9/26/2018

Introduction to Solid Waste Management

Major Source: UNESCO-IHE Compiled and modified by Hameed

ENVIRONMENT
indigenous air quality
peoples
soil erosion and
land degradation
population

water quality
cultural, historical
and religious
aspects

endangered
species
human
settlements

global commons
management of
dangerous
chemicals

protection of
ecosystems waste disposal
natural resources
management

1
 9/26/2018

MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

 Pollution of Air, Water and Land

 Hazardous Chemicals and

Wastes

 Land Degradation

 Loss of Biodiversity

 Ozone Depletion

 Climate Change

 Loss of natural and cultural

resources

Solid waste management includes all activities that seek to

minimise impacts to health, environment and aesthetics by
solid wastes

2
 9/26/2018

Main challenges in municipal solid waste management

Efficiency of
Collection municipal
systems

Challenges in
Recovery and solid waste Disposal
recycling management

Industrial Toxic and

infectious
waste
waste
management

Generated waste and composition

Low- Middle- High-
(at collection point) Income Income Income
Countries Countries+ Countries
*
Waste generated 0.4 - 0.6 0.5 - 0.9 0.7 - 1.8
kg/cap. & day CH = 1.1
* Countries with GDP <
Waste density 250 - 500 170 - 330 100 - 170 US$ 360 per year per
kg/m3
capita
Water content 40 - 80 40 - 60 20 - 30
% + Countries with GDP >
Composition US$ 360, < US$ 3’500
per year per capita
Organic 40 - 85 20 - 65 20 - 50
CH = 22
Cointreau (1982) and
Paper, Cardboard 1- 10 15 - 40 15 - 40 BUWAL (1994)
(21)
Glass & ceramics 1 - 10 1 - 10 4 - 10
(3)
Metal 1-5 1-5 3 - 13
(6)
Plastics 1-5 2-6 2 - 13
(13)
Dust & ash 1 - 40 1 - 30 1 - 20
(5)

3
 9/26/2018

Global waste generation

Global waste generation

4
 9/26/2018

Solid Waste Management

Situation:

• Less than 50 % of urban solid waste is collected. The

urban poor suffer most from the lack of services

• Management and efficiency of municipal systems is

inadequate

Solid Waste Management

Situation:

• Recycling activities are seldom taken into account or supported.

"Waste pickers" are exposed to high health risks.

• Disposal is mostly uncontrolled and pollute water, soil and air.

• Toxic and infectious waste are mixed together with other municipal
waste threatening the environment, as well as directly the waste
workers and pickers health

5
 9/26/2018

Per capita generation and collection coverage.

Problems and Effects of “inadequate” municipal solid waste

management
Problems Effects

Health risk for the population

 Proliferation of disease carrying
 Neighbourhood collection
vectors (rats, mosquitoes, birds, etc.)
 Recycling activties
 Direct contact with waste (children
 Management of disposal + waste pickers)
 Management of toxic &  air pollution through burning
infectious waste  flooding
Water and air pollution
Workers health risk

6
 9/26/2018

Collection

 Municipal systems service less than

50 % of the population

 The urban poor suffer most form the

lack of service

 Waste remains in the neighbourhood

Some reasons for “limited” collection services

 Often squatter settlements (not legal).
 Often difficult to access.
 The "technology" (collection with trucks)
used in downtown areas is not compatible
for low-income areas.
 The municipal authority does not have the
organisational, financial capacity and
equipment to extend their services to a
larger area.
 The urban poor often have limited means
of exerting political pressure

7
 9/26/2018

Effects of “limited” collection services

 Small disposal sites in the neighbourhood

 Waste is disposed into water bodies or
drainage channels
 Waste is burnt in the neighbourhood

Efficiency of municipal services

Lack of accounting
Central budget Lacking legislation

Human resources
Lack of finances management Lack of enforcement

Operational Overlapping
Inadequate responsibilities
technologies difficulties

Limited Lack of urban

know-how planning

"top-down rapid urbanisation

approach" and
"one solution
fits all"

8
 9/26/2018

Why is the efficiency of municipal services so poor?

• Because the job of “manager of solid waste” is not related to any
kind of social prestige. People do not strive for a career as Solid
Waste Management..

• Because labour is often not so expensive in developing countries,

it is seen as no problem to have many labourers – this does not lead
to very efficient set-up (which is not necessarily a bad thing)

• Because there is often very poor book-keeping, so it is hard to

discover big “cost losses”

How can we deal with this?

- Get the private sector in
- Get the city managers to be managers (watch dogs) rather than
waste workers; that makes the job much more attractive

Solutions: empowerment of local authorities

Decentralisation
 Clear distributionof competencies and responsibilities
 Financial independence, budgeting, full cost accounting

Integration and collaboration with the different actors involved in

solid waste management
 Primary collection actors
 Informal recycling sector
 Awareness building of population (regarding health and cost issues)

9
 9/26/2018

Solution: private-public partnerships

Idea
 Changing the role of the municipal authority from "executing" to
"controlling" agency.
 Private sector works cost efficient and service oriented.

Prerequisites
 Competition
 Capacity of authorities to determine and negotiate contract terms, to
control service and enforce regulative measures.
 Ensure that services are provided also to areas which are not
economically interesting.

Informal solid waste recycling: Examples

Jakarta, Indonesia
• 37’000 Persons employed
• 25% of total waste generated is recycled
• Income: 0.75 - 3.5 US$ / day = 28’000 - 130’000 US$
per day
==>Income of city = 1500 US$ /day
• Cost saving for city = 300’000 US$ /month

Bangalore, India
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania  500 tons per day recycled
by the informal sector
 Small industries receive 50 - 60 %
of their raw materials from waste  The municipal authority
pickers collects 37 tons of solid
waste per day

10
 9/26/2018

Extension of recycling activities

As example: "organic fraction"

 40 - 80 % of the waste is organic

 This fraction is hardly recovered
and reused
 Soil degradation is a fact

 Information on strategies and

operational concepts to ensure
feasible biological treatment of
solid waste is still lacking.

Waste disposal

Situation
 Disposal is mostly uncontrolled
unorganized with high impact to the
environment.
 Priority on disposal is lacking (out of sight
out of mind)
 If standards are set, they are mostly
based on standards from high-income
countries which can not be met and
enforced in the local context
 No acceptance of disposal sites by public
(NIMBY)
 Rapid urbanization and lacking land use
planning makes it difficult to find new
sites in a viable distance

11
 9/26/2018

Waste disposal

will to change NIMTO

siting

human
resources finances

design operation

standards
legislation

Solutions to solid waste disposal

Upgrading existing disposal sites

 as new sites are expensive (investment
of 5 Million US$ for 250 t/day site; total cost ~ 5-
9 US$ per ton)
 develop a disposal plan
 stepwise improvements with low
capital investment

Flexible standards (minimum requirements)

 example of South Africa

New sites
 choice of site is essential

 development aid (loans)

12
 9/26/2018

Healthcare waste

Situation
 Healthcare waste is included in the
"normal" municipal waste cycle
 Only a small fraction is toxic or infectious
(80% is normal municipal waste)
 Great health risk for workers and waste-
pickers

Solutions
 Source separation is essential
 Separate collection and treatment
according to the local possibilities
 Needs high awareness and collaboration
at the source of waste generation

Challenges of the future

 Strategic solid waste management planning

 Focus on integrated and sustainable solid waste management
which should be based on the principles of "closed loop systems"

 Urban upgrading
 Improvements of Water & Sanitation (including solid waste
management) in low-income areas

 Urban Management
 Building capacity of municipal authorities to plan, manage, control,
and coordinate all actors involved in solid waste management

13
 10/20/2018

Generation of Waste

What is waste?
Types of Wastes – Sources and Composition
The most fundamental step in waste management is quantifying and
qualifying the different types of waste being generated. It is important to
have a system for the collection and analysis of basic information about
wastes. Among the data needed are:
• the sources of wastes
• the quantities of waste generated
• their composition and characteristics
• the seasonal variations, and
• future trends of generation.

This information forms the basis for the development of appropriate

waste management strategies. After this plan is drawn up, data
collection and management serves a monitoring purpose.

1
 10/20/2018

Municipal Solid Waste

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) was defined at the Agenda 21 United

Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro,
1992 Chapter 21 "Environmentally Sound Management of Solid
Wastes and Sewage-related Issues“:

"Solid wastes include all domestic refuse and non-hazardous wastes

such as commercial and institutional wastes, street sweepings and
construction debris. In some countries the solid wastes management
system also handles human wastes such as night-soil, ashes from
incinerators, septic tank sludge and sludge from sewage treatment
plants. If these wastes manifest hazardous characteristics they should
be treated as hazardous wastes."

Sources of Municipal Solid Waste

MSW is seen as primarily coming from households,

but also included are wastes from
 Offices
 Hotels
 Shopping complexes/shops
 Schools
 Institutions
 Municipal services (street cleaning, maintenance of recreational
areas)

2
 10/20/2018

Waste can be classified in different categories

The major types of MSW are:

1. Origin: Which human activities have lead to this waste?

2. Composition: What does the waste consist of?
3. Toxicity: Is the waste a threat to environment and / or humans?
4. Management: Who is responsible for / dealing with the waste?

Examples of waste according to type of origin

Generator type Waste stream (examples)

Municipal Food scrap, office paper, yard waste, plastics, glass, textiles

Hazardous Petroleum refining residuals, electroplating solvents

Industrial Coal combustion, pulp, iron scrap, chemicals

Medical Infectious agents, waste human blood, pathological waste

Universal Batteries, agricultural pesticides, thermostats

Construction Concrete, asphalt, roofing

Radioactive Uranium fuel, cleanup items from nuclear plants

Mining Rock, smelting residuals

Agricultural Animal manures, crop residuals, pesticides

3
 10/20/2018

Composition of MSW(kg/cap/year)

Waste generation in Middle East

(Kanbour, 1997, Mashaa’n et al, 1997, Al-Yousfi,

2002,METAP, 2004)

4
 10/20/2018

What type of waste in M.East?

(WHO, 1995, Al-Yousfi, 2003,METAP, 2004)

Different waste classifications: overlap possible

http://www.grida.no/publications/vg/waste/page/2853.aspx

5
 10/20/2018

Types of MSW based on composition

• Food wastes
• Paper
• Plastic
• Rags
• Metal
• Glass

Waste Generated by Industries

Large quantity generators:

> 1000kg /month
eg pharmaceutical companies

Medium quantity generators:

100 - 1000kg/month
eg laboratories, printers

Small quantity generators:

<100kg/month
eg dental surgeries,
photographic processors

6
 10/20/2018

We already discussed briefly why it is so important to know how much

waste is produced in your area.
Here a summary of the most important points:

1. To design an adequate waste collection system, suitable for the

different areas in your city, flexible within the ranges of your waste
generation production predicted for the future
2. To predict the lifetime of your sanitary landfill
3. To evaluate the need for transfer stations
4. To be able to determine a budget and make a good estimate of
taxes
5. To predict the generation of hazardous waste and help design
adequate management and infrastructure

How to determine waste generation?

We know now that we have to determine the generation of waste

for our areas, with a reasonable accuracy. Which kinds of methods
are available to us?

Generally, we can distinguish 2 methods:

1. the material flows approach
2. the ‘output method’
(McCauley-Bell et al., 1997).

7
 10/20/2018

Material Flows Approach

The material flows approach considers the production and expected

lifecycles of products and, from these, estimates the waste stream
percentages (by weight) within the various categories of waste. This
approach considers waste as the end result of a production lifecycle.

An advantage of the material flows approach is the broad geographical scope

for which the solid waste stream can be estimated. Yet, critics of this method
include its focus on product categories, and not on waste stream
categories.

Another problem with the material flows method is that it excludes some
waste components because they do not originate from a product sector (e.g.,
yard waste). The general consensus is that the material flows approach is
more applicable for large geographical areas, e.g., a country-wide basis,
rather than local studies.

Output Method

The ‘output method’ for estimating the composition of the solid waste
stream generally occurs at a disposal site and involves the sampling,
sorting, and weighing of individual categories of the waste stream.
(Tchobanoglous et al., 1993). Following the sampling, sorting, and weighing
procedures, statistical analyses are performed on the data.

Pro’s
Provides unique information to local
planning regarding waste collection,
recycling, treatment, and disposal
You can ask for an identification of
those kinds of materials that are of
value (or difficulty) for you.
Con’s
Expensive! The costs limit the types of
waste that can be identified (15–80
waste sorts
costs US$11,000-US$26,000)
High variability, due to demographic
issues, seasonality, irregular events, etc
Not such a clean job..

8
 10/20/2018

Alternative Methods

MSc Students from IHE performed data collection with interviews. They
handed out questionnaires among inhabitants of the areas they were
interested in. They personally collected the questionnaires from the
households so they could provide help when desired. This is of course only
possible when you are targeting a small area.

An example of a questionnaire is given under the Extra Materials.

Factors Influencing MSW production

Factors that can be of influence on the production are mainly socio-

economic factors.

Population Infant Mortality Rate

Population Density
Population Age Structure
(0-14 yrs/15-59/60 and up)
Average Household Size
Overnight Stays
Sectoral Employment
(Agricultural/ Industry/
Services)
Life expectancy at birth

Gross Domestic Product Unemployment rate

9
 10/20/2018

Infant mortality rate

In a study in major European cities, infant mortality rate showed

to be a more significant indicator than the commonly used

gross domestic product or any of the other mentioned urban

indicators. This is mainly due to the fact that the (usually available)

mean urban gross domestic product is a less meaningful indicator

of the social standard than the infant mortality rate as it does not
reflect the social and economic inequality. Exactly this inequality is
important for MSW generation.

P. Beigl, G. Wassermann, F. Schneider and S. Salhofer, 2004

Prosperity Levels
Prosperity levels are however still a good indicator, not only for
quantities but also type of waste:

P. Beigl, G. Wassermann, F. Schneider and S. Salhofer,

2004

10
 10/20/2018

Waste from industrialized countries

Characteristics: high content of packaging material: paper, plastic,

glass and metal
Moisture Content: Low
Density: Low

Waste from economically developing countries

Characteristics: large amounts of inerts such as sand, ash, dust

and stones and high moisture levels because of the high usage of
fresh fruit and vegetables.
Moisture Content: High
N.b.: high density waste is
Density: High
not suited for compaction

Continent
From this study
carried out by UNEP it
shows that the region
you live in also has an
effect on the type of
MSW you produce

You and your trashbin: its guilty secret

http://www.grida.no/publications/vg/waste/page/2862.aspx

11
 10/20/2018

Continent

You and your trashbin: its guilty

secret
http://www.grida.no/publications/vg/
waste/page/2862.aspx

Hazardous Health-care Waste Generation:

also influenced by income and area
• High income countries: 0.4 - 5.5 kg/capita/year
• Middle income countries: 0.3 - 0.4

kg/hospital bed/day
North America 7 – 10
Western Europe, high income 3–6
Latin America 3
Eastern Asia, high income 2.5 – 4
Eastern Asia, lower income 1.8 – 2.2
Eastern Europe 1.4 – 2

12
 10/20/2018

Estimated Quantities of Hazardous Wastes

(‘000 tonnes per year - as reported by Parties to the Basel Convention
1998)
Selected countries
Indonesia 17
Latvia 80
Denmark 281 21 (kg/c/y) More than 400
Greece 287
Slovakia 1,400
million tonnes
Thailand 1,600 of hazardous
The Netherlands 2,926 200 (kg/c/y) wastes are
Czech Republic 3,917 130 (kg/c/y) generated
UK 1,846 32 (kg/c/y) worldwide
Morocco 6,543
China 9,896
each year
Source: UNEP Geo 2000
Uzbekistan 26,442
Russian Federation 107,060

Relative composition of
hazardous waste types by region

Source: INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANISATION Global waste survey, final report 1885

13
 10/20/2018

References

•http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/Environme
ntal_sanit/MHCWHanbook.htm
•Safe management of wastes from health-care activities,
edited by A. Prüss, E. Giroult and P. Rushbrook.
Geneva, WHO, 1999.
•http://www.healthcarewaste.org/linked/onlinedocs/HCW
M_NAP(3).pdf
•http://www.healthcarewaste.org/linked/onlinedocs/HCW
_practicalInfo1.pdf

14
Source Reduction, Product
Recovery and Recycling
Waste Management: Bigger picture
Why waste is produced in the first place?
How we produce them
?
Reagents
A + B C
What about other products and
unused reagents?
?
Reagents
A + B C + D +…
Process/Activity
Definition of Waste

PROCESS/
INPUTS OUTPUTS
ACTIVITY

WASTE
Anything which doesn’t make it to the final
product or service is WASTE

90 % of raw materials are wasted in production

 Green Chemistry
A Step Change in Thinking
Yield replaced by Atom Economy (Trost)

RMM of Desired Products

% AE = 100 x
RMM of All Reactants

Efficiency is considered on a
molecular level…

How Green is my Reaction?

 CO2H

Ibuprofen

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory (NSAI) drug

Pain killer
Headaches
10 million Kilos Annual Production
Original Synthesis (1960’s)
Boots Chemical Co. Nottingham.

O
O CHCO2C2H5

(CH3CO)2O ClCH2CO2C2H5
AlCl3 NaOC2H5

CHO HC NOH

H+ H2NOH
H2O

CO2H CN

2 H2O

Ibuprofen
6 Steps
40 % Atom Efficient
 Problems
In terms of Atom Efficiency - Reaction is Very Poor
40 % AE

Stoichiometric quantities of reagents 60 % Waste!

For every 3 Kilos of Product, 3.5 Kilos of Waste!

Under Patent & FDA regulation for nearly 20 years

Millions of Kilos of Waste

Modified Synthesis (1980’s)
HBC Company

(CH3CO2)O H2
HF catalyst

OH CO2H

CO, Pd

Ibuprofen

3 Steps
77 % Atom Efficient
 Advantages
Reduction in number of steps from 6 to 3

Improvement in terms of Atom Efficiency - 77 % AE

(increases to 99 % when Acetic Acid is collected)

Catalytic reactions replace stoichiometric ones

All Catalysts are recovered and re-used

Presidential Green Chemistry Award 1997

Waste Hierarchy

Describes waste treatment techniques in terms of sustainability

–Sustainability
“The development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs”
– Bruntland Commision
Sustainability – Bigger Picture

Sustainability is by nature a multi-

disciplinary endeavor

Engineering

Sciences

International Public Health

Programs Public Policy
Waste Hierarchy

Reduce

Reuse

Recycle / Compost

Energy Recovery

Disposal
Waste Hierarchy
Current Waste Practice

REDUCE

REUSE

RECYCLE

RECOVER

DISPOSE
REDUCE
 Reduction
THE PREVENTION OR AVOIDANCE OF WASTE

How? – Reduce waste

Examples
• Reduce bought packaging
• Take care when using raw materials -
DON’T WASTE THEM
• Increase process efficiency

REDUCE
REUSE
RECYCLE
RECOVER
DISPOSE
Water - a resource?

 It is estimated that 1 to 2 billion

people currently lack access to
clean water.

 Less than one percent of the

world’s freshwater is readily
accessible and located in the lakes,
rivers and streams that cross our
continents.
 Water - a resource?

6 tons of water per ton of steel

(US & Europe); 20-60 tons of
water per ton of steel in China

225 tons of water per ton of

paper (US, Europe); 450
tons of water per ton of paper
(China)
Water - a resource?

Approximately 32 litres of water

to produce a 2-gram microchip; a
microchip manufacturing plant
can easily use five million litres of
water per day.

16000 tons of water per ton of chips!

Water Requirement for
different commodities

[Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]

Water Use

(V.P. Singh, 2012)

Food Loss and Waste

FAO (2011)
 Make up of Total Food Waste in
Developed and Developing Countries

SEI (2011)
REUSE
Reuse

‘reuse’ - any operation by which waste, or its components

thereof, are used for the same purpose for which they
were conceived. Includes the continued use of the
equipment, or components thereof, which are returned to
collection points, distributors, recyclers or manufacturers.
Reuse

How? – Identify materials for reuse

Examples

• Reuse packaging
• Use both sides of paper
• Reuse plastic containers (bottles)
• Send containers back for refilling
• Reclaim solvents for reuse
Currently around 37% of industrial and
commercial wastes are reused or recycled per
annum REDUCE
REUSE
RECYCLE
RECOVER
DISPOSE
RECYCLING
Recycling

Recycling is defined as any reprocessing of material

in a production process that diverts it from the
waste stream, except reuse as fuel.
Both reprocessing as the same type of product, and
for different purposes should be included.
Recycle

How? – Identify materials for recycling

Key issues

• Segregate wastes for better recycling

• Identify markets for recyclable materials
• Educate workforce recycling
• Change process to use recycled materials
• Prevent contamination of recyclables

REDUCE
REUSE
RECYCLE
RECOVER
DISPOSE
 Generic types of Recycling
Classification
Primary or Closed-loop Recycling Pre-consumer
20 to 90 percent reduction in virgin material
Secondary or Open-loop Recycling Post-consumer
25 percent at the most
 Recovery

Recovery is defined as any waste management operation

that diverts a waste material from the waste stream that
results in an additional product with an economic or
ecological benefit.

Recovery mainly refers to the following operations:

- material recovery, i.e. recycling;
- energy recovery, i.e. re-use a fuel;
- biological recovery, e.g. composting;
- re-use.
Direct recycling or reuse within industrial plants at the place of
generation is excluded
 Recovery
Energy or Heat

Examples
• Recover materials for use in house
• Waste materials can no longer be
burnt, specialist contractors may recover
energy from your waste
e.g. waste oils
• Educate workforce in recovery
• Segregate for easy recovery

Currently 6% of wastes are REDUCE

recovered per annum REUSE
RECYCLE
RECOVER
DISPOSE
Disposal

Disposal is defined as any waste management operation serving or

carrying out the final treatment and disposal of waste.

It covers the following operations:

•Incineration without energy recovery (on land; at sea)
•Biological, physical, chemical treatment.
•Deposit into or onto land (e.g. landfill)
•Deep injection
•Surface impoundment
•Release into water bodies
•Permanent storage
 Waste Disposal Routes and Options

WASTE
PRODUCER

BROKER

CARRIER

MATERIALS
RECOVERY
FACILITY (MRF) /
TRANSFER
STATION

INCINERATION
TREATMENT

LANDFILL
 Waste disposal

Situation
è Disposal is mostly uncontrolled unorganized
with high impact to the environment.
è Priority on disposal is lacking (out of sight
out of mind)
è If standards are set, they are mostly based
on standards from high-income countries
which can not be met and enforced in the
local context
è No acceptance of disposal sites by public
(NIMBY)
è Rapid urbanization and lacking land use
planning makes it difficult to find new sites
in a viable distance
Waste disposal

will to change NIMTO

siting

human
resources finances

design operation

standards
legislation
How much we really recycle?
Current Waste Practice

REDUCE

REUSE

RECYCLE

RECOVER

DISPOSE
A Sustainable Solution

REDUCE

REUSE

RECYCLE

RECOVER

DISPOSE
What Happens to Waste in GCC and Oman?

What is the status of this Pyramid in

Sultanate of Oman?

Time to think!
Source Reduction, Product
Recovery and Recycling
Practice aspects
Source reduction-Purposes
• Product reuse
• Material volume reduction
• Toxicity reduction
• Increased product life time
• Decreased consumption
Recycling
• Most widely recognized form of source reduction ultimately using a
material that would have otherwise been discarded.
• Similar to other forms of Source reduction
- lessens reliance on landfills and incinerators
- protects human health and environment by removing harmful
substances from waste stream
- conserve natural resources by reducing the demand for raw materials
Significance of recycling
• Economic significance
• Environmental and health significance
• Social significance
Recycling program elements
• They are designed according to the needs and priorities of the
communities
• Includes
1. Source separation
2. Curbside collection
3. Material recover facilities
4. Full stream processing
Sources separation
• Requires several designated materials be separated in to their own
specific containers
• Mandated or Voluntary
Drop off / Buy back
Curbside programme
• Source separated recycles are collected separately
• Includes
- Storage and collection of recyclables
- Collection vehicles for recycling
- Processing equipment for recycling
Storage and collection of recyclables
• Needs more careful planning the regular trash collection
• Some principles of sound recyclables storage and collection are
- Resident convenience
- Collection crew convenience
- Cost effectiveness
- Integrity of materials
Material recovery facilities (MRF)
• ‘murf’ is a centralized facility that receives, separates, process and markets
recyclable material
• Can be operated with drop off and curbside program
• Handle all kind of recyclable
• Implementing of MRF in a municipality depends upon number of factors
- Market demand
- Separate collection
- Number of different recyclables
- Quantities of materials
Looks like…
Full stream processing
• High technology separation technique, which process all components
of municipal waste
• Material recovered tend to be of lower quality
• Needs cleaning to improve quality (costly)
• Remains attractive
1.Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) preparation
2.Municipal waste composting
3.Material recovery