COMUNICACIONES MÓVILES

4G/LTE
1. Introducción
3GPP Releases
GPRS HSUPA
171.2Kbit/s 5.76 Mbit/s
UMTS LTE
Phase 2 Release 97 2 Mbit/s 100 Mbit/s
Release 6
Release 99 Release 8

LTE Advanced
1Gbit/s

Release 99 Release 7/8 Release 9/10

Phase 1
EDGE Release 5
HSDPA+
GSM 473.6 Kbit/s HSDPA 28.8 Mbit/s
9.6Kbit/s
14.4 Mbit/s 42Mbit/s
Voice Solutions in the LTE Era

➢ It is a transitional solution. ➢ It is a standard

➢ It is a supplement to Circuit mainstream
single radio voice call switched solution for LTE
continuity (SRVCC). IMS-SRVCC voice services.
fallback
➢ It provides voice services (CSFB) ➢ It has been
for long term evolution accepted by
(LTE) roaming subscribers mainstream
RCSe
before IMS roaming carriers.
standards matures.
VoLTE
➢ Mobile phones used the ➢ It is the way in which OTT
simultaneous voice and providers run multimedia
LTE solution to support “Dual- Over the communication services.
2G/3G voice services standby” Top (OTT) ➢ It is a great challenge for
and LTE data services. carriers.
➢ It is not a real VoLTE
solution, but only a
transitional solution.
2. Fundamentos de Red 4G

23
 LTE Key Technology
Key LTE Technologies M M E / S- GW M M E / S- GW

1
S

1
S
X2 E -U T R A N
eNB eNB

Sys tem Bandwidth

Sub- c ar r iers
eNB

Sub-f rame Scalable BW

Frequency
Flat
Architecture
Time frequency
resource for User 1
Time frequency
resource for User 2
T im e
DL OFDMA Time frequency
resource for User 3

Supporting
High Performance
S y s t e m Ba ndwi dt h

S u b -f ra m e
Si ngle Ca rri e r
MIMO
Frequency

T i m e f re q ue nc y
H.O.M
re s o urc e f o r U s e r 1

T i m e f re q ue nc y
re s o urc e f o r U s e r 2
T i me
T i m e f re q ue nc y
re s o urc e f o r U s e r 3

UL SC-FDMA Data MIMO

Streaming Channel
Multiple Access Techniques

LTE uses:
DL: OFDMA
UL: SC-FDMA

OFDMA
Each user allocated a
different resource
which can vary in time
and frequency.
Multiple Access Technology
Multiple Access Technology

HHU
I SAL
IWC
I EOI TNESCEHMNO
I COLONGDIUECSTCOOR,. LTD. Page 27
HoM (High Order Modulation) 2 bit per symbol 4 bit per symbol 6 bit per symbol

AMC (Adaptive Modulation & Coding)

64 QAM

Usually, 64QAM is activated in area near antenna

3. Arquitectura de Red 4G

30
 3 Network Architecture

3.1 SAE Network Architecture

3.2 Interfaces and Protocols

3.3 Roaming Architecture

3.4 Interworking with GERAN/UTRAN

HHU
I SAL
IWC
I EOI TNESCEHMNO
I COLONGDIUECSTCOOR,. LTD. Page 31 Page 31
 Network Architecture LTE SAE (System Architecture
Evolution
SAE: System Architecture Evolution SAE
EUTRAN: evolved UTRAN
UTRAN: Universal terrestrial radio
access network
BTS: Base station Transceiver
BSC: Base station controller
Node B: node B
RNC: Radio network controller
SGSN: Supporting GPRS serving node
HLR: Home location register

eNodeB: evolved node B

MME: mobility management entity EUTRAN
PDN GW: PDN Gateway
SGW: Serving gateway
HSS: Home subscriber server
PCRF: Policy control and charging
rules function
Network Architecture LTE architecture becomes much more simple and flat, and lead to:
• lower networking cost

Comparison • higher networking flexibility

• shorter time delay of user data and signaling

3G: Legacy Architecture LTE: Flat Architecture

M M E / S-GW M M E / S-GW
MSC/SGSN/GGSN

1
S

1
S
RNC RNC
X2 E -U T R A N
Iub Iub eNB
eNB

eNB
NodeB NodeB NodeB NodeB
 2G/3G to LTE/SAE Architecture

PGW
SGW
MMEPCRF
Terminals LTE Network SAE/EPC Network

• Flat and all-IP Network Architecture

• Reduced Complexity
• Seamless Mobility
• Separation of Control Plane (MME) and User Plane (SGW) with open interface S11

Page 35
LTE/SAE Architecture - 2 • Negotiates QoS requirement with application
• Authorizes QoS request against user
• NAS signaling with UE GERAN subscription data
(+security) • End-users profile
SGSN (MSISDN, IMSI, APN) • Receives network events
• Tracking Area list • HDSSe/HcLiRdes policy rules to be applied
management (filters, QoS parameters QCI, MBR, GBR, ARP)
• PGW and SGW selection
• Bearer control PCRF • Application
• Authentication HSSUTRAN S12 S3 S6a • Signalling (PCRF
HSS
• Handover coord. with S4 and terminal)
SGW, MME or SGSN Gx
S1-MME Rx AS
MME S11 S5/S8
SGi INTERNET / intranet /
Terminal LTE Operators in-house
S1-U
S-GW & 3rd Party AS
eNODE-B PDN-GW
• Application (incl. signaling) • Radio resources allocation
• UL filtering of traffic flow • Admission Control • Mobility anchor for
to bearer • UL filtering, inter-eNB handover • IP address allocation
• APN-AMBR policing • interference control (ICIC) • Lawful Interception • EPS bearer control
• Mobility support • Handover • Packet Routing and • Lawful Interception
• Idle mode reselection • Idle mode cell reselection forwarding • DPI
3 Network Architecture

3.1 SAE Network Architecture

3.2 Interfaces and Protocols

Page 38
 User Plane Control Plane

LTE-Uu Interface

• Transfer of upper layer PDUs

•Error correction through ARQ (CRC check provided by
the physical layer)
• Segmentation • Header compression and decompression for user plane data.
• Concatenation of SDUs for the same radio bearer • Ciphering and deciphering for user plane and control plane data.
• In-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs except at HO. • Integrity protection and verification for control plane data.
• Duplicate Detection • Handover support functions.
• Protocol error detection and recovery • Discard for user plane data due timeout.
• SDU discard
• Reset

The AS protocols on E-UTRAN-Uu (RRC, PDCP, RLC, MAC and the physical LTE layer) implements the Radio Resource Management and supports the
NAS protocols by transporting the NAS messages across the E-UTRAN-Uu interface.

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Interface S1 It carries signaling messages
between eNodeB and MME

S1-MME
MME

S1-U

SGW
E-UTRUAN
It carries user traffic between
eNodeB and SGW

S1 interface connects the EUTRAN to the EPC. S1 is split into control plane, called S1-MME, and a user plane, called
S1-U.

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 User Plane Control Plane

S1-MME Interface • One logical S1AP

connection per UE.
•Multiple UEs supported via a
single SCTP association.
NAS NAS
R e la y
RRC S1-AP
RRC S1-AP
PDCP PDCP SCTP SCTP

RLC RLC IP IP
MAC MAC L2 L2

L1 L1 L1 L1

LTE-Uu S 1 -M M E
UE eNodeB MME
• Set up, modification and release of E-RABS.
• Establishment of an initial S1 UE context
Provides reliable transport.
• Paging and S1 management functions.
• it’s rate adaptative and message-oriented.
• NAS signaling transport functions between UE and MME.
• Multi-streaming function
• Status transfer functionality
• Trace of active UE’s, and location reporting. • Multi homing
•Mobility functions for UE to enable inter and intra RAT
HO.

S1MME is responsible for EPS bearer setup and release procedures, handover signaling, paging, NAS Signaling transport
and UE context management.

Page 41
 User Plane Control Plane

S10 and S11 Interfaces

The main function is to transfer the contexts
for individual terminals attached to EPC and
thus sent on a per UE basis.

Keeps the control and user plane procedures in sync for

a terminal durng the period that the terminal is seen
active/attached in the EPS.

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 User Plane Control Plane

Interfaces S5/S8 (Control Plane)

There are two protocol options to be used in S5/S8 interface: GTP or PMIPv6

PMIPv6 PMIPv6

IPv4/IPv6 IPv4/IPv6

L2 L2

L1 L1

Serving G W
PDN GW

S 5 or S 8

S5/S8 over GTP S5/S8 over PMIPv6

•Provides the functionality associated with •Provides tunneling management between the Serving
creation/deletion/modification/change of bearers for Gateway and PDN Gateway.
individual user connected to EPS.

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 User Plane Control Plane

S6a and Gx Interfaces

D iamet er D iamet er

SCTP/TCP SCTP/TCP

IP IP

L2 L2

L1 L1

S6a
MME HSS

Interface Functionality: Interface Functionality:

• Exchange location information
• Authorize a user to access the EPS •Gx enables the
• Exchange authentication information
transfer/modification/removal of PCC rules
• Download and handle changes in the subscriber data stored in the server
• Upload the PGW identity and APN being used for a specificPDN connection. from the PCRF to PCEF function within the
•Download the PGW identity and APN pairs being stored in HSS for already ongoingPDN PGW.
connection.

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 User Plane Control Plane

Interface S13

Interface Functionality:
The S13 and S 1 3 ’ interfaces between the MME and the EIR and between the SGSN and the EIR respectively are used to check the
status of the UE (e.g. if it has been reported stolen). The MME or SGSN checks the ME Identity by sending the Equipment Identity to
an EIR and analyzing the response.

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 User Plane Control Plane

Interfaces S1-U,SGi and S5/S8 (User Plane)

One or more GTP tunnels
per user
Note that both IPv4 and IPv6 are supported on the transport layer ofIP

Application

IP IP

Relay R e lay
PDCP G T P -U
G T P -U G T P -U
PDCP GTP-U

RLC RLC U D P /IP U D P /IP U D P /IP U D P /IP

MAC MAC L2 L2 L2 L2

L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L1

L T E -U u S 1 -U S 5 /S 8 S Gi

UE eNodeB Serving G W PDN GW

•GTPU carry encapsulated payload and signalling messages
between nodes.
•Provides non-guaranted data delivery.
• S1-U is the user plane interface between EUTRAN and SGW, carrying user traffic in a GTP-U tunnel.
•SGi is the reference point between the PDN GW and the packet data network. PDN may be an operator external public or private
packet data network or an intra operator packet data network, e.g. for provision of IMS services. This reference point corresponds to Gi
for 3GPP accesses.

Page 46
VoLTE solution overview
Application Server Legacy
O&M Service
Presence/IM/DS/XDMS CTAS
(MMTel AS/SCC AS/IP-SM-GW/Anchor AS/IM-SSF) SCP

EMS
Converged DataBase IMS Core
Legacy
network
MGCF
I/S-CSCF/MRFC/E-
HLR/IMS-HSS/SAE-HSS
CSCF
Provisioning /ENUM /DNS
MRFP IM-MGW
GW

SBC
CS (P-CSCF/A-BCF/A-BGF/ATCF/ATGW)
CCF

EMSC
(SRVCC-IWF/mAGCF/CSFB Proxy)
EPC
DMS

MGW MME S/P-GW PCRF

2G/3G 2G/3G LTE LTE

LTE Handset LTE CPE LTE data-card + softclient

Terminal
4. Funcionalidades de los elementos en una Red 4G

55
 Key Functional Entities of IMS
S-CSCF: Serving-Call Session Control
⚫ CSCF (Call Session Control Function)
Function
⚫ The core element with the same position as softswitch and MSC P-CSCF：Proxy-Call Session Control
⚫ S-CSCF performs routing and triggers services Application
Function
⚫ P-CSCF validates and forwards requests I-CSCF：Interrogating-Call Session Control
⚫ I-CSCF interworks with other IMS networks Function
⚫ In a small network, S-CSCF, P-CSCF, and I-CSCF are commonly integrated into ISC (SIP)
one physical element. PSTN
Cx/Dx(Diameter)
⚫ HSS (Home Subscriber Server) Mg (SIP)
⚫ Stores all subscriber and service-related data
⚫ The same as the HLR in the existing mobile network HSS P/I/S-CSCF MGCF PLMN
⚫ MRS (Media Resource Server) Gq(Diameter) Mr (SIP)

⚫ Plays announcements and collects digits

H.323
⚫ PCRF (Policy Control Rule Function) PDF Core
MGW
MRS
⚫ Manages QoS policies
⚫ MGCF (Media Gateway Control Function)
⚫ Provides conversion between SIP and SUP signaling
⚫ Interworks with the existing signaling network GGSN AC
⚫ MGW (Media Gateway) BAS PGW
GSM/WCDMA WiMAX/
⚫ Provides the conversion between the IP bearer and
WiFi
⚫ the TDM bearer xDSL/LAN LTE
⚫ Interworks with the existing bearer network

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Key Network Entities: CSCF
⚫ CSCF – Call Session Control Function SIP based Interface
Diameter based Interface
⚫ can be viewed as a SIP based Session Controller.
⚫ includes the three functions: S-CSCF, I-CSCF, P-CSCF.
IMS Application Servers
Sh
HSS
PDF C
x
C ISC BGCF
IMS Terminal G M x
M M
q I- CSCF w i M
w j
G Mw M
m g
Proxy - CSCF Interrogating -CSCF Serving -CSCF MGCF
(P -CSCF) (I -CSCF) (S -CSCF)

- First access point for the UE
- Forwarding of SIP messages
- Generation of Charging CDRs
- Integrity and Confidentiality
Protection Support
- QoS Authorization Support
- Local Service Support
- Lawful Interception Support
- SIP Header Compression
- First contact point of
an operator‘s network.
- Assignment of S-CSCFs
-- Forwarding of SIP messages
- Generation of Charging CDRs
- Topology Hiding Support
- Acts as SIP Register
- Performs the IMS User Authentication
- Loads IMS User Profiles from the HSS
- Performs Session Control
- Performs Service (AS) Control
- May behave as SIP-Proxy or SIP-UA
- Generation of Charging CDRs

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Key Network Entities: HSS
⚫ HSS – Home Subscriber Server
⚫ is the main centralized database for user related information.
⚫ stores the IMS User Profiles that includes e.g.:
› the User Identification, Addressing information (SIP URI, TE-URI, IMSI, MSISDN, ...)
› the Service Provisioning Information (Filter Criteria).
› the User Mobility Information (S-CSCF address).
› the Charging Server Information (CCF-, ECF address).

H S S
Mobility M a n a g e m e n t Identification ha ndling

Use r security info. generation Service authorization support

Use r security support Ac c e ss authorization

Service Provisioning support Applica tio n Services Su pport

Call / Session establishment support C A M E L Services Su pport

C D G r G c S h S i C x

g s m S C F S IP Application
S e rv e r
G M S C M S C / V L R
IM -S S F C S C F
S G S N G G S N
O S A -S C S

C S D o m a i n P S D o m a i n I M C N s u b s y s t e m

Page 58
Key Network Entities: AS
⚫ IMS Application Servers (AS)
I M S Ap p l i c a t i o n S e r ve r s
⚫ provide SIP-based IMS services (e.g. Presence, PTT, Instant Messaging, Sh
HSS
Supplementary Services, etc. ).
C IS C
⚫ may act as SIP-UA, SIP-Proxy, SIP B2BUA. x

⚫ are invoked by the S-CSCF via the SIP-based ISC interface. S IP S IP

Signaling Signaling
⚫ Different AS types are defined: S -C S C F
⚫ SIP-AS (SIP-Application Server)
⚫ IM-SSF (IP Multimedia Service Switching Function)
⚫ OSA-SCS (OSA Service Capability Server)

Se
SeSrevirvrce
v s Ad mi n i st r a t i ve
CORB
S
See r vi
v i ce
c A S
S
ices EEs
i ce D o ma i n of t h e
e
ss Tr a n s p o S IMS Operator
OSA OSA API CAP Services
rt E S e r vi c
API es
O SA SCS
OSAOSA IIM
IMM- -S S F SIP-AS
SIPS IP -
SCSSCS SSF SS - ASAS
Ad mi n i st r a t i ve I S C (SIP)
F I S C (SIP) ISC S e r vi ce
Se c s
D o ma i n o f t h e (SIP) e
Execution s
3 r d Pa r t y Env ironm ent
Se r vi ce SS--C S C F
Pr o vi d e r CSCF
Page 59
Key Network Entities: MGCF/MGW

⚫ MGCF – Media Gateway Control Function

SIP based Interface
⚫ IM-MGW – IMS Media Gateway Diameter based Interface

Sh
HSS

IS C
C BGCF
x
I M S T e r m i na l M
i M
IS U P ,
S IP M j
B IC C
Signaling g over PSTN /
S -C S C F M GCF IPM/S S 7
n CS-Domain
V oice over V oice
IP over
MGW TDM,
ATM
MGCF:
- performs the signaling conversion SIP → ISUP/BICC.
- controls the MGW via H.248 (Mn reference point).
- generates Charging CDRs for Interoperator Charging.
MGW:
- performs the IMS Bearer traffic conversion e.g. Voice/RTP/UDP/IP → Voice/TDM.
- may perform transcoding e.g. AMR → G.711. May provide Tones/Announcements.

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Key Network Entities: BGCF
⚫ BGCF – Breakout Gateway Control Function
⚫ is responsible for selecting the MGCF that controls SIP based Interface
the IMS Interworking to the PSTN/CS-Domain. Diameter based Interface

⚫ the Local Breakout and the Remote Breakout are defined.

⚫ the BGCF generates Charging CDRs.

Loc a l B r e a k out R e m ot e B r e a k out

Sh in the local Operator in another Operator
HSS N e two r k N e two r k

IS C
C BGCF M BGCF
x
M k
i M M
M j
M GCF j M GCF
g
S -C S C F MGW MGW
V oice over V oice over
IP IS U P , IP IS U P ,
V oice over T D M , B IC C V oice over T D M , B IC C
ATM ATM

PSTN / PSTN /
CS-Domain CS-Domain

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