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Course Antenna Engineering Wir Aopert Micro Strip 01
Course Antenna Engineering Wir Aopert Micro Strip 01
• Wire Antennas
• Aperture Antennas
• Microstrip Antennas
⎛ kL ⎞ ⎛ kL ⎞
leads to the far-zone − jkr cos ⎜ cos θ ⎟ − cos ⎜ ⎟
electric field: Eθ jη
e
Im ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
2π r sin θ
for L = λ/2:
⎛π ⎞
cos ⎜ cos θ ⎟
F (θ ) = ⎝2 ⎠
sin θ
Course Antenna Engineering
Dirk Heberling Source: W.L. Stutzman, G.A. Thiele: Antenna Theory and Design, Wiley, New York, 1981 8
Straight Wire Dipole
farfield pattern 2
for L = λ:
cos (π cos θ ) + 1
F (θ ) =
2sin θ
for L = 3λ/2:
⎛ 3π ⎞
cos ⎜ cos θ ⎟
F (θ ) = 0.7148 ⎝ 2 ⎠
sin θ
2 Pr
Rr = 2 for L = λ/2: Rr = 73Ω
Im
Course Antenna Engineering
Dirk Heberling 11
Straight Wire Dipole
Input impedance 2
Input resistance
Length L
Rin (Ω)
Approximations for 0<L<λ/4 20π2(L/λ)2
the input impedance: λ/4<L< λ/2 24.7(π L/λ)2.4
λ/2<L< 0.637λ 11.14(π L/λ)4.1713
Course Antenna Engineering
Dirk Heberling Source: C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory, 2nd Ed. Wiley, New York, 1997
Straight Wire Dipole, shortening by thick wires
Resonant
L/2a Shortening
length L
5000 0.49λ 2%
50 0.475λ 5%
0.455λ
Course Antenna Engineering Source: W.L. Stutzman, G.A. Thiele: Antenna
Dirk Heberling Theory and Design, Wiley, New York, 1981 10 9% 14
Folded Dipole Antenna 1
Transmission Antenna
line mode mode
Important point:
• Good matching not
always necessary
• High voltages can arise
on the feeding line with
high power applications
Course Antenna Engineering
Dirk Heberling 18
Antenna Matching 2
Change of input impedance: Off-centre feeding of
a full wave dipole
⎡ ⎛L ⎞⎤
I in = I m sin ⎢ β ⎜ − zin ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝2 ⎠⎦
I m2
Rin = 2 Rrm
I in
Course Antenna Engineering
Dirk Heberling Source: W.L. Stutzman, G.A. Thiele: Antenna Theory and Design, Wiley, New York, 1981 19
Antenna Matching 3
The T-Match
for l' λ /4
Z in (1 + α ) Z a
2
Z in 4 Z a
balanced currents I1 = I2
Example:
Cross section of a coaxial
transmission line feeding a
unbalanced currents I1 > I2 dipole at its centre
Course Antenna Engineering
Dirk Heberling Source: W.L. Stutzman, G.A. Thiele: Antenna Theory and Design, Wiley, New York, 1981 21
The Balun
BALanced to UNbalanced Coax-fed
dipole
Sleeve
balun-fed
dipole
Cross section of a sleeve balun
Split
coax Equivalent
balun circuit
Course Antenna Engineering
Dirk Heberling Source: W.L. Stutzman, G.A. Thiele: Antenna Theory and Design, Wiley, New York, 1981 22
Wire antennas above imperfect ground
IL e − jkr
Eθ = jωμ sin θ ( e jkh cosθ + ΓV e − jkh cosθ ) and ε ′ = ε r − j
σ
4π r ωε o
typical: ε r = 15
with Γ = ε r′ cosθ − ε ′ − sin 2 θ
V
ε ′ cosθ + ε ′ − sin θ 2 σ = 10−3 − 3 ⋅ 10−2 1
Ωm 2
Course Antenna Engineeringr
Dirk Heberling Source: W.L. Stutzman, G.A. Thiele: Antenna Theory and Design, Wiley, New York, 1981 23
Loop Antennas
⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎛ kS ⎞
2 2
The radiation resistance ⎛ S ⎞
Rr = η ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 31,171⎜ 2 ⎟
of a small loop is ⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ λ ⎠ ⎝λ ⎠
2
⎛ S ⎞
Several turns of number n Rr 31,171 ⎜ n 2 ⎟
⎝ λ ⎠
2
Introduction of a ferrite core ⎛ S ⎞
Rr 31,171 ⎜ n μeff 2 ⎟
of effective permeability μeff ⎝ λ ⎠
λ
I1 = I 2 = − xˆ I 0 cos ( kx ′) x′ ≤
8
λ
I 4 = − I 3 = yˆ I 0 sin ( ky ′) y′ ≤
8
Course Antenna Engineering
Dirk Heberling 25
Square Loop Antennas 2
xz-plane
xy-plane
Rr = radiation resistance
RL = loss resistance of loop conductor
Z in = Rin + jX in = ( Rr + RL ) + j ( X A + X i )
XA = external inductive reactance = ω LA
Xi = internal high-frequency reactance = ω Li
E-plane
H-plane E-plane
Course Antenna Engineering
Dirk Heberling Source: W.L. Stutzman, G.A. Thiele: Antenna Theory and Design, Wiley, New York, 1981 35
Broadband Antennas 1
An antenna with wide bandwidth is referred to as a
Broadband antenna
The term „broadband“ is a relative measure of the
bandwidth and varies with the circumstances
• Broadband antennas
– Helical antennas
– Biconical antennas
– Discone monopole
for NL0 λ Eθ 2S λ
AR = = 2 2
Farfield consists of dipole Eφ π D
field ED and loop field EL
Course Antenna Engineering Circular polarization for C = 2 S λ
Dirk Heberling Source: C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory, 2nd Ed. Wiley, New York, 1997 39
Helical Antennas, Axial Mode
with:
- Circumference in 3 C 4
< <
the range of 4 λ 3 Left-hand sensed helix
λ
- Spacing about S
4
- Pitch angle usually 12° ≤ α ≤ 14°
Course Antenna Engineering Right-hand sensed helix
Dirk Heberling Source: C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory, 2nd Ed. Wiley, New York, 1997 40
Log-Periodic Dipole Array (LPDA)
A log-periodic antenna is an antenna having a structural geometry such
that its impedance and radiation characteristics repeat periodically as the
logarithm of frequency
Construction details of
the LPDA
Course Antenna Engineering
Dirk Heberling Source: W.L. Stutzman, G.A. Thiele: Antenna Theory and Design, Wiley, New York, 1981 41
Log-Periodic Dipole Array 2
A wedge of enclosed angle α bounds the dipole lengths!
L1 Ln Ln +1 LN
with ="= = "=
R1 Rn Rn +1 RN
Rn +1 Ln +1
the scale factor τ is given by: τ= = <1
Rn Ln
dn
and the spacing factor σ is defined as: σ=
2 Ln
Loop Antenna
Sleeve-Dipole
Inverted-F Antenna
Helical Antenna
Current distribution
Principle of a sleeve dipole
on a cellular phone
Course Antenna Engineering
Dirk Heberling 53
Antennas for Mobiles
the helical antenna
λ/4-Monopole
-Monopol
InvertedL-Antenne
InvertedL-Antenna
Examples of
Inverted-F Antennas
InvertedF-Antenne (IFA)
InvertedF-Antenna
PlanareInvertedF-Anenne(PIFA)
Planar InvertedF-Antenna (PIFA)
a) Introduction of an inductance
b) Surrounding by dielectric or magnetic materials
c) Introduction of a capacitance
Course Antenna Engineering
Dirk Heberling 56
Antennas for Mobiles, an Example 1
CONCEPT-Model of a CONCEPT-Model
cellular phone with an
Z
of a cellular phone at
Y
helical antenna
X the user
Z
Y
Z
Z Y
Y
X
X
L Overall efficiency
Z
Y Z
Y
X
X
Z
Z
Y Y
X X
y
Handy,
Mobilefreistehend
Phone, without user
φ=90° Handy
Mobilemit EID am
Phone, Benutzer
with EID and user
Handy
Mobilemit Helixwith
Phone, am Benutzer
helix and user
y 90
2
dB
135 -2 45
φ=180° φ=0°
x
-6
φ in °
-10
φ=270°
-14 -10 -6 -2 2
180 0
x
Measurement Situation
225 315
Measured horizontal
270
Ö Integrated Antennas
Ö Dualband- and Multiband-Antennas
Ö Antenna Interaction
GSM
1800
DCS
dB
-5
S11
-15
free space
talking position
Double Helical Antenna
-20
0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 GHz 2
f