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Laws of motion

1 Explain the modes of vibration of an air column in an open pipe.

Answer: For an open organ pipe both the ends are open and air is free to move, so that the antinodes will be
formed at both the ends.
AN AN In the first mode of vibration, the air column vibrates with two
antinodes and one node as shown in figure.
N So, length of the pipe, L = 2λ1
i.e, λ1 = 2L
4
V V
Hence the frequency of vibrations, n1 = λ1
= 2L
,
velocity
(since frequency = wavelength
)
L= 2 λ41 = λ1
2 where n1 is called fundamental frequency or first harmonic.
AN AN AN In the second mode of vibration, the air column vibrates with three

N N antinodes and two node as shown in figure.

4λ2
So, length of the pipe, L = 4
i.e, λ2 = L
V V 2V
Hence the frequency of vibrations, n2 = λ2
= L
or n2 = 2L
= 2n1
L= 4 λ42 = λ2 where n2 is called second harmonic or first overtone.

In the third mode of vibration, the air column vibrates with four
AN AN AN AN antinodes and three node as shown in figure.
6λ3 2L
N N N So, length of the pipe, L = 4
i.e, λ3 = 3
V V 3V
Hence the frequency of vibrations, n3 = λ3
= 2L/3
= 2L
or
n3 = 3n1
L = 6 λ43 = 3 λ23 where n3 is called third harmonic or second overtone.

Hence for an open pipe harmonics are in the ratio n1 : n2 : n3 : ........... = 1 : 2 : 3 : ...........

AN

λ1
L= 4

AN AN

N
N

L = 3 λ42

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 AN AN AN

N N
N

L = 5 λ43
AN
N N

L = 2 λ41 = λ1
2

AN AN
N
N N

L = 4 λ42 = λ2
AN AN AN
N N
N N

L = 6 λ43 = 3 λ23
EA sin θ E
A

θ
P EA cos θ + EB cos θ

EB

EB sin θ
√ r2 +
a2
+

r
r2
√

a
2

θ
+q −q
A o B
a a
O P P0
Q ∞
r dx
x
P
r1

r2
r
sθ
a co

−q a θ a +q
A θ O B
sθ
a co

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 P

r1

r2
r
sθ
a co

−q a θ a +q
A θ O B
sθ
a co

C1 C2 C3
Q Q Q Q C

V1 V2 V3 ∼
=
V V
Q1 V
C1
Q2 V Q C
C2
Q3 V
∼
=
C3

V V

i1 B i2
R1 R2
ig
i1 i2
i A C i
G

i3 i4
ig
i R3 R4 i
i3 D i4
ε

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 i5
i2
i1
O
i3
i6 i4

Vs
Observer
Source

λ λ0

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