are 110 ed to attam . a cecum .
th nd. nd e rna be ure that e ry ne limitation
. d ~l pment of their indl idualiti It ho are not dan ero
th t may be impo cd upon tate and church-the t 0 in t-
In thl re pect-th ho are merely "inter tin :' but n t
dan erou to the Phili tine. e te enemi of freed m- ill till further iden th phere
Th anarchi t , we ha e id, build their pre i ions of the of action of the free or anizati n .
uture pro re lie in thi direction, and anarchi m or
fut~ upon th da a hich are supplied by the rvation
of hfe at the pre nt time. p ise1y that way.
Th~, . hen ~ e amine into the tend nei that ha e
co 0 {Ie VI OP ANAIlCHI t
pre a~led In the hfe of ci -ilized countri mce the end of
the eIghteenth century, e certainl do not fall to ee ho
ing no to th econ mic vie of anarchi ts, three
~tron th~ centralizin and auth ritarian tendency a dur-
~ that tIme, both am n the middle ela and th or - erent conception mu t be di tingui hed.
long a iali m as underst in it id, enenc,
mgmen h ha e n educated in the d of the middl
and true n e--a an effort to llOOlish the e ploitati n of
ela and no tnve to enter the ran of their p
ruler and e pi iters. la r by capital-the anar hi t ere marchin hand-in-hand
ith the iali t of that time. But the re compelled to
But at the arne time it i a f ct that the nti-centrali t
rate from them h n the ociali ts be an to ay that there
and a.nti-militari t id a ell a the id of a free und r-
i no ibilit of llOOli hing capiuli t e pI iuti n ithin
standm ,gro tron er and tron er no -ada ' both am n
th lifetime of our enecati n: that Juring INt phil t of teo-
~h or in men and th better educ ted and more or 1
mtelle tuaU free potti n of the middle cia ~peciall in k tvol tiM u hich ",It II" 11 Jwin tbrcnl h e ha e
e tern Europe. nly to 11IiIi ,lIt the e pi ' tati n, and to upon the
I ha 'e ho 'n, indeed, el h re (in T M C01lq~st of Brtd c pitali t certain legal limitation.
and in • f lui. AiJ) h tl' n at the pre t time i the tend - ntranl to this tenden of th pre iali t ,
tnC to con tttute fre ly, oulsiJt the IllIt 61Ul lhe cburc
e maintain that alread no, 'thout aitin f r the com-
thou ands upon thous nd of free organiuti n f r all rt in of ne pha and forms of th capitali t e ploitation of
of ?eed : e onomic ( greements bet cen the nil ay com-
la , e mwt rk for its tWolition. e mu t, alread
DO , tend to tran fer all that i needed f r producti n-the
pana • the labor s ndicates, trust of emplo ers, gricultural
eoi1, th mine, the {acton , the means of communication,
 'S RE OLUTIO AIty PAMPHLETS IE CE A 0 A ItCHI
and th means of wsten e. too-from the hands of the ti n nt of the tate. e knO'17 th t
indi idual capitalist into th of the communiti of pro- th ial re olution ill not be acc mpli hed by m n of
du en and consumers. I s. La s can nl loll the c mpli hed fa t ; and e en
A for the poiili _I or aniution-l. t., the forms of th if th h ne tly d f 110 them- hich u ually i nol th
comm n ealth in th midst of ·hi h an economic re olu· t"2~_·2 la remains a de d letter 1n there are n t on
tion could be a complished- e entirely differ from all the th pot the livin forc required for ma ing of the lnul.
eetions of state ialists in that e do not in the stem r an e pr d in the la an a compli hed /11 I.
of sldt c_pit_Usm, hi h i no preached under the n me of n th other hand, in e the tim of th International
colleeti i m. a lutl n of the ial questi n. e in the en's A iati n, th narchi t ha e al a ad·
aniuti n of th posts nd tele raphs, in the tate rail a
and the like- hi h re rep nted as illustrations of a s0-
ciety ithout capit listto----nothin but a n , perh
pro edt but still undC$irabl form of th a e y tern.
e en thin th t u h a luti n of the social problem
so much run ainst the pre nt libertarian tend n . "
ci iliz d man indo that it imply uld be unre liz ble.
e maintain that the t te or aniz tion, ha ing been the
f e to hich th minoriti rted for tablishin nd
rg niring their po er over the ma ,canno be th forco tate.
hich ill r e to stro th pri He es. Th Ie of
hi tory tell u that a ne f rm of onomic life 1 a s all OF
forth a ne form of politi I or niution; and a iali t
iet (hether c mmuni t or c Ueeti it) cannot be an pinIOn of the anarchi t concernin the form hich
excepti n to thi rule. J t a the churche cannot be utiliz d .nrr_li()n 01 l.bor ma take in a societ freed from
for frecin man from hi old supentition , and just a th e of capital and tate still remain divided.
feclin of human solidarit ill ha to find oth r ch nne To be in ith, all are agreed in repudiatin th ne form
for it e pre ion besid th church. al th on mi f th a e stem hich ould be tabli hed if th tate
and political libe tion of man ill ha to create ne form m the 0 ner of all the land, th min ,th factori ,
for its e p 'on in life, in t d of th e tabli hed b th rail a • and so n, and th reat or anizer and mana er
tat. a riculture and all the industrie. If the po en re
n uentl. the hief im of anar hi m i to a a en to th hich the State alread (ta d
th con tru ti e po en of the laborin ma of th people £ n of the territ ry. su idized reli ion, etc.), hould
hich at all reat moment of hi t t)' came f ard to c· t a ne tyranny e en m re terrible than th old 0 e.
c mpli h the nece ry chan e ,and hich, aided b the n Th greater number of narchi t accept th communi t
accumulated n led e, ill a ompli h the chan e that i luti n. The that the onl form of communi m that
called forth b all the t men of our own time. uld be acceptable in , ci ili'led iet i on hi h ould
Thi . al h the anarchists rtfus to accept th func· . t without th continual interferenc of government, i.t.,
17 1 R P {PHLET
the anarchl t {onn. And they re lize al 0 that an narchi t
iet of alar e ize ould be impos ible, unle it ould
begin by uaranteeing to all it member "certain minimum
of ll-being produced in omm n. ommuni m and anar-
chi m thu compl te e h other.
Ho ev r, by the id f thi main cur~nt there are t
ho in anar hi m a rehabilitati n of indi'idu Ii m.
Thi la t curr nt i , in our opinion, a ur 'i -al fr m th
tim hen th po er of produ tlon of food tuff and of 11
indu trial mmoditie had nt- t rea htd th perfecti n
th hne attam d no. In th time ommuni m a
trul c n ider d a equi -alent to general pov rty and mi ry,
and 'II-bein look d at a m thing hi h i a ibl
to a ery mall number onl. But thi quite real and e -
tremel important obsta Ie to c mmuni m e i t no more.
in to the immen produ ti -it of human labor hi h
en ruched no ada in all dire tion a ri ultural and
indu trial-it i quite certain. n th ontrar, that a -ery
high d r of ell-being can ea il be obtained in a few rs
by communi t 'or.
Be thi a it rna , the indi iduali t anarchi t ubdi ide
into t 0 bran h . . There are, fir t, th pure indi iduali t •
in the n of a timer, h ha latel gained e sup-
port in th beautiful poetical fonn of th of
ietz he. But -e ha e alread aid on e ho
and r mote from real life i thi " If-a rti n f th indi id-
ual;" ho it run again t the f lin of ualit. of m t of
u ; and ho it brin the ould-be "indi iduali t " dan er-
ou Iy near to th e ho imagine them I e to represent a
"uperior breed"-th e to h m 'e 0 e the tate, th
chur h, modern Ie i lation, the police, militari m, imperial-
i m, and all other fonn of oppression.
The other branch of indi iduali t anar hi t compri the
mil/fUJi Is, in the n of Proudhon. Ho e er, th re ill
al a - be again t thi tern the objecti n that it could
h rdly be compatible ith a system of common owne hip of
OOER IE CE A D ARCHI.1
land and the ncce ri for produ tion. Communi m in the
_ i n of land, factorie , etc. and indi iduali m in produ -
tl n are t contradictory to Cot i t in the arne iet , -
to nothin of the difficult of e timatin the ~rlut
<1lu or the st'llm alu of a product b the avera e time
that i ncce ary, or the time that '<1 actuall u ed, in pro-
du in it. To brin men to a ree upon u han e timati n of
their ork ould alre<1d require a deep penetrati n of the
communist principle into their id <1s-<lt lea t, f r all produce
of first nec it. nd if a c mmunity introdu d, a a
further con e into indi iduali m a hi her p<1 ment for
illed or, or han e of pr m ti n in a bierar h of func-
tionari ,thi 'uld reintr u e all th in on -eni n e of
the p nt a e tern hich are c mb tted no b the
or er.
To me e tent the am rem rk applie to the merican
anarchi t indi iduali t ·h 'ere repre need in the fifti b
• P. Andre and . Greene. later on bLand r pooner,
and no are repre nted b njamin Tu ker, th ell- no n
editor of th e ork !.il:¥rly. Their idea are p<1rtl th
of Proudh n, but p<1rtl I th e of Herbert pen er. The
tart from the prin iple that the onI la hich is bligat ry
fe»' th anar hi t i to mind hi 0 n bu ine , and n t to
meddle ith that of othe ; that ea hindi idual and each
roup ha the ri hi to oppre all mankind-if they ha e
the force to d 0; nd that if thi only Ia , of minding
one' 0 n busine • had recei ed a gt'Mrlfl and romplt'lt' appli-
eati n, it ould offer no dan er, beeau the ri ht of nch
indi idu 1 ould ha e been limited b the equal ri ht of all
others.
But to rea n in thi ay i to p ,in our opmlon, too
lar e tribute to metaph ical diale tic , and to ignore the
fact of real life. It i impo ible to c ncd ociety in
hich the affairs of an ne of it member ould not con-
e rn many others members, if n t all; till Ie a iety in
hich a continual contact bet n its members ould not
17. OP TItI 'S RE OLUTIO ARY PAMPHLET
ha e established an interest of e ery ono toward all other .
hich ould render it i",poS$;bI~ to act ithout thin ing of
the effect hich our a tion may ha e n others.
This i ""h Tuc er, like pencer, after hi admirable criti-
ci m of the tate and a vi orous defen of th right of the
indi idual, orne to recognize the right of J~fmse of it
member by the State. But it as pre i ly by a umin th
functi n of "defen "of it ea er members that th tat
in it historical e olution de eloped all it 4 rt s;&.t fun -
tion, hi h pencer and Tu °er ha e so brilliant! criti ized.
Thi ontradicti n i probabl the rea n hy anarchi c
individu.1h m, hile it find folIo en amon st the middle-
lass intelle tual , d not pread among t the . r ers. It
must be aid, however, that it render a re.11 r·j
enting the anar hi t communi ts from rna in
conce into th old idea of tate otfi lali m.
are 0 ditfi ult to et rid of.
to anarchist communi m, it is enain that thi
in more and more ground no ad.1 am n th r in -
men ho try to et a dear concepti n a to the forth omin
re luti nary action. The yndicali t and tud uni n move-
m nt, hi h permit th r In men to re.1lize th ir liduit ·
and to f 1 the ommunity of their inter t mu h better
than any el CIon, prepare the ay for th e e n pti n
And it is hardly too mu h to h pe that hen om eriou
mo ement for the emancipation of labor begin in urope
and Ameri a, attempts ill be mad , at lea t in th Latin
countries, in the anar hi t-communi t directi n - mu h
deeper than anything that as d ne by the rench n tion in
I793-9~·
A ~CHI {A D T L"
en e are told that La (ritten with a capital
letter) "is the obje tification of Truth;" r that "th
principle underlyin the de elopment of Law are th am
as thos underl in th de elo{>ment of th human spirit;"
MODERN SCIE CE AND A ARCHI 11$
or that "Law and Morality re identical and differ only form-
all;" e feel as little respeet for the e a nions as d
ephistopheles in Gooth 's F4"st. e are a are that those
ho make such aeemi.ngly profound statements as tb ha e
upended mu h thou ht upon these qu tions. But the
h e ta en a wr g path; and hence e in the hi b-
So n sentences mere attempts at unconscious genenliuti n
ba upon in ckquate foundations and confused mottO er
by ords ch n to h pnotize men by their obscurity. In
olden tim they tried to give "Law" a di ine ori in; later
they be an to seek a metapb 'cal basis for it; no , ho e er,
e are able to study its nthropolo ieal ori in. And, ailin
ourset os of th re ults obtained by the anthropolo ical h
take up th stud of ial customs, beginning ith th
of th primiti e sa age , and trace the origin and the de elop-
ment of th laws at different epochs.
In thi aY'e come to the conclusion already e p
namel , that a111a s ha a t ofold ori in, and in this err
respe t differ from th institutions tab!i bed b cu tom
'hicb are generally reco nixed as the moul code of a i en
iet at a i en time. La confirm and cry tallize these
customs, but hile doin it ta e ad antage of thi fact
tu tabli h (for the mo t p rt in a disgui ed form) tb
erms of sla ery and cla di tinction, the authority of pri t
and atrior, serfdom and arious other in titution , in the
interem of the armed and ouId-be rulin min rit. In
thi a a yo e has imperceptibly been placed upon man.
of hi h he ould only rid himself by mean of ubsequ nt
bloody revolution. And this is the course of e ent do n
to the pre ent moment--e en in contemporary "la r Ie i -
Iati n U hich. along ith "protection of labor," co enly
introduces the idea of rotn;Ulsory tate arbitrati n in ca e of
stri e , a compulsory orkin day of man hours, military
ploitation of the railroads during strike, Ie at sancti n
for the di ion of the pea ants in Ireland. and 0 on.
And thi ill continue to be so as long a OM portion of