,ay;- 5 Ntshz; Nkyhz;ik

Ntshz;i k nrhy;y huha;r ;r p

Ntshz;ik vd;w nrhy; „Nts; Ms;‟ vdg; gFf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; „Nts;‟ vd;w

nrhy; gFjpr; nrhy;yhf mike;J „kz;‟ vd;w nghUisAk; „Ms;‟ vd;w nrhy;

tpFjpr; nrhy;yhf mike;J „MSjy; vd;w njhopiyAk; ikakhff; nfhz;L

mike;Js;sJ. ,r;nrhy; kz;iz MSjy; vd;w nghUisj; jUfpwJ.

Nts; = Ntshz; = Ntshz;ik vd;w tsHr;rp epiyapidAk; ,d;W fhz KbfpwJ.

nghJg;ngaHfshd ,tw;Wld; Mz;> ngz;> gyHghy; vd;w tpFjpfis ,izj;Jk;

ghFgLj;jpAk; nghUswpag; gLfpd;wd.

Ntshz;(s;) + mH + NtshsH = gd;ik

Ntshz;(s;) + md; + Ntshsd; = xUik

Ntshz;(ik) = Ntshz;ik = gz;G

„Ntshd;‟ vd;w nrhy; xU gz;G ngauhf mike;J gpd;dH njhopw; ngauhf

ngw;wij mwpaKbfpwJ.

„Ntshz;ik‟ vd;w nrhy; ,yj;jPd; nkhopapy; „`ger‟ vd;w toq;fg;gl;lJ

gpd;dH Mq;fpyj;jpy; Ntshz;ikf;F Agri vd;Wk;> mit rhHe;j nray;ghLfis

Culture vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdH. gpd; „Ntshz;ik‟ vd;gjw;F Agriculture vd;w

fiyr;nrhy;Yk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.

„Ntshz;ik‟ vd;Dk; nrhy; kpfTk; njhd;ik tha;e;j goe;jkpo;r; nrhy; MFk;.

njhy;fhg;gpaH „Ntshz;ik‟ vd;w nrhy;iy %d;W ,lq;fspy; ifahz;Ls;shH

vd;gJ Fwpgpl;ljhFk;.

188
Ntshz;i k- mwpKfk;

czT> cil> ciwtplk; Mfpa %d;wpy; Kjyplk;ngWk; czT cw;gj;jpia

ikakhff; nfhz;lnjhopy; Kiw „Ntshz;ik (Agriculture) vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

tpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahb mjd; khkprj;ijAk; fhLfspy; tpise;j goq;fisAk;

cz;L tho;e;J te;j kdpjd; Kjd;Kjyhf epyj;jpy; kz;Zf;fbapy; ,Ue;j

fpoq;fpidj; Njhz;b vLj;Jg; gad;gLj;j njhlq;fpaJ Kjy; „‟Ntshz;ik‟ vd;w

„tptrhak;‟ Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ vdyhk;.

nrhw;fs; fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; ,lj;jpw;F ,lk; khWgl;Lg; GJg;nghUs;fisAk;

jUk; jd;ik cilad ,d;W Ntshz;ik vd;Dk; nrhy; mwptpay; Kiwapy;

nra;ag;gLk; Ntshz;ikiaf; fhl;LfpwJ. Ntshz;ik vd;gJ nghUshjhu

tsHr;rpf;fhfg; gapHfisAk;> fhy;eilfisAk; nfhz;L nra;ag;gLk; njhopyhFk;.

mwptpay; Nehf;fpy; Ntshz;ik fPo;fz;l Gyq;fis cs;slf;fpajhf mike;Js;sJ.

mit>

Ntshz;ikapay; - Faculty of Agriculture

Njhl;ltpay; - Faculty of Horiculture

fhy;eilapay; - Faculty of animal Science

Ntshz; nghwpapay; - Faculty of Agriculture Engineneens

kPd;ts ,ay; - Faclty of Fishery Science

td ,ay; - Faculty of Foresty

kd ,ay; - Faculty of Home Science

fpuhkg;Gw Nkk;ghl;L ,ay; - Faculty of Rural Develeopment

189
Ntshz;i k tphpthf;f j;J iw

Ntshz;ikapaypd; cl;gphpTfs;

o kz;zpapay;
o cotpay;
o ePH El;gtpay;
o tpij El;gtpay;

Mfpad> goe;jkpoHfs; kz;zpd; epwj;ij itj;Nj mjd; tiffis

tifg;gLj;jpAs;sdH vd;gij>

,Ufsp gue;j <uk; ntz;k ziy 1

2
muf;f tphpe;j d;d nre;e pyk;
3
ik mw tpsq;f pa JtH kzy;
4
mwy;v d mtHtUk; $e;j y;

vd;w ghly; thpfspd; %yk; mwpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ.

Nky;kz; tpisr;rYf;F kl;Lky;yhky; fyq;fs; nra; aTk; ciwtplq;fs; mikf;fTk;

gpzpfs; Nghf;fTk; vd gd;Kfg; gad;ghl;by; rpwg;gplk; ngw;Ws;sJ.

gjpndz;f ; fPo ;f zf;F E}y;f spy; Ntshz; Fwpg;G fs;:

cotH vd;w nrhy; Ntshz;ik nra;Ak; khe;jHfisf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;yhfg;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. epyr;rPHjpUj;jKk;> mr;rPHjpUj;j j;ij Nkw;nfhz;ljd; gadhy;

Nkw;nfhz;ljd; gadhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. Ntshz; njhopYk; mj;njhopypy; <LgLk;

coT khLfisf; fhg;gJk; jkJ ,y;yj;jpw;F tUNthUf;F cztspg;gJk;

mtHfsJ jiyaha flikfshfj; jpfo;f pd;wd. Nkw;nrhd;d ,r;nra;jpfis>

gae;j tpisepyk; cs;S k; cotd; (ehyb: 356:1-2)

vUJilahd; Ntshsd; (ehd;k zp: 52@1)
Ntshsd; vd;g hd; tpUe;j pUf;f cz;z hjhd; (jphp12:2)
fPo;fzf;F ghlybfs; vLj;jpak;Gfpd;wd.

190
 NtshsHfSf;F Kjd;ikahdj; vopYk; jiyahaf; flikahfTk;> coTj;

njhopNy fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdr; rq;ffhyk; kw;Wk; rq;f kUtpa fhy

,yf;fpaq;fs; ,yf;fzk; tFj;Js;sd. ,jid>

cotpd;f z; fhKw;W tho;j y;

moF vd;g Ntshz; Fbf;F (jphp: 42:3-4)
vd;w ghlybfs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd.
gioad fopjYk; Gjpad GFjYk; ,ay;G vd;w $w;wpw;f;Ff; Nfw;gTk;

fhyj;jpd; Njitf;Nfw;gTk;> ghL nghUspy; khw;wq;fis ,yf;fpaq;fs; Nkw;

nfhz;ld. mt;tifapy; mfk;> Gwk;> ePjp vd;w nghUz;ikapy; gilg;Gfs;

gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

rq;f kUtpa fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs; vd

miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. gjpndz; fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fspy; fhzg;gLk; mwE}y;fshd

ehybahH> ehd;kzpf;fbif> ,d;dhehw;gJ> gonkhop> rpWgQ;r%yk;> KJnkhop

Mfpatw;wpy; MW ,lq;fspy; Ntshz;ik vd;w nrhy; gapd;W te;Js;sJ. NkYk;

,dpait ehw;gjpy; tUk; %d;whk; ghlypy;>

VUilahd; Ntshz;i kjhd; ,dpJ (,dpait.:3:3)

vdtUk; mbfSk;>

vUJnjhopy; nra;a hJ xltpLk; fld; NtshsHf;F 5

vd tUk; ghpghlypd; mbfSk; Ntshz;ik vd;w nrhy;Yf;F „gapHj;njhopy; nra;jy;‟

vd;w nghUspidj; jUjy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.

rpWgQ;r%yj;jpy; cotHfs; vd;gjw;F gpd;tUkhW tpsf;fk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.

cotpd; El;gj;ij mjhtJ Ntshz;ikia ed;F mwpe;jtNd cotd; gl;lk;

ngwj;jFjpAilatd; vd tpsf;FfpwJ ,jid>

italf;f p ehSk;e hs; VHNghw;w p

ed;G yj;J Ie;j lf;f p ehSnkhNkh Nghw;w pg; ; (rpW. %:58:1)

191
vd;w ghly; coTj;njhopy; ed;F fw;WzHe;jtHfSf;F fyg;igahy; cOj;njhopy;

nra;gtHfSk; rpwe;jtHfshff; fUjg;gLtJ Fwpg;gpljf;fjhFk;.

cyfg; nghJkiwahk; jpUf;Fwspy; cotpaiyf; Fwpf;Fk; „Ntshz;‟ vd;w

nrhy; ts;Stuhy; ifahsg;gLfpwJ. „coT‟ vd;w jdp mjpfhuk;

gilf;fg;gl;bUg;gjpy; ,Ue;J Ntshz;ikapd; rpwg;ig ek;khy; mwpa KbfpwJ.

jpUf;Fwspy; ehd;F ,lq;fspy; Ntshz;> Ntshz;ik vd;w nrhy;

ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,Ue;N jhk;g p ,y;t ho;t J vy;y hk; tpUe;N jhk;g p

Ntshz;i k nra;j y; nghUl;L (Fws;: 81)

jhs;M w;w pj; je;j nghUs;v y;y hk; jf;f hHf;F

Ntshz;i k nra;j y; nghUl;L (Fws;: 212)

jhshz;i k vd;D k; jifikf;f z; jq;f pw;N w

Ntshz;i k vd;D k; nrUf;F (Fws;: 613)

jhshz;i k ,y;y hjd; Ntshz;i k Ngbif

thshz;i k Nghyf; nfLk; (Fws;: 614)
jdf;nfd thohJ gpwHf;nfd thOk; jd;ik nfhz;ltHfshfNt ,tHfs;

fhzg;gLtjhy; midj;J kf;fspYk; Kjd;ikahdtHfshff; fUjg;gLfpwhHfs;

nghJthf „Ntshz;ik‟ vd;w nrhy; „ cjtp‟ vd;w nghUspNyNa Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

Ntshz;i kapd; gbepiyfs;:

xU epyj;ij cOtjpypUe;J me;epyj;jpy; gapHfs; tpise;j gpd; mtw;iw

mWtil nra;J ghJfhj;Jr; re;ijapy; nrd;W tpw;fpd;wtiu Ntshz;ikapy;

epfo;j;jg;gLfpd;w midj;Jr; nray;fisAk; Ntshz; nra;Kiwfshff; nfhs;syhk;.

cOjy; cukpLjy;> ePHg;gha;r;Rjy;> tpijj;jy;> fisfl;ly;> fhj;jy;>

mWtilnra;jy; vdg; gy $Wfshf mike;Js;sd.

Ntshz;ikj; JiwahdJ nray;ghLfSf;F Vw;g gygb epiyfspy;

mikfpwJ. ,jid gpdtUkhW tpsf;fyhk;.

192
 Ntshz; ,af;FeH> ,iz ,af;FeH> Jiz ,af;FeH> cjtp ,af;FeH>

vd;W mYtyHfs; epiyapYk; kf;fsplk; nra;jpfisAk; njhopy; El;gj;ijAk;

vLj;Jr; nrd;W tptrhaj;ij Nkd;ikAwr; nra;Ak; mYtyHfshf.

 tsHr;r p Ntshz;i k mYtyHfs;

 cjtp Ntshz;i k mYtyHfs;
 fsg;g zp mYtyHfs;

vd;w mikg;gpy; gFf;fg;gl;L Ntshz;ikiag; gy;NtW topfspy; Cf;fg;gLj;jp

Nkd;ikAwr; nra;fpd;wdH.

fUkk; nraxUtd; ifJ}Ntd; vd;D k;

ngUikapd; gPL cilaJ ,y; (Fws;: 1021)
vd;W ts;StH Fwpg;gpLtijg; Nghy cyfpy; gynjhopy;fs; gy;NtW tiffspy;

tsHr;rpAw;w NghjpYk; mit midj;jpw;Fk; mbg;gilahfTk; vj;njhopy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg; ngWgtHfSf;F %ykhfTk; gpd;GykhfTk; miktJ Ntshz;ik vd;w

coTj;njhopNy MFk;. ,jid ikakhff; nfhz;Nl ,t;Tyfk; ,aq;FfpwJ vd;gJ

GydhfpwJ.

Ntshz; njhopy; El;g q;f s;:

njhd;ik jkpo;ehl;by; fhzg;gl;l Ntshz; El;gq;fis rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;

njspTg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. mjdhy; rq;f fhyNk Ntshz;ikapd; nghw;fhyk; vd

mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. Ntshz; Jiwfs; El;gq;fisAk; njhopy; El;gf; fUtpfisAk;

gad;gLj;Jjy; mj;Jiwapd; tsHr;rpf;Fk; gad; epiwtpw;Fk; nghpJk; cjTk;

vd;gij mwpe;J nfhz;L mjd;top cw;gj;jpiaAk; ngUf;fpAs;sdH. ,e;jpahtpd;

kf;fs; njhif 2050-k; Mz;by; 160 Nfhbiaj; jhz;Lk; vd vjpHg;ghHf;fg;gLfpwJ.

mjw;fhd toptiffis ,e;jpah Nkw;nfhz;L Ntshz; njhopYf;F Kf;fpaJtk;

mspj;J tUfpd;wJ. ,ijg; NghyNt md;Wk; goe;jkpofj;jpy; cztpd; Njitf;Nfw;g

cw;gj;jpiag; ngUf;fpl mr;r%fk; gytif nray; jpl;lq;fisr; nra;Js;sij

,yf;fpaq;fs; top mwpa KbfpwJ.

193
gjpndz;f Po ;f zf;F E}y;f spy; Ntshz;i kr; nra;j pfs;:

rq;f fhyj;jpy; fhjiyAk;> tPuj;ijAk; ikakhff; nfhz;L ghlg;gl;l

ghly;fs; vl;Lj;njhif> gj;jg;ghl;L vd;w ngahpy; njhFf;fg;gl;ld. vl;Lj;njhifAk;>

gj;jg;ghl;Lk; gjpndz;Nky;fzf;F vd;W $wpdH. rq;ffhyj;jpw;F mlj;Jj; Njhd;wpa

E}y;fs; mwf;fUj;Jfis kf;fsplk; gug;Gtjw;fhf vOe;jd. ,jdhy; ,e;E}y;fis

mw ,yf;fpaq;fs; vd;Wk;> ePjp ,yf;fpaq;fs; vd;Wk; Gj;jpyf;fpaq;fs; vd;Wk;

rpwg;gpj;Jf; $WtH. ,e;E}y;fSs; mwE}y;fs; gjpndhd;W mfE}y;fs; MW. GwE}y;

xd;W ,e;E}y;fspy; jdpkdpj xOf;fKk;> rKjha xOf;fKk; Nkd;ikAk; gz;ghLk;

rpwf;fg;ghbajid mwpe;Jzuyhk;.

,e;E}y;fs; kpFjpahd mbfisg; ngwhky; ehd;F mbf;Fs; te;J mwk;>

nghUs;> ,d;gk; vd;w %d;iwAk; $Wtjdhy; fPo;f;fzf;F vd;W mioj;jdH.

,f;fPo;f;fzf;F vd;w nrhy;yhl;rpahdJ jkpo; tpLJ}J vd;Dk; E}ypy; “Fw;wkw;w

gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F” (mb. 56) vd;W Fwpf;fg;gl;ls;sJ. njhy;fhg;gpak; „mk;ik‟

vd;Dk; tdg;gpd;ghw;gl;lJ vd;W $WfpwJ.

,jidg; gd;dpUghl;bay;>

mbepkpH gpy;y hr; nra;A l; njhFjp

mwk; nghUs; ,d;g k; mLf;f p at;t ifj;
jpwk;g l Tiug;g J fPo ;f ;f zf;f hFk; 6
tho;tpay; newpfshy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpaJ jkpo;r;rKjhakhk; FLk;gk;.

jpUkzKiw> MltH> ngz;bH> kf;fl;NgW> tpUe;Njhk;gy;> rhjpg;gphpTfs;> njhopy;fs;>

czTKiwfs;> nghUshjhu epiy> topghL> rkak;. gof;f tof;fq;fs;>

ek;gpf;iffs;> rlq;Ffs;> gz;ghL Kjyhd gy nra;jpfisf; nfhz;L tpsq;FtJ

gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fshFk;. mtw;Ws; Ntshz;ikr; nra;jpfis

ntspg;gLj;JtNj fl;Liu.

194
rhjpg;g phpTfs;:

njhd;W njhl;L jkpoH kugpy; me;jzH> murH> tzpfH> NtshsH vd;w

ehy;tUzg; ghFghLfs; fhyq;fhykha; ,Ue;J tUfpd;wd. ,jDs; gy

cl;gphpTfSk; Njhd;wp cs;sd. njhopy; mbg;gilapy; ,r;rhjpg; gFg;G Kiwfs;

Njhd;wpAs;sd. ,f;fUj;njhg;g ehd; kzpf;fbifapy; me;jzH> murH. NtshsH vd;w

%d;W rhjpfs; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjidg; ghly; top czuyhk;.

vUJilahd; Ntshshd;> Vyhjhd; ghHg;g hd; (ehd;k zp.;: 52:1)

coTj;n jhopypd; rpwg;G :

cyfj;njhopy; midj;jpw;Fk; coTj;njhopy; Kjd;ikahdJ vd;gijr;

rq;fhyg; GytHfSk;> murHfSk; mwpe;jpUe;jdH Mifahy; jhd; r%fj;jpy; caHe;j

,lj;jpy; itj;J cotHfs; Nghw;wg;gl;ldH. md;iwf;F ePH tsKk; epytsKk;

nrope;jpUe;jd. NkYk; vt;tpj ,ilA+Wkpd;wp ,dpnj eilngw;wJ vd;gjidf; fPo;

tUk; thpfs; czHj;Jfpd;wd.

Qhq;f Hf;
Fbepiw ty;r pr; nrQ;r hy; cotH
eiletpy; ngUk;g fL Gjypy; G+l;b
gpbtha; md;d kbtha; ehQ;r py;
cLg;G KJKOf; nfhO %o;f Cd;w p
njhLg;G vwpe;J cOj jpdHgL jilt
mhpGF nghOjpd; ,hpNay; Nghfp
tz;z f; flk;g pd; eWkyH md;d
tsH ,sk; gps;i s joP, FWq;f hy;
fiw mzw; FWk;G +o; fl;r pf; NrHf;F k;
td;G yk; ,we;j gpd;i w 7
vd;fpd;whH fbaY}H cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhH.

cotHfspd; FbapUg;Gfspy; czTg; nghUl;fs; epiwe;jpUe;jd. mtHfsJ

tPl;by; coTj;njhopy; ed;F gof;fg;gl;l vUJfis itj;jpUe;jdH.
,t;ntUJfis tPl;bypUe;Nj Efj;jbapy; G+l;bf; nfhz;L> gpbahidapd;
thianahj;j fyg;igia cLk;G Kfk; Nghd;w KOf;nfhk;G kiwAk;gb mOj;jp
cOjdH. gapHfs; tsHe;jf; fhy; fisf;nfhl;lhy; fisfis ntl;bnaLj;Jg;
gapH tsHj;jdH. ,t;thW tpijj;j gapH ed;F tpise;J Kw;wp mWf;Fk; gUtk;

195
te;jNghJ> cotHfs; Muthuk; vOg;gp kfpo;e;jdH vd;W cotpidAk;.
coTj;njhopypidAk; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $Wfpd;whH.
coT vd;w mjpfhuj;jpy; „coT‟ gw;wpAk; coTj;njhopiyg; gw;wpAk;> cotH

rKjhak; gw;wpAk; njspthd fUj;Jf;fshy; ts;StH kpf El;gkhf

ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shH. (104. coT) coTj;njhopypy; <Lgl itg;gJk;> mj;njhopiy

vspikahf;f[j; jUtJk; Ms;Nthhpd; flikahFk;. vd;W fUJfpd;whH ts;StH.

Nrhod; FsKw;wj;Jr; JQ;rpa fps;sptstd; jdJ ehl;by; rpWFbfpohd;

grpg;gpzp kUj;jtdhfj; jpfo;e;j fhuzj;jpdhy;jhd;>

ahd;t hOk; ehSk; gz;z d; thopa 8

vd;W tho;j;Jtjhfg; GwehD}W $WtJ. cotHfSf;Fg; ngUik NrHg;gJ jhd;

Ms;Nthhpd; flik vd;gij czHe;j ,d;iwa jkpof muRk; cotH re;ijia

Vw;gLj;jp cotHfspd; Nkk;ghl;bw;F Mtd nra;fpwJ vdyhk;.

coTj;njhopypdH caHitAk;> cotpd; NjitiaAk; Gyg;gLj;j ghujpahH>

jdp xU kdpjDf;F cztpy;i y vdpy;

,r;r fj;j pid mope;j pLNthk; 9
vd;Wk;>
‘cz;b f; nfhLj;N jhH capH nfhLj;j hNu’10 vd rPj;jiyrhj;jdhUk;
ghbAs;sdH.
cyfpd; filrp kdpjd; ,Uf;fpw tiu grp vd;Dk; gpzp ,Ue;J nfhz;Nl

,Uf;Fk;. ,e;jg; gpzpapid „cotd;‟ vd;fpd;w kUj;Jtdhy; kl;LNk jPHf;f ,aYk;

mwptpay; tsHe;j tUfpd;w ,e;ehspy; cly; Nehiaj; jPHf;fg; gy;NtW kUe;Jfs;

Njhd;wyhk;. Mdhy; epiyahd ts;Sthpd; fUj;Jg;gbg; nghUspay; tho;tpw;F

mbg;gilahdJ coT.

VH cilahd; Ntshz;:

gy njhopy;fisr; nra;J cyfk; Rod;whYk; m/J xU coTj;njhopy;

fUtpahd Vhpd; gpd; epw;fpd;wJ. coTf;F VH Kf;fpakhd fUtp. vdNt mjid

196
Kd; $Wfpd;whH. coNt vy;yhj; njhopYk; jiyaha njhopy; Mdjhy; cotpd;

rpwg;ig Kd; itf;fpd;whH. ve;jj; njhopiytplTk; coTj; njhopNy Kjd;ikahd

njhopyhf ,Ug;gjhy; mjidr; nra;J tUk; cotHfs; cyfj;jtHf;F mr;rhzp

Nghd;wtHfs; vd;W cotHfis caHj;jpf; fhl;Lfpd;whH ts;StH.

cOthH cyfj;j hHf;F Mzpm/J Mw;w hJ

vOthiu vy;y hk; nghWj;J (Fws;: 1032)

VUilahd; Ntshz;i k jhd; ,dpJ (,dpait:3:3-1)

NkYk; me;jzH murH tzpfH> NtshsH vd;Dk; ehw;ngUq; Fyj;jhUs; NtshsH

Vidf; Fyj;NjhiuAk; ,y;ywj;jhiuAk; jhq;fp te;jdhy; NtshsNu rpwe;j

,y;ywj;jhuhff; fUjg;gl;ldH>

,y;t ho;t hd; vd;g hd; ,ay;G ila %tHf;F k;

ey;y hw;wpd; epd;w Jiz (Fws;: 41)

njd;G yj;j hH nja;t k; tpUe;J xf;f y; jhd;v d;w hq;F

Ik;G yj;j hW xk;g y; jiy (Fws;: 43)

vd;W ,y;tho;f;if mjpfhuj;jpYk;>

,Ue;N jhk;g p ,y;t ho;t njy;y hk; tpUe;N jhk;g p

Ntshz;i k nra;j w; nghUl;L (Fws;: 81)
vd;W tpUe;Njhk;gy; mjpfhuj;jpYk;>

cOJz;L tho;t hNu tho;t hHkw; vy;y hk;

njhOJz;L gpd;n ry; gtH (Fws;: 1033)
vd;W xUilahd; Nkyhz;ik gw;wp tpsf;fk; je;Js;shH ts;StH.

coTj; njhopyd; rpwg;G :

tsk; epiwe;j ehl;by; vy;yhr; nraypDk; ntw;wpjhd; fpilf;Fk;

mwptpay;tsHr;rp ngw;w ehLfspy; nghUshjhu Nkk;ghL miljYf;F kpf Kf;fpaf;

fhuzk; me;ehl;by; tpisnghUs;fspd; cw;gj;jp %yNk mikfpd;wJ. Ntshz;ikj;

njhopypy; coTj;njhopy; Kf;fpakhf eilngWk; ehl;by; me;jj;njhopy;

Nkd;ikaila ney;tsk; ngUf;Fk; ey;y cotHfs; thok; ehl;bid> giftHfs;

197
$l tpUk;GthHfs; Ntw;wurHfs; me;j ehl;il jd; ehlhfTk; GfyplkhfTk;

nfhs;thHfs;>

gyFil ePo Yk; jq;F ilf;f Po ;f ; fhz;g H

myFil ePo y; ytH (Fws;: 1034)
#hpadpd; xspepoypy; thok; cotHfs; gy murHfspd; Fil epoy;fisAk;> jk;

Filf;fPo; fhz;ghHfs;. ehl;il MSk; murH $l> cotH MSiff;F

cl;gl;ltHfNs vd;gJ ,jd; nghUshFk;. ,jid rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpYk; fhzKbfpwJ.

,ug;N ghH Rw;w Kk; Gyg;N ghH nfhw;w Kk;

Cotpil tpisg; NghH 1 1
vd;W ehLfhz; fhijapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.

cotHfspd; gz;G :

coTj; njhopypy; <LgLNthH gpwhplk; nrd;W ,ue;J cz;Zk; tof;fk;

,y;yhjtHfs;. jd;dykw;wtHfs; jd;id ehb tUgtHf;fg; nghUSk; cjtpAk;

nra;J jUgtHfs;> gfL ele;j $opdd; gyNuhL ,Ue;J cz;Zk; ,ay;GilatHfs;

„<if gz;gpw;F tpj;jpl;ltHfs; cotHfNs‟ vd;W ngUkpjj;NjhL ts;StH $WfpwhH.

,uthH ,ug;g hHf;F xd;W <tHfuthJ

ifnra;J Cz; khiy atH (Fws;: 1035)
NkYk;> cotHfs; NrHe;J tplhky; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; mJ rKjhaj;jpd;

flik vd;Wk; $wp czHj;JfpwhH.

cotpdhH ifk;k lq;f pd; ,y;i y tpiotJ}ck;

tpl;N lk;v d; ghHf;F k; epiy (Fws;: 1036)
mjdhy;jhd; goq;fhyj;jpy; GytHfs; murHfSf;F md;GiuAk; mUSiuAk; je;Jk;>

gfL Gue;jUjH ghuk; xk;gp thoNtz;Lk; vd;Wk; $wpdhHfs;.

198
coTj; njhopypd; ngUik:

epyj;jpy; ve;j msTf;F ciog;igf; jUfpd;NwhNkh. me;j mstpw;F mjd;

gaddspf;fpwJ tsk; Fiwe;j epyk; vd;whYk; mjw;Fj; jf;fthW cOJ> vOcuk;

,l;L> ePul;L gapiuf; fhj;jy; rpwe;j gaidj; jUfpwJ.

,yhnkd; wir, ,Ul;g hiuf; fhzpd;

epynkd;D k; ehyhd; eFk; (Fws;: 1040)
epyj;ij cOfpd;wtDf;F epyk; nrhw;jkhf ,Ue;jhy;jhd; gpwiur; rhuhky; jhd;

gpwHf;F <e;J kfpoKbAk;. epyk; gpwUilajhapd; mtHgpd; xd;W ,ug;ghd; NkYk;

gaphplhj epyf;fpohiu ts;StH>

nry;y hd; fpotd; ,Ug;g pd; ePk ;G ye;

jpy;y hspd; Cb tpLk; (Fws;: 1039)
epyj;jpw;Fhpatd; epyj;jpy; ehs;NjhWk; nrd;W coT eltbf;iffis nra;ahky;

,Ue;jhy; me;epyk; mtDila kidtp ntWj;J xJq;fp tplths;.

fztidg; gphpe;j kidtpahy; ,y;ywk; ,y;iy

cotidg; gphpe;j epyj;jhy; Kiwahd cw;gj;jp ,y;iy

NtshsHf;F moF:

fofj;j hy; te;j nghUs; fhKwhik

gofpDk; ghHg;g hiuj; jPg ;N ghy; xOfy;
cotpd;f z; fhKw;W tho;f y;- ,k;% d;W k;
moF vd;g Ntshz; Fbf;F (jphp: 42)
#jhb nghUs; NrHf;f tpUk;ghik> gpuhkziu neUg;Gf;fp xg;ghf epide;J elj;jy;.

coTj;njhopiy tpUk;gpr; nra;jy; Mfpad Ntshz;Fbf;F moF MFk;.

Ntshz; Nkyhz;i k:

xU ehl;bd; my;yJ xU r%fj;jpd; tstho;T jd;dpiwT ngw;w tho;T

vd;gJ mr;r%fk; jd; czTj; Njitia epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;Sk; jpl;lkply;>

toptif> nray;ghL njhopy;El;gg; gad;ghL Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;fpa JiwrhH

Nkyhz;ikia nghWj;Nj mikfpwJ. gapH Nkyhz;ikiag; nghWj;jtiu

199
cotpay;> kz;zpay;> Ez;Zapahpay;> Rw;Wr;#oypay; gapH tpidapay;>

ePHEl;gtpay; Nghd;wit njhlHghd njhopy;El;gq;fis cs;slf;fpajhFk;.

coT:

mfy cOtijf; fhl;bYk; Mo cOtNj rpwe;jJ vd;gJ gz;ila

cotHfspd; fUj;jhf ,Ue;Js;sJ. mj;jifa cotHfisr; „nrQ;rhy; cotHfs;

vd;W Nghw;wpdH. (ew;:340) vUJfSk;> vUikf; flhf;fSk; cotpw;Fg; gad;gl;ld.

ngUq;fl;bfshf ,Ue;j kz;izr; rpW fl;bfshFk; tiu cOj Mwtpl;Lg; gapH

nra;jdH. gaphpl;l tpis epyq;fSf;F vUtpl;L Ntypfl;bg; ghJfhj;J te;jdH.

mt;Ntypfs; capH NtypfshfTk; „,LKs;‟ NtypfshfTk; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd

(Ky;iyg;gl;L-27) NkYk; coT vd;Dk; mjpfhuj;jpy; cotpd; rpwg;G> cotH rpwg;G>

coT Kiwfs;> coT nra;ahtpby; Vw;gLk; ,Of;F Mfpait

vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

cotpay; Kiwfs;> kuk;nrb nfhbfs; tsHj;jy;> fhy; eil tsHj;jy;> Njd;

tsHj;jy; vd;gd ghl;bd; fUg;nghUs;fshf mike;Js;sd.

cotpd; rpwg;G :

goe;jkpo; ehl;by; rhjpg; gphpTfs; ,y;iy nra;fpd;w njhopiyf; nfhz;Nl

me;jzH murH> tzpfH> NtshsH vd;w ghFghL nra;ag;gl;lJ NtshsH vdg;gLk;

cotHfs; rKjhaj;jpy; rpwe;j kjpg;igg; ngw;wpUe;jdH. gapHj; njhopy; gpw vy;yhj;

njhopYf;Fk; KJnfYk;ghff; fUjg;gl;lJ. Viu xl;Lk; cotdpd; ifapypUf;Fk;

jhHf;Nfhy; murdpd; ifapypUf;Fk; nrq;NfhYf;F capH vd;W Nghw;wg;gl;lJ

mf;fhyj;jpy; coTj;njhopy; ehfhpfj;jpd; rpd;dkhff; fUjg;gl;lJ.

cotHfs;:

cotHfs; vdg;gLNthH vg;NghJk; jq;fs; tpis epyj;jpidg; gw;wpa

rpe;jidapNy ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtHfsJ njhopiyf; Fiwghbapd;wpr; nra;ar;

nrhe;jkhf coTkhLfs; itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gd Nghd;w eilKiwf;

200
fUj;Jf;fisAk; mtHjk; ,y;yj;jpw;F tUNthHf;F cztspj;Jg; gpd;dH

cz;ZtNj cotHghl;il epiy epWj;j coTj;njhopypidr; nrk;ikAw

tpUg;gj;NjhL nra;J te;jhHfs; vd;gJ Nghd;w tho;tpay; fUj;Jf;fisAk;>

cotpd;f z; fhKw;W tho;j y;

moF vd;g Ntshz; Fbf;F (jphp: 42:3-4)
vd;w njhlHfshy; mwpayhk;.

cOjy;:

tsq;fs; nrwpe;jpUe;jhYk; mtw;iw tifahfg; gad;gLj;Jk; newpKiwfis

mwpe;jhyd;wp chpa gad; tpisahJ.

VhpDk; ed;w hy; vUtpLjy; fl;l gpd;

ePh pDk; ed;w jd; fhg;G (Fws;: 1038)
vd;gJ gapHnra;tjpy; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba kpfr; rpwe;j topKiwfshFk;.

,t;tikg;G ,d;W fl;Lf;Nfhg;G rhFgb Kiw (Package of Practice) vd;W

Nghw;wg;gLfpwJ. ngUk; ngUk; fl;bfshf cs;s tay; kz; fPo; kz;zhfTk; khWk;

epiy Vw;gLfpwJ gpd; mjid ed;whf cyu tpl Ntz;Lk;. mg;nghOJ kz;zpy;

Nfhj;Js;s <uj;jd;ik ePq;Fk;. fk;Gf;F fhy; coT> nfhs;Sf;F VH coT vd;w

KiwAk; ,d;W ifahsg;gl;L thpDk; gioa Kiwapd; rpwg;igNa Ntshz;

mwpQHfs; Nghw;wp tUfpd;wdH.

cotHf;F Mfhjd:

mf;fhyj;jpy; ve;jpuf; fyg;igfs; ,y;iy. coTj;njhopypy; vUJfNs

Kjyplk; ngWgit vUJ ,y;yhky; coTj;njhopy; nra;jy; Jd;gk; kpFe;j

nrayhFk; chpa gUtj;jpy; tpijf;f Kbahky; Ngha;tpLk; md;wpAk; cotHfs;

tpijKjiy cz;zf; $lhJ chpa gUtj;jpy; ey;y tpijfis tpijj;jhYk;

tpisAk; gUtj;jpy; Nghw;wpf; fhf;ftpbd; gadw;Wg; Ngha;tpLk; Mjypd;

,f;FiwghLfs; ,y;yh tifapy; cotHfs; coTj; njhopiy nra;a Ntz;Lk;

vd;gij>

201
 vUJ,y; cotHf;F g; Nghfhuk; ,d;dh (,d;dh: 4:1)
tpj;Jf;F w;W cz;z h tpOg;gk; kpf,dpNj (,dpait: 40:2)
fpisQHf;F cjthjhd; nry;t Ko; igq;$ o;
tpistpd;f z; Nghw;w hd; coTk; (jphp: 59:1-2)
vd;w njhlHfshy; mwpayhk;.
cotH rKjhak;:

gz;ila kf;fs; kd;didj; jq;fs; capuhf fUjpdhH. kd;dd; capHj;Nj

kyHjiy cyfk; vd;gJ rq;f ,yf;fpak; kd;dDk; jdJ ehl;by; Vw;gLk; ed;ik
jPikfSf;Fj; jdJ Ml;rpNa fhuzk; vd;W fUjpdhd;. Ml;rp nrk;ikahf
eilngw;why; gUtkio jtwhJ nga;Ak; vd;Wk; tpisr;ry; ngWk; vd;Wk; kf;fs;
fUjpdH vd;Dk; vy;yhk; ,aw;ifapd; tpjpg;gbNa elf;Fk; vd;w mwTzHNt
mtHfs;ghy; NkNyhq;fp ,Ue;jJ. mwj;jpd; top gpwohj czMl;Lfpd;w cotH
ngUkf;fis murHfSk;> GytHfSk; nghpJk; Nghw;wpdhH. cotH ngUkf;fs;
rKjhaj;jpy; rpwg;ghd XH ,lj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;jhHfs; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.

epyk;:

Ntshz;ikf;F epytsKk;> ePHtsKk; mbg;gilahdit Ky;iy> FwpQ;rp>

kUjk;> nea;jy; vd;w ehdpyg;ghFghl;bw;Fg; gpd;dH Kjypuz;ilAk; td;dpyk; vd;Wk;

gpd;dpiuz;ilAk; nkd;dpyk; vd;Wk; nfhz;ldH. me;epiyAk; khwp tpisfpd;w epyk;

vJthapDk; mjid „Gyk;‟ vd;Wk; epyk; vd;Wk; nghJr; nrhy;yhy; toq;FtJ

Ntshz;ikapd; tsHr;rpiaf; fhl;LtjhFk; kpfr; rpwe;j tpijahapDk; epyk;

tskhdjhf ,y;iyahapd; Kisj;J tUjy; mhpJ. Mjypd; epyj;jpd; tskwpe;J

gaphpl;lhHfs; vd;gij>

epyj;j py; fple;j ik fhy; fhl;L k; (Fws;: 959)

vd;w mbahy; mwpa KbfpwJ.

epy tsKk; ePH tsKk;:

cotHfs; fbdkhf cioj;jhYk; epytsk; ,d;wpg;gapH tsk; rpwf;fhJ

epyj;jpw;F Vw;gNt tpisT rpwf;Fk; vd;gij cotHfs; ed;F czHe;jpUe;jdH.

202
 epyeyj;j hy; ee;j pa ney;N yNghy; jj ;j k;
Fyeyj;jhy; MFtH rhd;N whH (ehyb: 179:1-2)
vd;gJ jkpowpQHfs; fUj;jhFk;.

ey;y epyj;jpYk; ed;whf cOJ gaphpl Ntz;Lk;. Fiwe;j <uj;jpy; cOJ

gaphpl;lhy; cOj gaidf; fhz KbahJ. fw;wwpe;jtHfshapDk; mtHfs; tWik

epiyapy; ,Ug;ghHfshapDk; mtHfs; nry;fpd;w fUj;Jfs; rKjhaj;jpy; rpwg;G

ngWtjpy;iy. mjdhy; gaDk; tpistjpy;iy. <ukpy;yhky; nra;Ak; coTk;

mJNghy jhd; vd;gij>

Gy;< ug; Ngho;j pd; coNtNghy; kPj hbr;

nrhy;y hthk; ey;$ He;N jhH nrhy; (ehyb:115:3-4)
vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ ehybahH.

tdtsk;:

ehSf;F ehs; tpisepyk; Njitgl;ljhy; tdq;fs; mopf;fgl Ntz;ba epiy

,Ue;jJ. Mjypd; mtw;iw mopj;J te;jdH mt;thW mopg;gij kd;dHfs;

flikahff; nfhz;bUe;jdH vdpDk; mtHfs; mtHfSnfd xU kuj;ijj; NjHT

nra;J mjid „fhty; kuk;‟ vd;W Nghw;wp te;jdH mk;kuk; nropj;jhy; murDk;

mtdJ kf;fSk; nropg;ghHfs; vd;gJ ek;gpf;ifahf ,Ue;jJ NkYk; Nrud; mj;jpg;G+

khiyiaAk; ghz;bad; Ntg;gk;G+ khiyiaAk; chpikahff; nfhz;bUe;jikiaAk;

xt;nthU NfhapYf;Fk; xt;nthU tifahd kuk; rpwg;Gilajhfg; Nghw;wg;gl;lJk;

gad;jU kuk; tsHj;jw;fhd Mf;fj;ij kf;fspilNa cz;lhf;f pd.

xU ehl;by; %d;wpy; xU gq;F kuq;flHe;j fhLfs; ,Uj;jy; Ntshz;ik

tsk;ngw kiotsKk; jio tsKk; jUk; fhLfs; nghpJk; ,d;wpikahjitahFk;.

ts;StH giftHfs; Gfhtz;zk; „mzpepoy;‟ fhLfs; tsHg;gJ ehl;bw;F muzhf

mikAk; vd;whNuDk; ,d;W mitNtshz;ikf;Fk; ghJfhg;ghf mike; J tUtJ

fUj;jf;fJ.

203
 fhLfNs md;wp CHnghJ ,lq;fspYk; kuk; tsHj;jij gad;kuk; „cs;SHg;

gOj;jw;wy;‟ vd;gjhy; mwpayhk;. Ntypf;fhy;fspYk; ntw;W ,lq;fspYk; kuk;

tsHf;Fk; epiyapypUe;J NtWgl;Lg; gz;izfspy; rw;W kz; tsq;Fd;wpa

gFjpfspYk; gapHfisg; gaphpLtJ Nghy kuq;fisg; gapuhf tsHg;gij

„gz;izf;fhL tsHj;jy;‟ vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. mwptpay; njd;id> gid> ghf;F>

kh> gyh Kjyha gad;jU gokuq;fisNaad;wp ,d;W kUe;J kuq;fSk;> %q;fpy;

rTf;F> Nty; Kjypa kuq;fSk; tsHf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

Ntshz; Fbiaf; fhj;j y;:

Ntshz;Jiw tsHr;rp kl;Lk; rhpahf ,Ue;jhy; ,e;jpahtpd; tsHr;rpg;ghij

kpfTk; ghJfhg;ghf ,Uf;Fk; vd;fpd;wdH ,d;iwa r%f MHtyHfs;. xU ehl;bd;

tskhd epiyf;Fk;> rpwe;j Ml;rp Kiwf;Fk; tPuHfs; NghHfsj;jpy; ntw;wpia <l;b

tUtjw;Fk; mbg;gilahf miktJ cOJ tpistpj;j ney;ypd; gaNd Mjyhy;

Viuf; fhg;gthpd; Fbiaf; fhg;gNj ey;yurpd; flikahFk; vd;gij goe;jkpo;g;

GytHfs; kd;dHfSf;F czHj;jpdH ,jid ts;StH>

Rod;W VHg; gpd;dJ cyfk; mjdhy;

Coe;J k; coNt jiy (Fws;: 1031)
vd;fpwhH.
,t;tif jiyikr; rpwg;G tha;e;j Ntshz;ikj; njhopypd;
,d;wpaikahikiag; goe;jkpoH jhKk; czHe;jdH. cyFf;Fk; czHj;jpdH.
czHe;jd; gadha; mj;njhopy; gy njhopy;El;gq;fisf; ifahz;L Ntshz;
cw;gj;jpg; ngUf;fj;jpw;F toptFj;jdH. ,aw;if %yjdq;fisf; fhj;jNyhL
Ntshz; njhopypy; gytif El;gq;fisAk; ifahz;L cw;gj;jpg; ngUf;fj;jpw;F
toptFj;jdH.

Ntshz; njhopy; El;g q;f s;

JiwrhH El;gq;fisAk; njhopy;El;gf; fUtpfisAk; gad;gLj;Jjy;

mj;Jiwapd; kpF tsHr;rpf;Fk; gad; epiwtpw;Fk; VJthfpwJ. mt;tifapy;

204
Ntshz;Jiwapy; goe;jkpoH gy;tif El;gq;fisAk; njhopy;El;gf; fUtpfs; kw;Wk;

ve;jpuq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp kpF tpisAisg; ngw;wJ rq;f ,yf;fpak; top

mwpag;gLfpwJ.

Ntshz; cw;g j;j p ngUf;f k;:

,e;jpahtpd; kf;fs; 2050k; Mz;by; 160 Nfhbiaj; jhz;Lk; vd

vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpwJ. md;iwa epiyapy; midj;J kf;fSf;Fk; cztspf;f ehl;bd;

tUlhe;jpu czT jhdpa cw;gj;jp 4.5 Nfhb nkl;hpf; kd;dhf mjpfhpf;f Ntz;Lk;

vd;W ,d;iwa #oy; Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwJ. goe;jkpofj;jpy; cztpd; NjitNfw;g

cw;gj;jpia ngUf;f mr;r%fk; gytifr; nray;jpl;lq;fis Kd;ndLj;Jr;

nrd;Ws;sJ vd;gJ ,yf;fpaq;fs; top mwpa KbfpwJ.

cOjypy; El;g k;:

Kjyhtjhf epyj;jpid MokhfTk; kz; Nky; fP o; GuSk; gbAk; gyKiw

ed;F cOtH. cOjTld; gapH nra;ahky;> epyj;jpidf; fhatpLtH mjdhy;

mg;GOjpNa vOthf khWk; vd;ghH ts;StH.

njhbg;G Ojp f/rh czf;f pd; gpbj;n jUTk;

Ntz;l hJ rhyg; gLk; (Fws;: 1037)
mt;thW cOJ fhatpl;l epyj;jpw;Fg; gpb vUTk; Ntz;lhk; vd;fpwhH. GOjp kz;

xUgq;fhFgb cOJfhatpl;lhy; mg;GOjpNa gapUf;F ey;y vUthFk; vd;gJ

,aw;if Ntshz; mwptpayhFk; ,jid>

…………………. cWngay;
jz;J spf;F Vw;w gycO nrQ;n ra;
kz;N ghy; nefpo;e ;J 1 2

vd;w mbfSk; mNjNghy; G+kp nefpOk; gyKiw cOJ tpijj;jij>

G+op kaq;f g; gyTOJ tpj;j p 1 3

vd;w mbAk; Rl;LfpwJ ,jpy; <uepykhapDk; gyrhy; cOtjhy; GOjp cz;lhFk;.

mt;thwhd epyj;jpy; vU ,lhkNy ed;F tpisAk; vd;w El;gj;ijNa G+kp kaq;f

gycOJ vd;fpwhH. NkYk;>

205
 gyfhYk; cOjyhy; gad;g Lk; epyk;N ghy 1 4

vd;gjpy; gyKiw cOjyhy; kz;zpd; jd;ik Nkk;gLk; vd;gNjhL fisfSk;

mopf;fg;gLk; vd;gJ Ntshz; cj;jpahFk; Nfhilapy; coT Nkw;nfhz;l

nra;jpfisr; rq;f ,af;fpaq;fNs rhd;whf fhl;Lfpd;wd mNjNghy;>

………………. ehQ;r py;

cLg;G Kf KOf; nfhO Ko;f Cd;w p 1 5
vd;gjpy; nfhO KOFk; mstpy; Mokhf cOJ gaphpl;lJ Rl;lg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW

cOjyhy; ,tHfs; nrQ;nrhy; cotH vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldH ,tHfs; ,t;thW

cOjypy; El;gj;jpidr; nray;gLj;jp mjpf tpisr;ry; ngw;wij>

Cd; fpoe;j d;d nrQ;R ty; neLQ;r hy;

tpj;j pa kUq;f pd; tpijgy ehwp 1 6
vd;w mbfs; Rl;Lfpd;wd.

Ntshz; njhopw; fUtpfs;:

m) cO fUtpfs;

Ntshz;ikg; gad;ghl;L fUtpfSs; Kf;fpakhdJ „fyg;ig‟ vdg;gl;lJ.

cotH epyj;ijg; gz;gLj;j cgNahfpf;Fk; fUtp goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,f;fUtp

„VH‟ vd;Wk; ehQ;rpy; vd;Wk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. mNj Nghy; fyg;igapd; cWg;ghfpa

„nfhO‟ ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ.

ngUkio nga;J ed;F ,Us; GyHe;j tpbaw;fhiyapy; VHfshy; ,lk;

cz;lhf cog;ngw;w nghpa tLitAk; fPo; Nkyhfg; Guz;l GOjpiaAk; cila

nrk;kd; epyj;jpy; Cidf; fpse;jJ Nghd;w nrk;ikahd mk;Nkl;L epyj;ijg; gpse;J

nrd;w ePz;l gilr; rhypNy gy tpijia cotH tpijj;jdH.

NgHciw jiy,a ngUk;G yH itfiw

VH,lk; gLj;j ,UkWg; G+opg;
Gwk;k hW ngw;w G+ty; <uj;J 1 7

206
 mNjNghy; Gd;nra; epyq;fis cOJ> gapH nra;Ak; typa ifiaAila

cotHfs; rpwe;j gy flhf;fis mtw;wpd; fOj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;l kzpfs; xypf;Fk;gb

G+l;b fyg;igahy; cOjdH.

Gd;G yk; tpj;J k; td;df tpidQH

rPU ilg; gy;g fL xypg;g g; G+l;b
ehQ;r py; Mba nfhOtop kUq;f pd;
myq;F fjpHj; jpUkzp nghW}ck; 1 8
NkYk; cotH nrt;tpa fhyhf epyj;ij cOtH mjw;fhf mtH tPl;bd;

thapypNyNa vUJfis Efj;jpy; G+l;LtH. G+l;br; nrd;W ngz; ahidapd; thiag;

Nghd;W tise;j tbitAila fyg;igapd; cLk;G Kfk; Nghd;w KOtJk;

kiwAk;gb Mo cOtH. ,jid>

Fbepiw ty;r pr; nrQ;r hy; cotH

eiletpy; ngUk;g fL Gjtpy; G+l;b
gpbtha; md;dkb tha; ehQ;r py;
cLg;G KfKOf;n fhO Ko;f Cd;w p 1 9
vd;w mbfs; Rl;Lfpd;wd. fyg;igia nfhOty;rp vd;fpwJ kJiuf; fhQ;rp ,jpy;

Ntshz; cO fUtpahd fyg;ig fyg;igapd; cWg;ghfpa nfhO Mfpatw;wpd;

tbtKk; gaDk; Rl;lg;gLfpd;wd.

fl;b fisf; fisAk; fUtp

fhHfhyj;jpy; nga;j kioapd; <uk; cyHtjw;Fs; epyj;ijg; gyKiw cOtH.

Mt;thW cOk;nghOJ ed;nra; epykhapd; fl;bfisf; fisa „jsk;G‟ vd;w

fUtpia gad;gLj;jpdH. ,jid>

kyq;F kpspH nrWtpy; jsk;G jbe; jpl;l

god this 2 0

vd;w mbfs; Rl;Lfpd;wd.

207
fis vLf;F k; fUtpfs;:

epyj;ijg; gz;gLj;jpg; gyKiw cOJ> tpijj;j gapiu xOq;F nra;tjw;Fk;

fisnaLg;gjw;Fk; gy fpisfisAila fyg;igiag; gad;gLj;jpdH. ,jid>

G+kp kaq;f g; gyTOJ tpj;j pg;

gy;y p Mba gy;f pisr; nrt;t pf;
fisfhy; fohypd; NjhLxypG ee;j p 2 1
vd;w mbfs; Rl;Lfpd;wd. mNjNghy; fisfisf; fisag; gad;gLk; „JsH‟ vd;w

fUtpia>

njhLg;G vwpe;J cOj JsH gL Jlit 2 2

vd;w ghly;thp czHj;JfpwJ. ,jpy; fyg;igahy; cOJ tpijj;j tpisepyj;jpy;

Njhd;wpa fisfisf; nfhl;lhy; fisag;gl;l Njhl;lk; Rl;lg;gLfpwJ. NkYk;>

njha;a hJ tpj;j pa JsHgL Jlit 2 3

vd;gjpy;> td;epyj;jpy; fisf; nfhl;lhy; mbtiue;J nfhj;Jk; nfhy;i y

,lk;ngWfpwJ.

rpwpa fUtpfs;:

kiyg; gf;fj;Nj fl;bd guz;kPJ Vwpj; joYk; jl;ilAkhfpa fpspfisf;

fbAk; fUtpfisf; ifapNy thq;fpf; fpspfis Xl;bdH.

,Wtiu Ntq;i fapd; xs;t P rpjwp

Mrpdp nkd;g ok; mspe;j it cjpuh 2 4
vd;w ghlybfspd; %yk; mwpa KbfpwJ. jiytp> Ntq;if khiy #b Maj;Jld;

moFw ele;J joypidr; Rw;wpAk; jl;ilapidj; jl;bAk; jpidg;Gdk; fhj;jhs;.

vd;gij>

kyHe;j Ntq;i f kypnjhlH milr;r p

nghype;j MankhL fhz;j f ,ayp
joiy thq;f pAk; jl;i l xg;g pAk; 2 5

208
NkYk;> joYk; jl;ilAkhfpa fpspf;fbtpfisj; je;Jk; jioahiliaf; nfhLj;Jk;

,g;nghUs; cdf;F Vw;Gilad vd;W Gide;Jiufisf; $wp jiytpapd;

Ma;eyj;ijj; jiytd; nfhs;is nfhz;lhd; vd;gij>

joYk; jl;i lAk; KwpAk; je;J ,it

xj;j d epdf;F vdg; ngha;j ;j d $wp
md;i d MLk;g pa Ma;e yk;
vd;i d nfhz;l hd; ahk; ,d;dkhy; ,dpNa 2 6
vd;w FWe;njhifg; ghlypd; %ykhfTk; Ntshz;ikj; Jiwapy; ghJfhg;Gf;

fUtpfshfj; joYk; jl;ilAk; tpsq;fpaikia mwpa KbfpwJ.

Ntshz;i kj; Jiwapy; ve;j pug; gad;g hL:

ePhpidj; Njf;fp itj;jy;> epyj;ijg; gz;gLj;Jjy;> gy;tpj tpj;Jf;fisg;

gad;gLj;Jjy;. rpwpa fUtpfspd; gad;ghL vd;gNjhL tpisnghUs;fshfpa cw;gj;jpg;

nghUs;fspypUe;J ,uz;lhk;epiy cUthf;fg; nghUs;fisg; gphpnjLf;f ve;jpuq;fs;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. mt;tifapy; tpisnghUshfpa fUk;Gr; rhw;wpidg; gphpnjLf;f

„fUk;Ggpop‟ ve;jpuk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

,t;nte;jpuk; Mz; ahid KOq;Fk; Kof;f j;jpw;F khwhf xypj;jij>

27
fUk;g pd; ve;j puk; fspw;n wjpH gpspw;W k;

vd;Wk; ve;jpuj;jpd; kpf;nfhypia>

ve;j puk; fl;g pd; xij 2 8

vd;Wk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; Rl;Lfpd;wd.

ePH epiyfspy; cs;s this kPd;fs; Js;spg; ghAk; mstpw;F xyp vOk;gpa fUk;G
gpop ve;jpuj;ij>
fUk;g pd; ve;j puk; rpiyg;g pd; mayJ
,UQ;R ty; this gpwOk;2 9

vd;w mbfspy; mwpa KbfpwJ. mNjNghy; fUk;Gr; rhW gpopAk; ve;jpuj;jpypUe;J

rhYf;Ff; fUg;gQ;rhw;iw vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; J}k;G rhW xLjyhy; eidj;J nfLjiy>

jPk ;g pop ve;j puk; gj;j y; tUe;j p 3 0

209
vd;w mbAk;> ahidfs; fyq;fpf; fjwpaijg; Nghy; Miyfs; Muhthhpf;Fk; khwhj

Xiria cila nfhl;bypy;> fUk;G rhw;iwf; fl;bfshff; fha;r;Rtjhy; Njhd;Wk;

Gifia>

fzk; rhy; Ntok; fjo;T w;w h mq;F

ve;j puk; rpiyf;F k; JQ;r hf; fk;g iy
tprak; m^ck; ftpd;t hb
Gif #o; miy 3 1
vd;w mbfSk; ciuf;fpd;wd.

Ntshz; nghwpapay;:

fUtpfs;> fhyj;ijAk; ciog;igAk; kpr;rg;gLj;Jtd fhy;eilfs; ,Ue;j

,lj;jpy; ,d;W fUtpfs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. cOtjw;F VUk;> ,iwg;gjw;F Vw;wKk;>

fis vLg;gjw;Ff; fisfl;Lk;> mWg;gjw;Fk; mhpthSk; kuq;fs; Kjyhapdtw;iw

ntl;ltjw;Ff; NfhlhpAk;> coT khLfis gpizg;gjw;Ff; fapWk; gpwTk;

jpUf;Fwspy; Fwpg;ghfTk;> ntspg;gilahfTk; czHj;jg;gLk; rpy Ntshz;ikf;

fUtpfshFk;.

khkio Nghw;w Jk;:

Ntshz;ikf;F mbg;gil ePH ePhpd;W mikahJ cyF vd;gH ts;StH.

gz;ilj; jkpo; kf;fs; ePhpd; kPJ itj;jpUe;j kjpg;gPLfSk;> ek;gpf;iffSk; kpf

mjpfkhFk;.

khkio Nghw;wJk;> khkio Nghw;wJk; vd;ghH ,sq;Nfhtbfs;. kio nghopT

gw;wpa mwptpay; cz;ikfis gz;ilj; jkpoH Kd;Ng mwpe;jpUf;fpd;wdH vd;gJ

GydhfpwJ. flypy; ,Ue;J ePiu Kfe;J NkfkhdJ kioiaf; nfhz;L te;J

epyj;jpw;F jUfpd;wJ vd;w mwptpay; Nfhl;ghlhdJ gl;bdghiyapy;

,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. thd; Kfe;j ePHkiog; nghopaTk; kiyg; nghhpe;j ePH flw;gug;gTk;

vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ ,Nj Nghd;W>

kwe;J fly; Kfe;j fkQ; #y; khkio

nghWj;j y; nrhy;y hJ ,Wj;j tz; ngay; 3 2
vd;w ghly;thp ePH nghopAk; mwptpaiy czHj;JfpwJ.
210
 ,uTg; ngay; nghope;j cjtpNahNa vd;w thp kf;fs; kioia ghHj;j

ghHitia vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. NtWghLfs; ,y;yhky; vy;NyhiuAk; rkkhf ghtpf;F

Ntz;baJ kd;dpd; jiyahag; gz;ghFk;. rhjpf;F xU ePjp vd;gJ mjd; mbg;gil

,jid tpsf;f te;j GytH kioia vLj;Jfhl;lhf tpsf;fpAs;shH.

mWFsj;J cFj;J k; mfy;t ay; nghope;J k;

cWkplj;J cjhtJ ctHepyk; Cl;b Ak;
tiuah kugpd; khhp Nghyf; 3 3
tw;wp Ngha;tpl;l Fsj;ij epug;gpAk; mNjNghy; NtWghL ,y;yhky; mfd;w

tay;fspd; kPJ nghope;Jk; tpisr;rNy juhj ctHepyg; gFjpfspYk; ePiur;

nrhhpe;Jk; ghFghbd;wp nfhLf;Fk; kio vd;gJ mjd; nghUshFk;.

kioePiur; NrHj;j itj;J Ntshz;ik nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w epiy FwpQ;rp

epyj;jpy; ,y;iy Vnddpy; mtHfSf;F mUtp ePUk; Rid ePUk; vg;NghJk;

Fiwtpd;wpf; fpilj;J te;Js;sJ. mJ kl;Lky;yhJ mtHfsJ Ntshz;

KiwahdJ kio ghrdj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhFk;.

ngz;f spd; gq;F :

Ntshz;ikapy; Mz;fSf;F epfuhfg; ngz;fSk; gq;F nfhz;lH. rhFgb

Ntiyfspy; elT fisgwpj;jy;> fjpuWj;jy;> jhdpakzpfisj; J}w;wpr;

Rj;jg;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;w gy;NtW Ntiyfspy; ngz; rpwe;j mile; jdH. Gd;nra;j;

jhdpag; gapuhd jpidg; Gdj;ij gfy; Ntisfspy; fhty; nra;Ak; gzpAk;

mtHfshy; Mw;wg;gl;lJ. jpidf; fjpiuf; nfhj;jpr; nry;Yk; gwit ,dq;fisf;

ftd; Kjypaf; fUtpfis nfhz;L tpul;bdH.

nea;jy; epy ngz;fs; kPd;fs; cg;G Kjypatw;iwAk; Ky;iy epyg;ngz;fs;

ghy;gz;lq;fisAk; gz;lkhw;whf tpw;gid nra;tijAk; Nkw;nfhz;lbUe;jdH.

kPd;fspy; tpw;wJNghf vQ;rpaij gf;Ftg;gLj;jp fha itg;gJk;> fhy;eilfisg;

guhkhpg;gJk; Nghd;w njhopfspYk; <Lgl;bUe;jdH. NkYk; ifk;ngz;bH ,uhl;ilfspy;

E}y;E}w;wy; njhopYk; nra;J te;jdH vd;gij>

211
 gUj;j pg; ngz;b d; gDty; md;d
neUg;G r; rpde;j zpe;j epide;j aq;F nfhOq;n fd

vd;w Gwg;ghlypd; top mwpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ.

coTj;n jhopNy caHe;j njhopy;:

miyflypy; mQ;rhky; fg;gypy; nrd;W xg;gw;w tzpfj; njhopy;

nra;gtHfSf;Fk; NghH Ghpe;J cyfk; eyk; ngwf; fhf;Fk; kd;dHfSf;Fk; czT

jUtJ coTj; njhopNy MFk;. Kw;fhyj;jpy; kd;dHfs; gpwehl;bd;kPJ

gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;W Nghhpy; mbikg; gl;ltHfis rpiwapy; milg;gJz;L

mg;nghOJ jhk; nra;Ak; njhopfspy; jiyrpwe;j njhopyhfpa coTj;njhopy; nra;a

mtHfs; gzpf;fg; gl;lij>

,Uk;g hHf;F q; fhyuha; VjpyhHf; fhsha;f ;

fUk;g hH fodpAl; NrHtH- RUk;g hHf;F k;
fhl;L sha; thOQ; rptYk; FWk;G +Ok;
$l;L sha;f ; nfhz;L itg; ghH (ehyb: 122)
vd;w ehyb ghly; top mwpa KbfpwJ.

coTk; tzpfKk; cyfj;Jj; njhopy;fspy; jiyrpwe;j njhopyhFk;.

mt;tpuz;lhy; jhd; nry;t tsj;ijg; ngUf;f KbAk; vd;gij>

tpad;N ky; tpOr; nry;t j;J

,Utifahd; ,irrhd;w
rpWFbg; ngUe;n jhOtH
FbnfoP ,a ehdpytnuhL
njhd;W nkhope;J njhopy;f ;N fl;g

vd;w khq;Fb kUjdhhpd; $w;why; mwpa KbfpwJ.

ePH epiyfs;:

ePhepiyfs; cUthf;FtjpYk; goe;jkpohpd; fl;Lkhd njhopy;El;gj;jpidf;

fhz KbfpwJ. ePH epiyfis Vw;gLj;jjy; ePhpidg; ghrdj;jpw;F Kiwahfg;

gad;gLj;Jjy; ghJfhj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; mtHfspd; njhopy; El;gj; jpwd;

ntspg;gLfpwJ.
212
ghrdj;j pfhd ePH epiyfs;:

mizfs; / Fsk;

XbtUk; kioePhpidj; Njf;fpitj;J Ntshz;ikf;Fg; gad;gLj;j miwAk;>

nghiwAk; mike;j gFjpfis ,izj;J tise;j tbtpyhd ePHepiyfs;

fl;lg;gl;ld. ,e;El;gj;jpid>

miwAk; nghiwA kze;j jiya

vz;z hs; jpq;f s; mida nfhLq;f iu
njs;e PH r; rpWFsk; 3 4
vd;w ghly; thpfspd; %yk; mwpa KbfpwJ. NkYk;>

Ntl;l r; rpwhmH Nrl;G yk; gluhJ

35
glkilf; nfhz;l FWe;j hs; cLk;g pd;

vd;gjpy; ePH ntspNaWk; topfSld; $ba mizf;fl;Lg; gFjpAk; mizapy;

fhzg;gl;l ,Lf;Ffspy; rpWtHfs; cLk;G gpbj;j fhl;rpAk; tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ

gjT kw;W k; kjF

Mizfs; Fsq;fs; Nghd;w ePHepiyfspy; Njf;fp itj;j ePH Gjtpd; topNa

jpwf;fg;gl;L> fl;lg;gl;l fhy;tha;fspd; topahf Ntshz;ikf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ

vd;gij>

Xk;g h <if khNts; vt;t p

Gdyk; Gjtpd; kpoiynahLf; fop 3 6

vd;w ghlypd; top mwpa KbfpwJ.

ePH epiyfspd; Njitfis typAWj;j y;:

,t;Tyfk; jd;epiy jphpahky; ,Uf;f ePHg;gjj;NjhL $ba kz;

,d;wpaikhjnjd;gijg; goe;jkpoH czHe;jpUe;jdH. capHfs; tho czT vt;tsT
,d;wpaikahj NjitNah mijg;Nghy ,e;epyk; tskhf ,Uf;f ePH ,d;wpaikahj
%ykhFk; vd;gij czHe;jpdH. ,jid>
ePH ,d;W mikah ahf;i ff;F vy;y hk;
cz;b nfhLj;N jhH capHnfhLj; NjhNu
cz;b Kjw;N w cztpd; gpz;l k;
czntdg; gLtJ epyj;N jhL ePN u 3 7

213
vd;w mbfs; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. NkYk; ,t;tifahd rpwg;G tha;e;j ePhpidAk;>

epyj;ijAk; Mq;fhq;Nf ePHepiyfis Vw;gLj;jtjd; %yk; xd;whff; fyf;fr;

nra;gtNu ,t;Tyfj;jpy; cliyAk;> capiuAk; gilj;jtH vd;w ngUikiag;

ngWtH vd;gjid>

ePU k; epyDk; GzhpNahH <z;L

clk;G k; capUk; gilj;j prp NdhNu 3 8

vd;w mbfs; Rl;Lfpd;wd.

ePH j; jLg;G / kioePH Nrfhpg;G :

cyfpNyNa mjpfkhf kionghopAk; thpirapy; gpNurpYf;F mLj;J ,e;jpah

,uz;lhk; ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ RkhH 4000 fd fp.kP nga;Ak; ,e;ePhpy; 690 fd fp.kP

mstpw;F ehk; gad;gLj;JfpNwhk;. kPjKs;s ePH Kiwahd Nrkpg;gpd;wp tPzhf

flypy; fyf;fpd;wJ. tPzhFk; ePhpidj; jLj;J epWj;jp Kiwahfg; gad;gLj;jpdhy;

ePhpd; NjitAk; mjdhy; czTk; kw;w gpw NjitfSk; epiwNtWk; NkYk;

njhopy;fSk; rpwe;J tpsq;Fk; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj; jf;fjhFk;.

goe;jkpoH ,t;tif ePhpd; jd;ikia czHe;jpUe;jjhy; me;ePhpid

gytifapy; Nrkpj;J mjidg; gytifj; NjitfSf;Fk; gad;gLj;jpdH.

FbePH j; Njitf;f hd ePH epiyfs;:

Ntshz;ik jtpHj;j FbePHj; NjitfSf;fhd ePHepiyfisAk; goe;jkpoH

mikj;jdH. ePH epiyfspypUe;J ngwg;gLk; ePhpidj; J}a;ikg; gLj;jpg; gad;gLj;jpdH

ePHr; Nrfhpg;G midtUf;Fk; fl;lhakhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; ePH Mjhuq;fis Nkk;gLj;Jk;

tifapy; jLg;gizfs; fl;lg;gLtJk; ePHg; gpbg;G mikg;Gfis Nkk;gLj;JtJf;

Fsq;fisAk;> MWfisAk; GJg;gpg;gJk; mtrpakhFk;.

214
ePU z;J iw:

cz;Jiw vd;gjw;F cz;Zk; ePH nfhs;Sk; ePHj;Jiw vd;W nghUs;

toq;FfpwJ rq;f ,yf;fpa nghUl;fsQ;rpak; (g. 332) ,t;tif cz;Jiwia

,yf;fpaq;fs; gutyhff; fhl;Lfpd;wd. ePhpd; gad;ghL fUjp> ,aw;if ePHepiyfshd

mUtp Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J ePH ngWk; njhopy;El;gj;NjhL ,e;ePUz;Jiwfs;

tbtikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. ,j;Jiwapy; njs;spa ePhpidAk;> ghrpgle;j ePhpidAk;

mUtpapy; mbj;Jtug;gLk; kiygLnghUs;fNshLk; $ba ePhpidAk; fhz KbfpwJ

,j;Jiwapy; FbePHj; Njitahd G+Hj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ. kiyaplj; J

G+j;jg;G+f;fisj; jiyePH nfhz;L te;J xJf;FjiyAk; fhz KbfpwJ. ,jid>

nfhz;b ngWf! vd; NwhNd cz;J iw

kiymyH mzpAk; jiyePH ehld; 3 9
vd;w Gwg;ghlypd; top mwpa KbfpwJ.

$ty;:

ctHkz; epyj;jpy; ePUf;fhfj; Njhz;ba epiyfs; „$ty;‟ vd

miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. mf;fpzw;wpy; Cwpa fyq;fpa rpythfpa ePiu Kw;wj;jpy;

itf;fg;gl;Ls;s goik tha;e;j mfd;w thapidAila rhbapy; nga;J itg;gH.

,jid>

G+tw; gLtpy; $ty; Njhz;b a

nrq;f z; rpy;e PH nga;j rPw py;
Kd;w py; ,Ue;j KJtha;r ; rhb
ahk; f/L cz;n ld twpJ khR ,d;W 4 0
vd;w ghly; thpfspd; %yk; mwpa KbfpwJ mNj Nghy td;dpyj;jpy; ghiwfis

cspahy; ,bj;Jf; Fopahf mikj;j nghJ ePH epiyapid>

ghH cilj;j Fz;L mfop

ePH mOt eptg;G f; Fwpj;J 4 1

vd;w mbfs; Rl;Lfpd;wd. FbePHj; Njitf;fhf ghiwfisAk; td;dpyj;ijAk; $l

Njhz;Lk; tifapyhd fUtpfisf; nfhz;bUe;jpdH vd;gJk; ,jpy; mwpa KbfpwJ.

215
,t;tiff; „$ty;‟ Gyj;jp Jzp ntSg;gjw;f;fhd njhopw;rhH ePH epiyahfTk;

mwpag;gLfpwJ.

td;Gyj;jpy; ghiwfis cilj;j Njhz;lg; gl;l $tiy>

‘fy;m Wj;J ,aw;w pa ty;Y tHf; $ty;’ 42

vd;w thpfspd; %yk; mwpayhk;.

ctH epyj;jpy; $ty; Njhz;lgl;lijAk; mjpy; Gyj;jp ehs;NjhWk; Mila

ntSj;ijAk;>

fsHg;g L $ty; Njhz;b ehSk;

Gyj;j p foP, a J}nts; mWit 4 3
vd;w mbfSk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

,t;tif ePHepiyfspypUe;J ngWk; ePhpid mg;gbNa gad;gLj;jhky; Njw;wh

kuj;jpd; nfhl;iliaf; nfhz;L fyq;fpa ePhpidj; njspa itj;Jg; gad;gLj;Jk;

njhopy;El;gj;jpid mwpe;jpUe;jdH vd;gij>

fyk; rpij ,y;y j;J f; fho;n fhz;L Njw;w f;

fyq;f pa ePH Nghy; njspe;J 4 4

vd;w fypj;njhifg; ghly; top mwpa KbfpwJ.

ePH epiyg; ghJfhg;G :

xU ehl;bd; ePHepiyfs; vd;git me;ehl;bd; capH ehbfshf mikfpd;wd.

mt;tif ePHepiyfis cUthf;fpdhy; kl;Lk; NghjhJ mtw;iw ,aw;ifr;

rpw;wq;fspypUe;Jk;> vjphpfsplkpUe;Jk;> tpyq;FfsplkpUe;Jk; ghJfhj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

ePHepiyfis cUthf;FjYk; mtw;iwf; fhj;jYk; ehl;bd; tsHr;rpf;F Vw;w

nray;fshf mikfpd;wd.

216
kio:

kz;zpd; ePH epiyfspypUf;F ePH Mtpahfp Nkfnkdj; jpuz;L FspHe;J Nkfk;

,Uz;L kioahfg; nghopfpwJ vd;gij mwpe;J Mq;fhq;Nf ePHepiyfis

cUthf;fpdH vd;gij>

ePz ;L xypmOtk; Fiwgl Kfe;J nfhz;L

<z;L nryy;n fhz;% Ntz;L tapd; FoP, g;
ngUkiy md;d Njhd;w y; #y;K jpHG
cUk;c uW fUtpnahL ngay; 4 5

vd;gjpy; fly;ePhpypUe;J Mtpahd Nkfk; kiynad Ftpe;J ,Uz;L kioahfg;

nghope;jikr; Rl;lg;gLfpwJ.

,t;tif ePH Nkyhz;ik ePH epiy epHthfk; vdg;gLfpwJ. ePH epiy

epHthfkhdJ xt;nthU taYf;Fk; ghrd ePH fpilj;jy; grpg;gpzpg; Nghf;Fjy;

tWikia mfw;Wjy; ,aw;ifr; rkepiyia kPl;nlLj;jy; Mfpa Kf;fpa

Nehf;fq;fisf; nfhz;ljhFk;.

kiotsk; ngUf;F k; topKiwfs;:

kiotsj;ijg; ngUf;f cjTk; topfSs; Kjd;ikahdJ ,aw;if

tsq;fshfpa kiytsj;ijAk; tdq;fisAk; fhj;jyhFk;. mNjhL kl;Lky;yhJ

,aw;if tsq;fis rPuikj;J ePH #ow;rp Kiwf;F top tFj;jyhFk;. NkYk;

nraw;if tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpAk; kio tsj;ijg; ngUf;f ,aYk; vd;gijAk;

goe;jkpoHfs; mwpe;jpUe;jdH vd;gij ,yf;fpar; rhd;WfSk; vLj;jpak;Gfpd;wd.

jkpohpd; kuGrhH mwptpay; njhopy; El;g k;:

kdpj tho;tpd; mfj;Jk; Gwj;Jk; Ml;rp nrYj;Jk; mwptpaYk; njhopy;El;gKk;

md;whlk; tpaj;jF tsHr;rp ngw;W tUfpd;wd.
mwptpay; Njhd;wp tsHr;rp ngWjw;F Kd;Ng njhopy; El;gk; Mjpkdpjdpd;

Njitfis epiwNtw;wj; Jiz nra;jJ. grpiag; Nghf;F czT Njbatd; jd;

cWg;Gf;fisg; gad;gLj;jpj; Njitia xusT epiwT nra;jhd;. czTg;

217
nghUl;fis vLf;f fw;fUtpfisAk;> kuf;fUtpfisAk; gad;gLj;jpdhd;. kdpjdpd;

tho;tpay; Njitfs; Gjpa Gjpa njhopy; El;gq;fis fz;Lgpbf;fTk;

tsHj;njLf;fTk; cjtpd.

kuGtop mwptpay;- njhopy; El;g k;:

njhy;fhg;gpaKk;> ,yf;fpaKk; gz;ilj; jkpophpd; mwptpay; njhopy;El;gr;

rpe;jidfs;> nray;ghLfs; Fwpj;J gy Fwpg;Gf;fisg; gjpT nra;Js;sd. ,jw;F
Kd;Ng> rpe;J ntspapy; rpwg;ghfj; njhopy;El;gk; nray;gl;ljw;Fg; gy rhd;Wfis
mfo;tha;Tfs; je;Js;sd. rpe;J ntspehfhpfk;. Jpuhtpl ehfhpfk; vd;gJ
typAWj;jg;gl;L tUk; epiyapy; mjd; $whd jkpoH ehfhpfKk; md;W njhl;L
tsHr;rp ngw;W te;Js;sJ. tPLfs;> Nfhl;ilfs; tbtikf;fg;gl;l gy;NtW nghUl;fs;
me;j ehfhpfj;jpd; rpwg;Gf;$Wfs; MFk;. RLkz;> nrq;fy; rk];fpUj;jpy; „,\;bf‟
vd toq;fgLfpwJ. ,J „,l;bif‟ vd;w jpuhtplr; nrhy;ypd; jphpGghFk;.
mfehD}w;wpy; gypaplk; xd;W „,l;bif‟ vd;W nghUspy; Fwpg;gpLtij
mwpaKbfpwJ.

rpe;Jrkntsp ehfhpfj;jpw;F gpd; Mjpr;rey;Y}H igahk;gs;sp Kjypa jkpof

CHfspy; fpilj;j gy nghUs;fSk; nfhLkzypy; fpilj;j mzpfyd;fSk; jkpoH
jk; njhopy;El;g mwpTf;Fjf;f rhd;WfshFk;.

Ntshz;i k:

FwpQ;rp epyk;> Ky;iy epyk; nropj;J tsHe;j NghJ kUj epyKk; cld;
tsu njhlq;fpaJ. mr;rkak; Ntshz;ikj; njhopYk; Kjd;ik ngwyhapw;W. czT
Njba r%fk; czT cw;gj;jpy; ,wq;fpaJ tpisnghUSf;Nfw;g jpyq;fs;
gf;Ftg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. td;Gyk;> nkd;Gyk;> tpLGyk; vd;w tof;Ffs; epyj;jpd;
,ay;igAk; mq;F tpise;j nghUl;fspd; jd;ikiaAk; Rl;Lfpd;wd.

td;Gyk; - Gd;nra; (Dry Land)

nkd;Gyk; - ed;nra; (Wet Land)

tpLGyk; - jhpR epy Nka;r;ry; (Waste Land)

218
tay;fs;> nrW> godk;> fodp> fsHepyk;> ctHepyk; vd ePHg;ghrdk;> tay;> msT

tpisnghUs; mbg;gilapy; gphpf;fg;gl;ld.

Ntshz;ikf;Nfw;w gUtk; Fwpj;j rpe;jidfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd ,jid ek;

gonkhopfSk; czHj;Jfpd;wd.

Ig;grp fhHj;jpif milkio ($jpHfhyk;)

mbthdk; fUj;jhy; mg;nghONj kio

me;jp <ry; milkiof;F mwpFwp

vd;gd rhd;WfshFk;.

Ntshz;ik Njhd;wp tsHe;jNghJ ,t;thW gytifj; njhopy;El;gq;fs;

gad;gl;ld. gpw;fhyj;jpy; gs;S ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ,J gw;wpa nra;jpfs; tphpthff;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. ,j;njhopy; El;gj;ij xOq;FgLj;Jk; mwptpay; rpe;jidAk;

,Ue;jJ vd;gij Ntshz;Kiw> ePHg;ghrd Kiw Kjypatw;wpd; xOq;F Kiwiaf;

nfhz;L mwpayhk;.

VhpDk; ed;w hy; vLtpLjy; fl;l gpd;

ePh pDk; ed;w jd; fhg;G (Fws;: 1038)
vd;w Fws; rhd;whf mikfpd;wJ.

tpis nghUl;fis cs;ehl;bYk; ntspehl;bYk; thzpfk; nra;Ak; epiyAk;

Vw;gl;lJ. gz;lkhw;W Kiwapy; njhlq;fpa ,t;tzpaKiw gpd;dH nghw;fhR ngWk;

msTf;F tsHe;Js;sJ. ,jw;F rhd;W Nuhk ehzaq;fs; jkpofj;jpd; gy gFjpfspy;

fpilg;gJ.

jpiuf;fly; XbAk; jputpak; NjL nrl;b fg;gYf;Fr; nre;J}uhd; Jiz Kjypa

nrhytilfs; fly;top ele;j tzpfj;ijr; Rl;Lfpd;wd. glF njhopy;El;gk;

rq;ffhyj;jpy; rpwg;ghff; fhzg;gl;lJ. flypy; nrd;W jpUk;Gk; glFfisf; fiuf;F

miof;Fk; fyq;fiu tpsf;fKk; md;W ,Ue;jJ. xLq;fyk; fiuAk; Jiw

219
 ,yq;F ePH tiug;g pd; fyq;f iu tpsf;f Kk;

vd;w ghly; thpAk;.

atdH je;j tpidkhz; ed;f yk;

nghd;n dhL te;J fwpnahL ngaUk; 5 0
vd;w ghlyb NuhkHfs; nghd;idj;je;J kpsif thq;fp nrd;wijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

Fjpiufs; fg;gypy; nfhz;L tug;gl;l nra;jpia> tpOkpa ehtha; ngUePH xr;RH

ede;jiyNjvj;J

ed;f yd; ca;k ;k hH GzHe;J ld; nfhzHe;j Gutp 5 1

vd;w ghly;thpfs; Gyg;gLfpd;wd.

Rw;W #oypay;:

,d;W gyuJ ftdj;Jf;Fs;shFk; Rw;Wr;#oy; ghJfhg;G. khRf;fl;LghL gw;wpa

czHT md;Wk; ,Ue;jJ vd;gjw;F>

fhHf; fUk;g pd; fko; Miyj;

jpfo; njUtpw; ftpd;g hb
ePH r; nrWtpy; G+r; rhk;G k; 5 2
fUk;ghiyapd; mUfpYs;s nea;jw; G+f;fs; ve;jpu nray;ghLfshy; thbtjq;Ftij

,t;thpfs; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

coTj; njhopy; jkpofj;jpd; njhd;ikahd njhopy;. ,aw;ifahff; fpilj;j

fha;> fdp> fpoq;Ffis cz;L tho;e;j kdpj ,dj;jtH. ,aw;ifapd; tsk;
Fiwaf; Fiwa mtw;iw cz;lhf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;ldH. jhq;fs; tho;e;j
gFjpfspy; jq;fSf;Fj; njhpe;j mstpy; gaphpl;L tho;e;jdH. fhy;eil kw;Wk; Gjpa
fUtpfisAk; gad;gLj;jpdH. gUtq;fis mwpe;J gUt kio ,y;yhj fhyq;fspy;
ePH epiyfspy; cs;s ePiug; gad;gLj;jp gapHfis gaphpl;ldH. ePH tsk; Fiwe;j
NghJ Fiwe;j ePH tsk; NjitAs;s gapHfis gaphpl;ldH.

MWk;> FsKk; VhpAk; tw;wpaNghJ fpzWfisj; Njhz;b ePHtsk;

ngUf;fpdH. ,t;thW fhyq;fhykhf cod;W coTj;njhopypy; Vw;gl;l njspT

220
jiyKiw jiyKiwahfg; Nghw;wg;gl;L te;jJ. mj;jifa mDgtq;fshfg; ,d;W

kuGfs; vd;W Nghw;Wfpd;Nwhk;. mk;kuGfis mwpa rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; nghpJk;

Jiz Ghpfpd;wd.

,aw;i fr;# oy; :

jkpofj;jpd; ,aw;ifr; #oy; gy;NtW jl;gntg;g epiyfisf; nfhz;lJ.

Ntq;fl kiy> nghjpif kiy> godp kiy> nfhy;yp kiy Kjypa kiyfisAk;>

gw;gy Fd;WfisAk; cilaJ. kf;fspd; tskhd tho;f;iff;F Vw;w>

tsUtjw;Nfw;w tifapy;> Ntshz;ikj; jl;gntg;gq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. gUtkio

rPwhd tifapy; nga;Ak; #oy; tha;j;jg; ngw;w ,aw;if mikg;gpidf; nfhz;lJ.

cothd; rpwg;G :

goe;jkpoH ehl;by; ehjp gphpTfs; ,y;iy nra;fpd;w njhopiyf; nfhz;Nl

me;jzH murH> tzpfH> NtshsH vd;w ghFghL nra;ag;gl;lJ. NtshsH vdg;gLk;

cotHfs; rKjhaj;jpy; rpwe;j kjpg;igg; ngw;wpUe;jdH. gapHj;njhopy; gpw vy;yhj;

njhopy;fSf;Fk;. KJnfhYk;ghff; fUjg;gl;lJ. Viu xl;Lk; cotdpd;

ifapypUf;Fk; jhHf;Nfhy; murdpd; nrq;NfhYf;F caH Cl;LtJ md;W

Nghw;wg;gl;lJ. me;j me;j epyj;J njhopy;fSk; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd. mf;fhyj;jpy;

coTj;njhopy; ehfhpfj;jpd; rpd;dkhff; fUjg;gl;lJ.

murdJ flik:

rq;f fhyk; Kbahl;rpf;fhyk; jkpofj;ijr; Nru> Nrho> ghz;ba kd;dHfSk;

mtHfsJ Mizf;Fl;gl;l FWepy kd;dHfSk; Ml;rp nra;J te;jdH. mtHfs;
jq;fs; ehl;by; coTj;njhopy; tsHr;rpf;F Ntz;batw;iwr; nra;tijNa jq;fs;
Kjy; ngUk; flikahff; nfhz;bUe;jdH.

coTj;njhopYf;nfd epyk; gFjpahf ,Ue;jhy; ePHepiy mikg;gjpNyNa

kf;fs; kpFe;j ftdk; nrYj;jpdH. epyk; Njitahd NghJ mUfpy; cs;s

221
fhLfis mopj;J ehlhf;fpf; nfhz;ldH. fhL nfhd;W ehlhf;fpf; Fsk; njhl;L tsk;

ngUf;fpa ngUik jkpo; kd;dHfSf;F vd;Wk; cz;L.

ePH epiyikg;G :

ePHg;ghrdj;jpw;nfd Mw;WePH> Fsj;J ePH> fpzw;W ePH Mfpatw;iwg;

gad;gLj;jpdH. ,t;tif ePHepiyfs; mikg;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ,lj;ijj;

NjHe;njLg;gjpy; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jpdH. ePH tuj;J mjpfkhf cs;s ,lq;fspy;

Fsk; mikj;jdH mtw;wpd; fiufisg; gpiwr; re;jpud; Nghd;W miu tl;l tbtpy;

mikj;J ,Ue;jhHfs;. (Gwk;: 118)

FwpQ;rp epyg;gFjpfspy; ghiwfs;> rpWrpW Fd;Wfs; ,ilapilNa chpkhW

fiuia mikj;jdH. ,jdhy; fl;Lkhdr; nryTf; FiwtJld; ePH gpbg;Gj;jpwDk;

$LfpwJ. ,e;ePH epiyfspy; cs;s ePH tpzhfp tplf;$lhJ vd;gjw;fhfTk;

ePHepiyfSf;F gOJ Neuhky; ,Ug;gjw;fhfTk; fhtyid mkHj;jpf; fhj;J te;jdH.

mtDf;F ngUq;Fsf; fhtyd; (mfk;. 252) vd;W ngaH.

coT:

mfy cOtijf; fhl;bYk; Mo cOtNj rpwe;jJ vd;gJ gz;ila

cotHfspd; fUj;jhf ,Ue;jJ mj;jifa cotHfis nrQ;rhy; cotHfs; (ew;;
340) vd;W Nghw;wpdH vUJfSk; vUikf; flhf;fSk; cotpw;Fg; gad;gl;Lj;jg;
gl;ld. ngUq;fl;bfshf ,Ue;j kz;izr; rpW fl;bfshFk; tiu cOJ Mwtpl;Lg;
gapH nra;jdH. cOJ gaphpl;lfs; capH NtypfshfTk;> ,LKs; NtypfshfTk;
miof;fg;gl;bUe;jdH. (Ky;iyg;ghl;L: 27)

gy;t ifg; gapHfs;:

Ntshz; ngUkf;fs; jhdpag; gapHfSld; gzg; gapHfisAk; gaphpl;L te;jdH

ed;nra; epyq;fspy; jpid> tuF> vz;nza; tpj;jf;fshd vd;Wk; jlitAk;

gaphpl;ldH. Njhl;lg; gapHfshd. njd;id> ghf;F> go kuq;fs;> Vyk;> kpsF

KjypadTk; nerTj; njhopYf;F ,d;wpaikahj gapH nra;ag;gl;ld.

222
 mbf;F wpg;G
1. neLey; :16
2. kiygL : 507
3. fyp : 32:2
4. mfk; : 162: 10
5. ghp : 20
6. mfk; : 26: 23-25
7. ngUk;ghz; : 196-206
8. Gwk; : 173
9. ghujpahH ghly;fs; : 17:2
10. kzp : 10: 149-150
11. rpyk;G : 26: 23-25
12. mfk; : 120: 3
13. Gwk; : 14
14. ngUk;ghz; : 199-200
15. mfk; : 194: 4-5
16. NkyJ : 194: 1-3
17. gjpw; : 58: 15-19
18. ngUk;ghz; : 197-200
19. Gwk; : 61: 3-4
20. NkyJ : 120: 3-5
21. ngUk;ghz; : 200
22. ngUk;ghz; : 201
23. FwpQ;rpfyp : 41: 11-12
24. mfk; : 188: 9-11
25. FWe; : 223: 4-7
26. Iq; : 55:11
27. kh. fhQ; : 258
223
28. Gwk; : 322:7
29. gjpw; : 19-23
30. ngUk;ghz; : 259-261
31. ew; : 99: 6-7
32. Gwk; : 142: 1-3
33. NkyJ : 118: 1-3
34. NkyJ : 326: 8-9
35. NkyJ : 24: 18-19
36. NkyJ : 18: 16-19
37. NkyJ : 18: 22-23
38. NkyJ : 390: 23-24
39. NkyJ : 319: 1-4
40. NkyJ : 14: 5-6
41. NkyJ : 331: 1
42. NkyJ : 311: 1-2
43. fyp : 142: 64-65
33. Gwk; : 161: 1-4

224