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A Design and Implementation of an IoT based Irrigation Monitoring and

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 1

A Design and Implementation of an IoT based Irrigation

Monitoring and Control System

Nwafor Augustine Nnamdi, Okafor Christian Ifeanyi, Okoroafor Chidinmma Christiana,

Kosisochukwu Judith Madukwe, E A Anoliefo.
Department of Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.

KEYWORDS ABSTRACT

IoT In agriculture, one of the major problems which farmers face is

Irrigation water scarcity. With the water availability in irrigation being a very
Smart Irrigation big factor, and the frequent demand of the presence of the farmer
Technology to monitor the plants, there arose a need for a smart irrigation
Sensors system that prevents wastage of water and saves time. An
Weather Prediction irrigation system has been following technological tend and
Microcontrollers becoming better in developed countries, but the case is different
Weather Monitoring in developing countries like Nigeria due to slow responses to
Automation technology. This project designed and implemented an Internet
Database of Things-based irrigation system using weather prediction for
Power efficient usage of water resources. Our major aim was the
automatic irrigation of farmlands when required, thereby
reducing manual inspections and save time and manpower. The
system works by receiving relevant input data from the farm and
sending it to a microcontroller system that performs control
actions based on the analysis result. Weather prediction data is
also employed in the automation of the irrigation system. The
inputs from the sensors are sent to a weather monitoring
database, real-time monitoring of sensor values through a web
app is implemented and finally, push notifications are sent to the
farmer indicating the current farm status. Our work differs from
other existing work in that it uses weather prediction to prevent
over-irrigation and it notifies the farmer in real-time about the
status of the farm, thus making the system truly smart. It also
consumes low power and is cost-effective and therefore would
only supply water for irrigation at necessary times thereby
improving productivity.

Internet-like structure which was proposed in the year 1998.

1 INTRODUCTION
Water is essential for the sustainability and survival of the human
race because it is used for domestic purposes, regulating body
temperature, aids digestion and so many more. So most countries
of the world should pay adequate attention to ensure its
availability to its citizens. According to [1], there is a current
worldwide shortage of water supply as a result of factors such as
pollutions from industrial wastes, wastage of water unnecessary
by individuals such as leaving a running tap flowing and so on,
and more than one-third of the world population would face total
water shortage by the year 2025. The most affected areas are the
semi-arid parts of Asia, the Middle-East, and sub-Saharan Africa,
all of which already have a heavy concentration of population
living below the poverty line [1].
The term, Internet of Things by [2], refers to uniquely identifiable
objects, things, and their respective virtual representations on the
These days, the strength and adaptability of IoT have been
changed thus making it available for use by farmers of all types.
IoT [3] has laid the foundation for the development of various
products like smart homes, e-health services, automation, and
even smart education and from the commercial point of view, IoT
is being used in business management, manufacturing, intelligent
transportation, and even agriculture. One of the main areas where
IoT-based research is going on and new products are launched
regularly to make the activities smarter and efficient towards
better production is Agriculture. The agricultural sector is
regarded as the more crucial sector globally for ensuring food
security. Therefore, with all the issues plaguing the cultivation
aspect of Agriculture, it is of utmost importance to apply an IoT
solution to it. One of the ways of doing this is by deploying IoT-
based products to carry out various activities on the farm.

Christian Okafor; Tel-+2349092534773

Email Address: Christian.okafor.192475@unn.edu.ng

In this project report, an IoT-based irrigation monitoring and
control system is suggested to minimize water input and human
intervention, while satisfying the plants’ needs.
Agriculture is one of the backbones of all developed countries. It
is also treated as the foundation of life for the living species as it
is the only source of food granules and other organic materials, as
it plays a crucial role in the growth of the country’s wealth [4]. It
uses 85% of available freshwater resources worldwide for food
production and this percentage continues to be dominant in water
consumption because of population growth and increased food
demand [5]. The public water irrigation system in Nigeria started
in the early 20th century [6] in only a few towns and was managed
at the lowest administrative level. Amongst the early beneficiaries
were Lagos, Calabar, Kano, Ibadan, Abeokuta, Ijebu -Ode, and
Enugu. In [7], it was revealed that rural water coverage in Africa
was 45% compared to 40 % in 1990, still leaving 237 million
people out. Meanwhile, urban water coverage in Africa was much
higher at 83 percent in 2000, with only 37 million urban dwellers
left out. The water coverage used in this context is manual
irrigation, which is government-owned and managed and
accounts for 47% of all irrigated land in Africa. Therefore, an
automated irrigation system is needed to optimize water use for
crops. The need for an automated irrigation system is to overcome
the wastage of water. With the adoption of IoT in various areas
like Industry, Homes, and Cities, the huge potential is seen to
make everything Intelligent and Smart. The Agricultural sector is
also adopting IoT technology and this, in turn, has led to the
development of the Agricultural Internet of Things (IoT).
Internet of Things generally means providing network
connectivity and computing capability to various objects, sensors,
and everyday items which are not normally considered computers
and allowing these devices to generate data, exchange data on the
network, and consume data with minimal human intervention.
There is, however, no single, universal definition.
The IoT allows objects to be controlled remotely across existing
network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct
integration of the physical world into computer-based systems,
and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy, and economic
benefit in addition to reduced human intervention. When sensors
and actuators are augmented to IoT, the technology becomes an
instance of the more general class of cyber-physical systems,
which also encompasses technologies such as smart homes, smart
cities, smart grids, and intelligent transportation. According to
[8], every object is uniquely identifiable through its embedded
computing system but can interoperate within the existing
Internet infrastructure. Experts estimate that the IoT will connect
almost 50 billion objects by 2020.
The rest of this paper is as follows:
Section 2 provides a detailed literature review of past work
relating to the project and the various technologies that were used
to implement them.
Section 3 discusses the design methodology that will be
undertaken in the project
Section 4 discusses the complete technical design,
implementation, possible tests, and results achieved.
Section 5 concludes the work, gives the cost analysis and
determines if the aim and objectives of the project were achieved.
It also provides recommendations for future work.
Christian Okafor; Tel-+2349092534773
Email Address: Christian.okafor.192475@unn.edu.ng
2
2 RELATED WORKS:
Previously, numerous research work has been carried to improve
the efficiency of soil irrigation. The researchers behind each of
these works applied varying technologies based on the condition
of the soil and the quantity of water it contained. Below is a
review of various studies done on IoT-based irrigation projects.
These reviews are classified based on the various technologies
that were implemented in the various design as follows
MANUAL MONITORING AND MECHANICAL
CONTROL BASED IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
In this form of irrigation, monitoring and controlling the irrigation
status of the farmland is done manually by humans, sometimes
using some mechanical components such as water pumps, valves
controller, and so on. The following reviews of past works made
use of this form of irrigation to implement their design as follows
A study done by [9], involved the use of an automated field-
specific irrigation system with a soil moisture sensor and
sprinkler valve controller. This system does not consider M2M
communication. M2M means Machine-to-machine
communication, which is defined as wireless communications in
the industrial Internet of Things (IoT) without human interaction.
The limitation of this work is that the system does not consider
the machine to machine communication.
In [10], they propose a project in which the system derives power
from sunlight through photo-voltaic cells. This system does not
depend on electricity. A soil moisture sensor was used and based
on the sensed values, the PIC microcontroller is used to switch
the motor pump ON/OFF. The limitation of this work is that this
system does not give a detailed review of how the farm will be
irrigated.
MICROCONTROLLER BASED IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
The microcontroller used in this case is the Arduino Uno
(Atmega) and Raspberry Pi and other various modules such as
GSM modules. These designs include the following:
The Arduino board, a microcontroller, controls the digital
connection and interaction between objects in the proposed
system, enabling the objects to sense and act. Also, with its
powerful onboard processing, various sensors and other
application-specific devices can be integrated into it [11]. The
limitation of this work is that this design does not give the detailed
cost for carrying out the design.
The system by [12] proposes a method to implement a method for
smart irrigation with an Arduino and a Raspberry pi. The system
uses ZigBee as a communication method between the two. And
also, the authors in [13] proposed a study in which the humidity
and soil moisture sensors are placed in the root zone of the plant.
Based on the sensed values the microcontroller is used to control
the supply of water to the field. The limitation of this work is that
this system does not update the farmer on the field status.
IoT BASED IRRIGATION MONITORING AND
CONTROL SYSTEMS
These systems under this category make use of the internet where
sensor readings are continuously uploaded over the internet with
the help of microcontrollers that are used depending on the design
specifications.
A work by [14] proposes a design and implementation of a highly
energy-efficient, multimode control for an automated irrigation
system. An integrated GSM module provides critical information
to the user during system failure. The limitation of this work is
that this system does not give a detailed analysis of the work.

Furthermore, a work by [15] proposed an IoT-based automatic
irrigation system using wireless sensor networks in which various
sensors are used to measure the soil parameters. This system
provides a web interface to the user to monitor and control the
system remotely. The limitation of this work is that weather
monitoring is not done in this system.
Work by [16] proposed a smart drip irrigation system using IoT
in which humidity, temperature, and pH sensors are used.
Irrigation status is updated to the server or localhost using a
personal computer.
The limitation of this work is that the farmer cannot access
information about the field condition without the internet which
may not be available most of the time, especially during situations
that require immediate attention.
IoT AND GSM BASED AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION
CONTROL SYSTEM
A work by [17] used wireless sensor networks to determine the
optimal sensor placement method for the monitoring of
environmental changes. The system architecture is composed of
sensors (temperature, moisture, rainfall, and light), which are
installed in the farm to collect environmental data. The sensed
data is sent into the cloud through an IoT gateway. This is a much
more advanced design that went further to include IoT but did not
give details on remote monitoring by farmers.
A study by [18] used an automatic micro-controller-based rain
gun irrigation system in which the irrigation will take place only
when there will be intense requirements of water that save a large
quantity of water. This application makes use of the GPRS feature
of the mobile phones as a solution for irrigation control systems.
. This system is limited to the automation of irrigation system
since it does not update the farm status to a server
Furthermore, a work by [19] proposed a paper in which the field
conditions were site-specifically monitored by six in-field sensor
stations distributed across the field. GPS and wireless
communication have been used to update the farmer. Without the
internet, the farmer cannot access information about the current
field status.
AUTOMATED IRRIGATION SYSTEM USING
WEATHER PREDICTION (AISWP) FOR EFFICIENT
USAGE OF WATER RESOURCES
Research by [20] proposed a method in AISWP that solves the
problem of the AISPF process. The AISWP method helps to use
the available water resources more efficiently by sensing the
moisture present in the soil and apart from that it is predicting the
weather by sensing two parameters temperature and humidity
thereby processing the measured values through an algorithm and
releasing the water accordingly which is an added feature of
AISWP so that water can be efficiently used. This system does
not update the farmer on the field status
This paper [21] proposes a method that uses multiple sensors i.e.
Temperature, moisture, humidity, and light to make a smart
irrigation system. The data is sent to a web server for data
analyzing and processing, it is stored in JavaScript Object
Notation (JSON) format. The light sensor senses the light, to
maximize the functioning of the plant, light is deployed as well.
They plan to use smart algorithms to optimize the system. It
advertises that it has 92% more efficiency than the rest. The
difference between this work and our proposed work is that
it uses many sensors monitoring the field status of the farm
whereas ours uses few sensors with the help of an open-source
monitoring database.
[22] Designed an automatic irrigation control system to facilitate
the automatic supply of adequate water from a reservoir to field
Christian Okafor; Tel-+2349092534773
Email Address: Christian.okafor.192475@unn.edu.ng
3
or domestic crops. One of the objectives of the work was to see
how human control could be removed from irrigation and also to
optimize the use of water in the process. The system does not
update the farmer on the current field status of the farm and also
the farmer does not have access to control the farm remotely.
IoT BASED IRRIGATION MONITORING SYSTEMS
The study highlighted in this category uploads the sensors values
over the internet and receiving feedbacks over an android
application they include
A paper by [21] proposes a method that uses multiple sensors i.e.
temperature, moisture, humidity, and light to make a smart
irrigation system. The data is sent to a web server for data
analyzing and processing, it is stored in JSON format. After
processing. The advantage of this format is that its execution and
response time is very fast. One major drawback is that it cannot
be used with unverified browsers.
An automated irrigation sensor was designed and implemented to
use in crops. The sensor uses a smartphone to capture and process
digital images of the soil nearby the root zone of the crop and
estimates optically the water contents. The sensor is confined in
a chamber under controlled illumination and buried at the root
level of the plants. An Android App was developed in the
smartphone to operate directly the computing and connectivity
components, such as the digital camera and the Wi-Fi network.
The mobile App wakes up the smartphone, activating the device
with user-defined parameters [23].
Uniqueness of Approach
Given some of the limitations listed in the works reviewed above,
the proposed design will aim to incorporate all of those limitations
by considering
 The weather condition to predict whether it will rain
or not
 Real-time monitoring of the soil status
 Daily feedback readings to the farmer
 Multiple sources of water supply
3 MATERIALS AND METHOD:
The methods that were applied to realize and arrive at the final
project design are discussed in this section. Keeping in mind that
the design methodology was fully employed in the project's final
implementation. The aim of IoT based irrigation monitoring and
control system is to specifically be able to predict the atmospheric
condition through a weather database so that irrigation can be
carried out. This in turn saves time and prevents wastage of water.
The step-by-step procedure to achieve our aim will also be
analyzed in this section, keeping in mind that the design adopts a
top-down approach.
Most project designs have requirements that specify the materials
that need to be gathered and the method to be adopted to reach
the final design. So, the requirements leading up to the final
design will be discussed including the functional simulation of the
various components that would be used to realize the aim of the
project will be analyzed.
To apply a standard engineering approach in the system
development, we embarked on the process of requirements
gatherings. Some of the requirements that we gathered in the
course of this design include the following:
 The targeted audience is the farmers
 The various components that will be employed to
build the final design
 4

 The basic features and functions of the proposed

design, such that the targeted user should have full
control of the design. Before we can compile and upload source codes to the Arduino
 The problems that may be encountered while using the IDE, we need to prepare Arduino IDE to work with ESP32
design such as network connectivity boards. We navigate to Tools → Board → Boards Manager… and
 The safety requirements are also to be taken into install the ESP32 platform.
account, for both the user and the design. OpenWeatherMap
 The limitations of the design are also the requirement OpenWeatherMap is an online service that provides weather data,
that will try as much as possible to minimize. including current weather data, forecasts, and historical data to
 All of these requirements helped us in better the developers of web services and mobile applications. For data
understanding of our work and helped us in finding a sources, it utilizes meteorological broadcast services, raw data
way of improvement on existing systems from airport weather stations, raw data from radar stations, and
raw data from other official weather stations. All data is processed
The ESP 32 is the central controller of the whole proposed design by OpenWeatherMap in a way that attempts to provide accurate
which is powered through an AC power source. The soil moisture online weather forecast data and weather maps, such as those for
content and water level of the overhead tank are sent as inputs to clouds or precipitation. [OpenWeatherMap.org. "Weather API
the ESP32 through the soil moisture sensor and ultrasonic sensor Price-list- OpenWeatherMap].
respectively. The ESP32 interacts with the thingspeak and gives HOW SYSTEM WORKS
a command to the relay to pump water and irrigate the farm, based The system first checks the level of water in the
on the weather prediction readings from the thingspeak. The underground/reservoir tank to determine if it is below or equal to
ESP32 also displays its output readings to the liquid crystal the threshold required. If it is below the threshold, it pumps water
display (LCD). to an overhead tank. If not pumping, it triggers an alarm for
The software description consists of the Arduino IDE (Integrated pumping failure.
Development Environment), ThingSpeak for real-time data
analysis and Open Weather Map source database, a custom
webserver, IFTTT (If This Then That) platform.
THINGSPEAK
ThingSpeak is an IoT analytics platform service that allows you
to aggregate, visualize, and analyze live data streams in the cloud.
You can send data to ThingSpeak from your devices, create
instant visualizations of live data, and send alerts using web
services like Twitter. With MATLAB analytics inside
ThingSpeak, you can write and execute MATLAB code to
perform pre-processing, visualizations, and analysis. ThingSpeak
enables engineers and scientists to prototype and builds IoT
systems without setting up servers or developing web software
[24].ThingSpeak allows one to aggregate, visualize and analyze
live data streams in the cloud. Some of the key capabilities of
ThingSpeak according to [52] include the ability to easily
configure devices to send data to ThingSpeak using popular IoT
protocols, visualize your sensor data in real-time, aggregate data
on-demand from third-party sources, use the power of MATLAB
to make sense of your IoT data, run your IoT analytics
automatically based on schedules or events and prototype and
build IoT systems without setting up servers or developing web.
ARDUINO IDE

Figure 1: Block Diagram of the Proposed System

Figure 5: Flowchart of the system

If it is not below the threshold, it goes on to check the moisture

content of the soil. If the soil moisture content is above the
threshold ie. water-saturated, it does not water the farm.
Otherwise, it checks the weather condition of the area to
determine if it will rain. It obtains this weather prediction from a

Christian Okafor; Tel-+2349092534773

Email Address: Christian.okafor.192475@unn.edu.ng

Figure 4: Picture of the working prototype
database(OpenWeatherMap). If it determines whether it will rain,
it will not water the farm, thus, conserving water. Otherwise, it
automatically waters/irrigate the farm using sprinklers irrigation
mechanism.
It sends sensor readings to a database(thingSpeak), a designed
web app, and a text message to the farmer. It also displays its day-
to-day readings on an LCD.
It automatically and continuously repeats this activity, provided
power is supplied to the system.
4 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS:
The overall circuit of the project comprises the different circuits
of the individual units, all connected to the ESP32
microcontroller.
The prototype design was implemented physically on a wooden
board which was partitioned to show the farm section and the
control section. The diagram below shows a picture of the design
in full operation.
The individual components that make up the entire system were
tested separately before integrating them. All the interfacing units
were tested separately as well to ensure closer specifications
required for the proper functioning of the system, and also to
check the continuity of the connections that link the individual
components. The power supply was tested to ensure it delivered
the required voltage to avoid damaging any component or the
entire system. Breadboard was used for all temporal connections
and this aided flexibility and adjustment of the system to achieve
the desired goal. The Arduino code was constantly debugged for
errors and other issues that could affect the system’s functionality.
This section contains the communication between the esp32 and
various online platforms. The esp32 communicates with
thingspeak to which it uploads the readings from the farm for
further analysis. It communicates with OpenWeatherMap from
which it obtains the weather conditions which it uses to make
decisions on whether to water the farm or not
Web App Connectivity
We designed a web app that pulls the sensor readings uploaded to
thingspeak through the thingspeak read API and displays them for
the farmer to view in real-time. The app refreshes every five
seconds to display new readings.
5 CONCLUSION :
This work aims to design and implement an effective, reliable,
cheap, stable, user friendly, and easily maintain system that
automatically controls the irrigation process while monitoring the
Christian Okafor; Tel-+2349092534773
Email Address: Christian.okafor.192475@unn.edu.ng
5
soil status and other factors such as weather conditions and
updating the farmer timely on the farm conditions to solve the
problem of water wastage, the inefficiency of manual labor, low
yield and the constant needing of the farmer’s attention, this
system was successfully designed and implemented. The pumps
are turned ON and OFF automatically by the microcontroller
based on the readings from the sensors in the overhead tank and
the soil, as well as the cloud readings containing the weather
prediction. Notifications are sent afterward to the farmer via his
mobile phone and a web app for real-time and monitoring and
also to a database for analysis and research if needed. Compared
with other conventional methods, this system shows excellent
performance with its advanced digital technology and it is more
effective, reliable, and cost-efficient. With this system, one can
remotely monitor his farm conditions from anywhere n the world
making sure that the farm is running smoothly. This system
eliminates the myth that demands any farmer to be closer to his
farm, now with this system a farmer can go on rest assured his
farm is being taken care of. This system is a first of its kind and a
breakthrough in technology as it promises to disrupt the crude
way of farming in Nigeria and increase farm yield by a factor of
over 150% as farming could be done despite the season.
6 CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED
During this work, a lot of difficulties and limitations were
encountered which were seriously a challenge to this work. At
first, we had little knowledge about the project but through the
background research, we were able to understand the work and
achieve our aim.
One of the challenges encountered was the choice of appropriate
components to be used in the design for both hardware and
software. Another challenge is the external factors like the
epileptic power supply which was a serious issue during the
construction and simulation of the work.
Another issue faced was being scammed by online vendors who
sold very inferior components to us. This acted as a huge delay to
the project as it meant we had to spend more money in replacing
the components and we also had to wait for the packages to be
delivered to us. Delivery of the packages took from 3- 10 days.
Another limitation was that we had insufficient knowledge in the
area of IoT. This was a great challenge that motivated us to launch
several research tutorials on android development deep enough to
develop the desired IoT system.
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 6

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Christian Okafor; Tel-+2349092534773

Email Address: Christian.okafor.192475@unn.edu.ng

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