Author Guidelines: Standard Reference Text

Harvard
References
References follow the Harvard style, i.e. the author, date system. In the text give the author’s
name followed by the year in parentheses: Smith (2000). If several papers by the same
authors and from the same year are cited, a,b,c etc should be inserted after the year of
publication. In the reference list, references should be listed in alphabetical order. Reference
to unpublished data and personal communications should not appear in the list but should
be cited in the text only (e.g. Smith A, 2000, unpublished data).
Submissions are not required to reflect the precise reference formatting of the journal (use of
italics, bold etc.), however it is important that all key elements of each reference are included.
Please see below for examples of reference content requirements.
Reference examples follow:
Journal Article
Benjamin van Rooij B, Stern RE and Fürst K. The authoritarian logic of regulatory pluralism:
Understanding China's new environmental actors. Regulation & Governance 10: 3-13.
https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12074
Book
Fujita M, Krugman P, Venables AJ (2001) The Spatial Economy: Cities, Regions, and
International Trade. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
Electronic material
Cancer-Pain.org [homepage on the internet]. New York: Association of Cancer Online
Resources, Inc.; c2000–01 [Cited 2015 May 11]. Available from: http://www.cancer-pain.org/.

Vancouver

References
All references should be numbered consecutively in order of appearance and should be as
complete as possible. In-text citations should be superscript numbers. Journal titles are
abbreviated; abbreviations may be found in the following: MEDLINE, Index Medicus, or
CalTech Library
Submissions are not required to reflect the precise reference formatting of the journal (use of
italics, bold etc.), however it is important that all key elements of each reference are included.
Please see below for examples of reference content requirements.
For more information about this reference style, please see this guide published by Monash
University.
Reference examples follow:

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Journal article
1. Wood WG, Eckert GP, Igbavboa U, Muller WE. Statins and neuroprotection: a
prescription to move the field forward. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1199:69-76.
Book
2. Hoppert, M. Microscopic techniques in biotechnology. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2003.
Electronic Material
3. Cancer-Pain.org [homepage on the internet]. New York: Association of Cancer Online
Resources, Inc.; c2000–01 [Cited 2015 May 11]. Available from: http://www.cancer-
pain.org/.

Wiley Chemistry-Material Sciences

References
All references should be numbered consecutively in order of appearance. In-text citations
should be superscript numbers in square brackets.
For more information about this reference style, please see the Materials Science Journals
House Style Guide.
Reference examples follow:
Journal article
[1] S. Matosevic, B.M. Paegel, Nat. Chem. 2013, 5, 958.
Book
[2] R. McWeeny, Coulson’s Valence, 3rd ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1979.
Website
[3] Advanced Materials homepage, http://www.advmat.de (accessed: July 2007).

AMA – American Medical Association

References
All references should be numbered consecutively in order of appearance and should be as
complete as possible. In-text citations should cite references in consecutive order using
Arabic superscript numerals.
For more information about this reference style, please see the AMA Manual of Style.
Reference examples follow:
Journal article
1. King VM, Armstrong DM, Apps R, Trott JR. Numerical aspects of pontine, lateral reticular,
and inferior olivary projections to two paravermal cortical zones of the cat cerebellum. J
Comp Neurol 1998;390:537-551.
Book
2. Voet D, Voet JG. Biochemistry. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1990. 1223 p.

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Please note that journal title abbreviations should conform to the practices of Chemical
Abstracts.
Internet Document
9. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2003.
http://www.cancer.org/downloads/STT/CAFF2003PWSecured.pdf. Accessed March 3, 2003.

AMS – American Mathematical Society

References
List references in alphabetical order by the lead author's last name. In-text citations should
use the # sign in brackets to represents the order that the citation is mentioned in the text of
the paper. For example, [5] would indicate that this is the fifth citation found in the text.
For more information about this reference style, please refer to the AMS Author Handbook.
Reference examples follow:
Journal article
1. S. Dostoglou, S.: On the asymptotics of the finite energy solutions of the Yang-Mills-Higgs
equations, Journal of Mathematical Physics, 31(1990), 2490-2496.
Book
2. N. Lesmoir-Gordon, M, Frame, B. Mandelbrot, N. Neger, Mandelbrot's World of Fractals,
Key Curriculum Press, 2005.
URL address
3. Babenko, M. Katz, and A. Sucui, Volumes, middle-dimensional systoles, and Whitehead
products, available at http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/dg-ga/9707016, preprint.

APA – American Psychological Association

References
References should be prepared according to the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (6th edition). This means in-text citations should follow the author-
date method whereby the author's last name and the year of publication for the source
should appear in the text, for example, (Jones, 1998). The complete reference list should
appear alphabetically by name at the end of the paper. Please note that for journal articles,
issue numbers are not included unless each issue in the volume begins with page 1, and a
DOI should be provided for all references where available.
For more information about APA referencing style, please refer to the APA FAQ.
Reference examples follow:
Journal article
Beers, S. R. , & De Bellis, M. D. (2002). Neuropsychological function in children with
maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 159,
483–486. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.483

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Book
Bradley-Johnson, S. (1994). Psychoeducational assessment of students who are visually
impaired or blind: Infancy through high school (2nd ed.). Austin, TX: Pro-ed.
Internet Document
Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a light switch [Video file].
Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vja83KLQXZs

OSCOLA (used for legal citations)

Citations
OSCOLA is a ‘footnote style’, so all citations appear in footnotes. OSCOLA does not use
endnotes or in-text citations, such as ‘(Brown, 2007)’. Longer works, such as books and
theses, also include citations in tables of cases and legislation, and bibliographies.
When citing any source, either directly (as a quotation) or indirectly (by paraphrasing or
referring to ideas in a source), cite the reference in a footnote, in the style indicated in
OSCOLA.
Indicate footnotes with a superscript number which should appear after the relevant
punctuation in the text (if any). Put the footnote marker at the end of a sentence, unless for
the sake of clarity it is necessary to put it directly after the word or phrase to which it relates.
If the word or phrase to which the footnote marker relates is in brackets, put the marker
before the closing bracket. A quotation need not be footnoted separately from the name of
the source from which it is derived if the two appear in the same sentence. Otherwise,
separate notes should be used.
Close footnotes with a full stop (or question or exclamation mark). Where more than one
citation is given in a single footnote reference, separate them with semi-colons.
Full details about how to cite and style in OSCOLA can be found here - OSCOLA (Oxford
University Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities - 4th Edition)
Sample references follow:
Citing cases
It is well represented in the case law, perhaps most notably in the expression of the no-
conflict rule advocated by Lord Upjohn in Phipps v Boardman,31
The relevant footnotes would appear as follows:
31
[1967] 2 AC 46 (HL).
Citing legislation
A citation in a footnote is not required when citing legislation if all the information the
reader needs about the source is provided in the text, as in the following sentence:
This case highlights the far-reaching judicial role ushered in by the Human Rights
Act 1998.
Where the text does not include the name of the Act or the relevant section, this information
should be provided in a footnote.

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 British courts must only consider Strasbourg jurisprudence: they are not bound by
it.1
The relevant footnotes would appear as follows:
1
Human Rights Act 1998, s 2.
Citing secondary sources
If relying on or referring to a secondary source, such as a book or an article, provide a
citation for the work in a footnote.
Hart wrote that the doctrine of precedent is compatible with ‘two types of creative
or legislative activity’: distinguishing the earlier case by ‘narrowing the rule
extracted from the precedent’, and widening the rule by discarding ‘a restriction
found in the rule as formulated from the earlier case’.34
The relevant footnotes would appear as follows:
34
HLA Hart, The Concept of Law (2nd edn, Clarendon Press 1994) 135.
When citing more than one source of the same kind for a single proposition, put the sources
in chronological order, with the oldest first.

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