CONTINUATION’

10.RENE DESCARTES-famous for rejecting or questioning established ideas ,and he even went as far as
doubting his own ideas.
11.KARL JASPERS-believed that the man is always confronted by experiences and challenges.
12.POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY-studies governments and deals with questions of justice power and the
rights and obligation s of citizens
13.AESTHETICS-philosophy which deals with beauty and what makes beautiful.
14,LOGIC-is the branch of philosophy which deals with correct reasoning.
15.EPISTIMOLOGY-discusses the nature of knowledge and knowing.
16.ETHICS-Is the branch of Philosophy with deals with moral questions and delimmas.
17.METAPHYSICS-is a branch of philosophy which deals with questions regarding reality and existence.
18.PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON—is an area in philosophy that understands the human person
from a philosophical perspective.

LESSON II-METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING

In todays’s society ,we encounter a lot of information from various sources such as the media and our
interactions with friends family ,and members of the community.Most of the information we receive is
helpful ,but some may mislead us or many even be utterly false.
Example:News on the internet,social media sites ofen relies on sensational headlines which often
twist and distort the truth.
However the concept of truth remains highly debated and much discussed topic among philosophers
that considers truth as kind of quality and values.
Example: when we answer a TRUE OR FALSE we judge if the statements we read are true or false.
Staements about the world or reality are called Prepositions.
This is one perspective on truth-that a belief is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of
one’s senses.
How can philosophy help us determine if it is true.
I am a Filipino
Systematic doubt: Am II a Filipino?
Facts to guide uas in research:
1. a native of Philippine islands,.
2. A citizen of the Republic of the Philkippines
3.The tagalog based of the Republic of the Philippines
ARGUMENTS-often take the form of statements that are either claims of facts and are phrased in such a
that they seem reasonable.
Example: FALLACY
Fallacy Characteristics example
Ad hominem Attacking the “ofcourse that the
personpresenting the government is flawed
arguments- instead of ,he is a rebel and a
the arguments itself communist
Appeal to emotion Using emotions such as All these charges are
pity or sympathy baseless this is just
plain harassment-can
you see this is
 affecting family

Example: Common Biases

Bias Charcteristics Example
Correspondence bias or Tendency to judge a ‘These soldiers who
attribution effect person’s personality by fought in the war are
his or her actions all bloodthirsty
without regard for murderers
external factors or
influences

Conflict of interest A person or group “ as the daughter of

connected to or has a the accused ,I believe
vested interest in issue I have the rigt to
being discussed express my opinion on
the issue of his alleged
corrupt practices

*
HOW CAN AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRUTH AND OPINION LEAD US TO
WISDOM

Philosophy can help us determine ideas that are truthful and acceptable ,which we can use to form
Our own views regarding certain matters.
Examples : news on the television and radio about the rescent killings of drug pushers and addicts
throughout the country in analysing the opinion of entire citizenry.
LESSON 3. THE HUMAN PERSON AS AN EMBODIED SPIRIT.
What is human person ?
The most basic definition of a human person being relates to the nature of humans as
animals.Philosphers however ,believe that the human being is not just a mere animal.Human individual
that sets him or her apart from other beings .
The first trait that defines a person is self awareness . that refers to the person having clear perception
of oneself,including his or her thoughts,emotions, identityand actions.
I am a person
A am alive
I exist
I am here .I am present Has dignity
I’m living at this very moment

PERSON
Is able to
reach out and
Has
interact with
awareness
others
oneself

*HOW ARE BODY AND SPIRIT RELATED

Has self determination
Philosophers consider the human person as defined by the union of the body and the spirit.not only by
the union of the body and spirit are united ,but also integrated with each other.The human body stands
as the mediator of the material world and the spiritual world .
LESSON 4. THE HUMAN PWERSON IN THE ENVIRONMENT
Statement regarding its stae are true for you and your community?
It is hotter now than it usually during the summer months
Typhoons are stronger and there is more rain during the rainy season
We experience more flooding in our community
We evacuate our homes more frequently due to natural calamities
Our community is now dirtier and more disorderly compared to the past few years
MAJOR VIEWS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMANITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT
1.ANTHROPOCENTRISM- focuses on the significant role of humankind in the world and considers as the
means by which humans are able to meet their needs and survive.
2 BIOCENTRISM-believes that the human are not only the significant species on the planet,and all
other organisms have inheret value and should be protected.
3.ECOCENTRISM-places great value on ecosystem and biological communities.
4.ENVIRONMENTAL AESTHETICS-is one philosophical view that believes maintaining order in the
environment will bringout the natural beauty of the sorroundings.
On ther hand ,It cannot be denied that disorder exist in our environment.Disorders can be brought
about by sudden changes in nature.
*Natural Calamities*Examples:Typhoons,earthqukes,volcanic eruptions,and landslides bring about
destruction in our surroundings.
HUMAN ACTIVITIES CAN ALSO BRING ABOUT DISORDER IN OUR ENVIRONMENT.
Environmental problems Examples.Pollution,environmental degradation,depletion of natural
resources,global warming and climate change.
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS emerged in 1970
1. All non human elements of the world ,including animals and natural resources,have intrinsic value
and should be preserved.
2.The preservation of the environment will benefit humans by providing for the needs of present and
future generation
3.Humankind has responsibility to safeguard the planet as steward of creation.

ENVIRONMENTAL INTEGRITY-is refers to maintaining the state of the environment

ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY-refers to the prudence in decision making regarding the use of resources to
ensure that there is minimum to zero waste.
EQUITY-demands that we use our natural resources in swuch a manner that these are conserved so
that the next generation will be able to use them.
PRUDENCE-is the ability to regulate ones actions and behaviour.
FRUGALITY-is being thrifty with the use of ones resources.