BELTRAN, JEANNE MAURICE S.

BSN 3-YA-11

COURSE TASKS:

i) Fill-up the appropriate tumor markers with respect to the organ involved.
ii) Choose one type of cancer, its tumor markers and briefly explain how to prevent it
(150 words).

A.
 1. LUNG CANCER – Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA), Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Antigen (SCC), Neuron Specific Enolase
(NSE), Cytokeratin 19 Fragment (CYFRA) and Pro-gastrin Releasing Peptide (proGRP)
2. LIVER CANCER – Total Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP), Lens Culinaris Agglutinin-reactive
AFP (AFP-L3) and Protein Induced
by Vitamin K absence or antagonist-II (PIVKA-II)
3. PROSTATE CANCER – Phosphatase, Alkaline Phosphatase (ALKP) and Prostate
Specific Antigen (PSA)
4. TESTICULAR CANCER – Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
(HCG) Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
5. BREAST CANCER – Cancer Antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3), Cancer Antigen 27.29 (CA
27.29), and Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
6. STOMACH CANCER – CA 72-4, Carcinoembryonic Antigen and Cancer-related
Antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9)
7. PANCREASE CANCER – CA 19-1, Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
8. COLON CANCER – Carcinoembryonic Antigen
9. OVARIES CANCER – Cancer Antigen 125 (CA125) and Human Epididymis Protein 4
(HE4)

B.

 Other causes of lung cancer, in addition to cigarette smoking, include: Smoking pipes
and cigars; Inhaling secondhand smoke; Exposure to radon, a radioactive gas found in
the ground that can seep into groundwater and homes; Exposure to asbestos, a naturally
occurring mineral found in some commercial building products
How to prevent Lung Cancer?
• “Every time you inhale cigarette smoke, you breathe in chemicals that damage your
lung tissue and can turn normal cells into cancer cells over time,”says Julie Brahmer, a
board-certified medical oncologist and director of the Lung Cancer Program at the Johns
Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center.
• Cigarette smoking is the No. 1 risk factor for lung cancer, causing about 90 percent
of lung cancer cases.
• People who smoke have the greatest risk of lung cancer, though lung cancer can also
occur in people who have never smoked. Lung cancer screening for people at high risk of
developing lung cancer offers hope for early detection, when surgery offers a possible
cure.
• Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide.
• “From reduced blood pressure and heart attack risk to increased lung function and
energy levels, your whole body starts to function better when you stop smoking,” says
Brahmer.
• While these preventive measures may lower your risk, there’s no definitive way to
prevent lung cancer.
• Exercising and eating a healthy, balanced diet also helps reduce the risk of cancer. If
you quit smoking, even after smoking for many years, you can significantly reduce your
chances of developing lung cancer. Quitting smoking has immediate health benefits that
help minimize a person’s risk of developing lung cancer.
Lung cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the lungs. Surprisingly, exposure to
radon is the second most common cause of lung cancer in the nation, after smoking. The
risk of lung cancer increases with the length of time and number of cigarettes you've
smoked.