ASSIGNMENT HNEE O3

TASK 01

SI stands for the International system of units, and it is an organization that proclaims and
clarifies seven different types of units that are used for the purpose of measurement. These units,
which are also referred to as Simple Units, are used to measure a range of fundamental
quantities, which are included in the following table.

It is these units of measurement that serve as the foundation for measuring the quantity and size
of metals that are being used, as well as another sort of data, namely the graphical representation
of quantitative data gathering using the appropriate units of measure.

The graphical representation of quantitative data is a graphical representation of data that is

being measured, and it is used to convey data in a graphical form. These ways are displayed in
order to indicate that the data is accurate and that there have been no changes at any point in
time. Aside from that, graphs enable for the visualization and interpretation of minute differences
between variables. There are many different types of graphical representations for data, including
the following: The pie chart, the bar graph, and the line graph are the three most popular and
often used forms of graphs in today's world of data visualization.

The approaches listed below are some of the ones that are currently in use today.
Histograms, like bar graphs, comprise equal height bars to represent data values; however, there
are no gaps between them, allowing them to share a similar foundation. The height of the bar
indicates the frequency of occurrences within a certain range of data values.

Circular disk representation charts: These charts are shown and represented in the form of a
circular disk representation, and this chart divides the value of the representation into ratio areas,
after which data is filled in all ratios with the corresponding information in it.

For the purposes of forming forms, line graphs are the most fundamental sort of form that may
be constructed. It is straightforward to create a line that is proportional to the values along an
axis. This line illustrates all of the transformations that have occurred as a result of integrating all
of the value points throughout the series into a single continuous line.

If the user selects an axis value, a bar graph is created, in which the data is displayed by first
showing them in the form of rectangular bars, and the data and axis value are defined by that
user's choices. Each bar is equally spaced apart from the others and has the same width as the
others as well as the same spacing between the bars.

Reflection on application

According to the definition provided above, scientific research is the development of scientists
and researchers who collaborate in order to discuss and develop methods for scientific inquiries,
as depicted in the figure below.

Title:

Here is where the topic of study for research is described, as well as facts regarding the issue
such as pressure, status, volume, and a variety of other characteristics of the subject matter are
discussed.

Abstract:
A dictionary for the entire research project, given in the most concise manner possible, it serves
as a reference tool. Overall, this is clearly laid out in a sequential fashion, allowing for a general
understanding of the research to be gained early on before diving in to the specifics of the study
later on.

Introduction

When the researcher's thoughts on the research subject become visible in the report, it is at this
point that the researcher discovers a reference to utilize in the future, which is a significant
milestone.

Materials and Method

This section contains a detailed description of the methodology and tools that were used in the
experiment. Data and references are better referenced than ever before because to the usage of
graphs, photographs, and tables.

Results:

This section contains the final results of all of the research, as well as the discoveries and
methodology that were used. This section depicts the final result as it was achieved.

Discussion:

After much deliberation, the final conclusions about the report have been arrived at. Research
authorization and rejection are frequently indicated, as well as whether the research is suitable
for publication or not, in this format.

TABLES AND GRAPHICS:

As implied by the name, this part contains an index to all of the tables and graphs that have been
used throughout the document.

References:
A list of websites that are being used for the research projects may be found in the references
section. References acknowledge the contributions of others' expertise that was used to develop
future findings for the report and thesis, and they are listed alphabetically. Last but not least,
safety precautions are taken into mind when the practical execution is being carried out.

A review of all of the graphical information:

The graph of the strain-stress curve is shown in the following section of this document.

It is necessary to use the histogram to lay the groundwork for symmetry in data. In general, these
types of representations are difficult to comprehend, which is why graph studies of this nature
are required.

In terms of spotting present mistakes, index plots and time series plots are the most helpful
techniques. It only accepts a single argument at a time and scans the argument for the presence or
absence of presentation components.
A pie chart is a diagram in which data is represented as percentages of a predetermined region.
The information provided is being cross-checked to establish whether or not it is divided
proportionally with the individual quantity area taken into consideration in this circumstance.

Making a decision on which graph to use based on the information provided: Selecting an
appropriate graph is required, and the final choice will be determined after considering all
relevant circumstances. Consider the following examples: A graph plotted by a single variable
calls for a variety of various types of representations; a graph plotted by two or more relative
quantities calls for a variety of different types of representations. A thorough graph selection
study is conducted by professionals for this reason, culminating in the production of a proper
graph for the data and a proper graph for the data itself, as a result of which In order to illustrate
whether or not the graph that has been selected is valid, this procedure is followed.

As an illustration, the following is a data analysis of the various steel grades:

TASK 02

The structural properties that are related with their respective material attributes are described in
detail in the descriptive description.
It is determined by the properties of a given metal, such as its structure and molecular structural
strength, that it is classified as a particular sort of metal. The particular properties of steel make it
a favored material for use in the construction of structural elements in structures, and this is one
of the reasons for its widespread use. The presence of a magnetic effect in steel is one of the
qualities that make it useful for various applications. A key reason for the use of steel in
electrical applications is its availability and accessibility, as steel is one of the most effective
conductors of electricity. One of the primary reasons for using steel in electrical applications is
its availability and accessibility.

Metals have the following qualities, which are utilized in product design:

Ductility is the property of metals that characterizes their capacity to bend and twist into a
variety of shapes until they are broken. It is mostly used in the design of metal wires when the
design of wires is required. Plane design is a field in which highly ductile and durable metals are
sought for because of their ability to absorb shocks when there is turbulence in the atmosphere.

Elasticity: Elasticity can be defined as the phenomenon found in metals that limits the metal's
ability to reform into its original shape after a force has been applied to it. Elasticity is a property
of metals that can be defined as the ability of a metal to reform into its original shape after a
force has been applied to it. If you're developing industrial things, this is the most important
characteristic to consider because no one wants the structure to be permanently harmed when the
applied force is removed; otherwise, the product will fail. To understand this situation, we must
first recognize that there is a limit to the elastic limit of metal beyond which the metal would
bend or lose its structural integrity, resulting in distortion. It is also feasible to alter the elastic
characteristics of a metal by fabricating it in this fashion, increasing or decreasing the elastic
properties of a particular metal.

Hardness is defined as a metal's capacity to withstand distortion, penetration, cutting, corrosion,

and aging, all of which are features of the metal. Hardness is measured in tensile strength. For
individual metals, hardness is simply a property that may be enhanced or lessened by combining
them with a range of other metals and adjusting the compositional characteristics of the resulting
alloy. In order to understand metal strength, it is necessary to understand how hard metals are.
Metal's malleability, as opposed to its strength, is defined as the ability of metal to be folded and
flattened into thin sheets as compared to other materials. Essentially, this is a temporary
approach to ensure that the metal does not crack, and it is especially important when metal sheets
are being made.

Types of degradation

A material's elastic hysteresis can be defined as the change in stain as a function of the change in
strain when it is subjected to a force that causes the stain to change. For metals, there is a phrase
that describes the amount of strain that must be given to a metal in order to induce tension in the
metal, which results in the metal being deformed. This is referred to as the minimal amount of
energy required by that particular metal. Important to notice is that the stress-strain graph in
metals follows a linear path, as indicated in the graph, indicating that the stress is proportional to
the strain until a failure occurs. Stress and strain are no longer present after the breakdown has
occurred, as characterized by the largest force that happens after this.

They are not in proportion to one another, otherwise we may argue that this is the maximum
force that the metal can withstand before breaking.

TASK 03

Part (3.1)

(3.11)
(3.12)
Part (3.2)

In the presence of gravitational force, buoyancy is defined as the force exerted by a fluid on an
item that is submerged in that fluid. The thing is being pushed forward by an upward force. The
force applied to the object's top surface is less than the force applied to the object's bottom
surface, and this should be taken into account when determining the force applied to the object's
top surface. When an object is submerged, the fluid pressure increases with depth, causing the
object to float as a result of the difference in applied forces. Instead of stating things as they are,
displacement force equals the amount of fluid displaced in this situation.

Applications
When everything in the sky is packed tightly together, the densely packed air acts as a buoyant
force, raising everything above earth. The buoyant force that keeps a hot air balloon afloat and
rising is solely reliant on this force alone. In order for a balloon to remain stationary, the weight
of the balloon must be more than the weight of the surrounding air, or the weight of the balloon
must be greater than the buoyancy of the surrounding air. The buoyant force and weight of the
balloon must be balanced in order for the balloon to remain in a stable position. In order to
control the weight of the balloon, the temperature of the air inside the balloon must be
monitored.

Underwater ballistic tanks are used to carry water into and out of submarines during operations.
Submarines must pump water from their ballistic tanks to make room above the surface because
they must remain above the water line. If they want to submerge again, they must re-fill this tank
with water, which causes the weight of the submarine to grow and the buoyant force on the
submarine to decrease, resulting in the submarine sinking due to the increased weight and
decreased buoyant force.

Part (3.3)

Thermal stress is produced as a result of elastoplastic change in thermoplastic components,

which is defined as "the effect of heat on the composition of steel." When a temperature or heat
source is provided to a metal surface, heat is equally dissipated from the outside inside and
radially spread throughout the entire surface. When heat is applied to an elastoplastic, stress is
created, which causes strain to increase as the temperature rises, which is a direct result of the
stress being applied.

Aspects of the material's magnitude, such as its mass, temperature change, and phase, all
influence the quantity of heat that may be transmitted.

 The amount of heat energy that has been carried is directly proportional to the amount of
temperature change that has occurred. The amount of heat that must be given to the mass
must be doubled in order for it to be twice as large.
  The mass of the substance also plays a role in heat transfer, with the amount of heat
transferred being directly proportional to the mass of the substance. When the mass of an
object doubles, the amount of thermal energy required to warm it up also doubles as well.

 In addition to the phase of the substance, the quantity of heat transmitted into the object is
highly impacted by the amount of heat transferred into the object. Temperature x degrees
Celsius will cause Metal A to change, and temperature y degrees Celsius will cause Metal
A to alter as well. It would be necessary to modify the chemical composition of metal B
in order to maintain the same concentration of the metal.

It is known that when heat is applied to steel, the tensile strength of the steel increases.
Thermal Stresses are a type of physical stress. Because of the increase in the amount of
impurities in the metal, the weldability of metal decreases as the amount of heat energy
increases. Whenever metals are subjected to high temperatures, their chemical
composition and physical qualities change, and in some situations, their chemical and
physical features might even be altered completely.

Part (3.4)
Part (3.5)
Part (3.5)

It is referred to as a heat engine when the engine transforms heat into usable energy. It measures
the amount of heat that can be converted into usable work and is measured in efficieny. You can
use the following equation to figure out how efficient your heating and cooling system is:

In practice, heat engines typically operate at 30 to 50 percent of their theoretical efficiency due to
practical constraints. According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, it is physically
impossible for heat engines to achieve a thermal efficiency of 100 percent (). In a heat engine,
the term "thermal" refers to the amount of heat that is generated, as illustrated in Figure 1.
Despite the fact that it is difficult to achieve 100 percent efficiency in a heat engine system, there
are numerous ways for enhancing overall system performance.

TASK 04

Part (4.1)

(4.11)
(4.12)
Part(4.2)

Each given signal may be reconstructed as an unending accumulation of orthogonal basis

functions based on Fourier's theorem, which is the foundation of signal processing. Another
point to explore is why we utilize sinusoids as our fundamental functions in the first place. Using
the complex exponential formula (ei=cos+isin), we can solve problems in real life (recall Euler's
theorem).

What is the reason for this? A lot of important tools have been supplied to us by mathematicians,
and we make use of them as we see fit. In general, engineers are interested in signal analysis of
signals that are either periodic (that is to say, that they recur indefinitely) or windowed (that is,
that they may be examined over a period of time) (we only care what happens for a given period
of time). We could theoretically use any orthogonal function we wanted if we weren't concerned
about dealing with an infinite sum, but it turns out that using a sinusoid as a base allows us to
obtain a reasonably accurate approximation of the signal we're decomposing in a relatively short
period of time in the vast majority of signal processing applications (i.e. with only a few terms).

Applied to signals of interest, Fourier analysis is a technique for determining the frequency
composition of the signal under consideration. Again, we could use any basis function we
desired and still obtain a perfect representation of the input signal; however, if we wanted to
determine the individual harmonic components of our signal, we'd have to perform a convolution
(match filter) with the transform of the sinusoid based on our non-sinusoidal base functions; and
who has the time to do that?!? In most cases, it is preferable to employ a sinusoid basis, in which
case the transform is simply a Dirac function with the center frequency of our interest.

If we know ahead of time that our signal of interest is composed of an orthogonal non-sinusoidal
basis function combination, we should take advantage of this knowledge rather than depending
on a sinusoid-based transform to achieve the best results possible. Using a sinusoid-based
transform, we are unable to determine the precise location in the signal at any given time where a
frequency component appears, even if we know exactly where it occurs in the signal. As a result,
we are unable to achieve the highest absolute spectral precision in this manner. When utilizing
time windowed sinusoids (for example, a Short Time Fourier Transform) or more sophisticated
basis functions (for example, a Wavelet Transform), trade-offs between spectral accuracy,
temporal accuracy, and computational complexity must be negotiated (for example, a Wavelet
Transform).

Part (4.3)

(4.31)
(4.32)

Induction is governed by Faraday's law of induction in transformers, which are made up of two
windings and operate according to it.
It is formed when an alternating current is passed through the primary winding, which is known
as a fluctuating magnetic flux.

As a result of the magnetic field, electromagnetic induction generates an alternating current

voltage in the second winding, which is used to power the motor.

If you think about it, an ideal transformer is a transformer in which the two circuits are properly
coupled with infinitely high magnetic permeability, which makes it impossible for energy to
escape between the circuits. The equations mentioned below can be used to describe this
hypothetical transformer in greater detail:

It works the other way around, too: the reciprocal of Vice is the reciprocal of Vice.

When VS = 0, there is a negative VS value present (dt-NS).

For this set of equations, the symbols with the following values are used:

The voltage at any given point in time is denoted by the letter V.

The letter N represents the number of twists in the winding.

With the equation dt / dt, we may describe the change in magnetic flux () passing through the
windings with time.
Primary (P) and secondary windings are the two types of windings.

The transformer's starting voltage to output voltage ratio is the same as the transformer's primary
winding to secondary winding turn-to-turn ratio. A secondary winding with twice as many turns
as the primary winding will result in a twofold increase in output voltage.

As a result of factors such as core heating and reactive impedance, we will always experience
some efficiency loss in the real world. Despite this, electromagnetic induction is a valuable
technique for altering voltages to suit the needs of diverse applications.

(4.42)
(4.51)
(4.52)
For 4.11

https://www.multisim.com/content/vtg23tcTN6XhmWTe4aQuD2/411/open/

For 4.12

https://www.multisim.com/content/CL6zBqxzCwSbM4Yx7KN3qX/412/open/
For 4.3

https://www.multisim.com/content/D23AqKszTADB4XJsx9UJLZ/43/open/

For 4.51

https://www.multisim.com/content/xw3VQSFgrHaFnsiPRoZvtf/451/open/