Cable On Bottom Stability Comments

ZAKUMOILLINESREPLACEMENTPROJECT–PHASE1
ADMAͲOPCOContractNo.:167168 BudgetRef.:EZ22E
CABLEONͲBOTTOMSTABILITYREPORT(INCLUDING
ADDITIONALSTABILIZATIONDESIGN)
ADMAͲOPCODoc.No.:AD178Ͳ27/216ͲGͲ06012
Rev.1
NPCCDoc.No.:2272ͲNͲRPͲ0013 Pg45 /85

Table 5.24: Friction Factor
Friction Factor
Design Activity
Axial Lateral
On-Bottom Stability Analysis - As per DNV RP F109

Notes:
1. The lower bound lateral friction co-efficient for rock and sand shall be considered as 0.6 and 0.7 respectively.
6.0 SOIL DATA

The soil data will be provided after completion of on-going Geotechnical survey along the
proposed cables.
General soil parameters extracted from DNV RP F105, section 7.0, as listed in Table 6.1
shall be considered for all cable design activities.
Table 6.1: Soil Properties
Submerged Angle of Friction

Soil Description
weight (kN/m3) (Degrees)
Loose 8.5-11.0 28-30

Sand Medium 9.0-12.5 30-36
Dense 10.0-13.5 36-41
7.0 CABLE ON-BOTTOM STABILITY Stability of Cables at Crossing locations

not checked or addressed.
7.1 General
Subsea cables are subject to the combined action of hydrodynamic wave and current
induced forces, which tend to move the cable laterally. The frictional forces between the
cable and the seabed resist this tendency. Such frictional forces are generated by the
submerged weight of the cable, increased by providing additional weight on the cable. The
stability analysis is performed to determine the adequate weight required to provide
stability so as to restrict the lateral movement of the cable due to most unfavorable
combination of simultaneously acting vertical and horizontal forces on the cable.
Cable shall be checked for vertical stability by determining the Cable sinkage and flotation.
7.2 Lateral Stability design Criteria & Analysis Methodology

Subsea cables resting on seabed will be subjected to hydrodynamic forces generated by
the waves and currents, which tend to move the cable laterally. Cable must be stable to
resist this lateral movement during the phase of its installation and operation. Resistance
to lateral movement is provided by the frictional force between cable and soil, which in turn
2272ͲNͲRPͲ0013Rev.1
Rev.1

depends on the submerged weight of the cable and coefficient of lateral friction between
the cable and soil.
Stability analysis has been carried out to determine the minimum required submerged
weight taking into account the water depths, soil data using applicable wave/current
environment.
The on-bottom stability analysis shall be performed in accordance with DNV RP F109
using DNV software “STABLELINES”. The module “Umbilical” in STABLELINES shall be
used for the on-bottom stability assessment of the subsea cables.
The Cable lateral stability analysis shall be performed utilizing the corresponding
environmental data representing each cable route as discussed in Section 6. Long term
(operation) on-bottom stability analysis shall be performed using 10 year current and 100
year wave combinations or vice versa.
Conservatively, only operation design condition as environmental loading are more severe
for operation condition. Moreover there will be no change in Cable weight for installation
conditions.
The environmental data as listed in Appendix-A will be utilized for the on-bottom stability
analysis. In order to optimize the minimum required submerged weight, directional wave
data has been used at the selected four locations representing the entire cable routes.
Design water depth as defined in Table 4.3 will be considered for the analysis purposes.
The following maximum lateral displacement limits is considered for analysis in

accordance with DNV-RP-F109 & the design load combinations for operation conditions
shall be as per section 5.6.2 of SP-1049.
Table 7.1: Allowable Displacement
Allowed
Load Case Class
Displacement
Installation case
Class – 1 10D
/ Operation case
Where,
D = Cable outer diameter, including all coatings
On-bottom stability analysis will adopt the Generalized Stability Method given in Section
3.6 of DNV RP-F109 [Ref.5]. The Cable shall satisfy the following lateral stability criteria:
Y L, K , M , N , W , G S , GC
d1
Y Allowlable
Where:
Rev.1

Y is the non-dimensional lateral cable displacement
YAllowable is the non-dimensional lateral cable displacement
L is the significant weight parameter
K is the significant Keulegan-Carpenter number
N is the spectral acceleration Factor
W s is shear stress applied from water flow to seabed
GC is the soil clay strength parameter
GS is the soil density parameter
Wave/current combination shall be considered as per below Table 7.2 for the on-bottom
stability analysis.
Table 7.2: Allowable Displacement
Activities Wave Current
100-year 10-year
Operation condition
10-year 100-year
7.3 Cable Vertical Stability

The vertical stability of the cable will be checked to determine the expected settlement and
to ensure that the cable is not buoyant. Vertical Settlement of the cable shall be checked
for the following cases:
x Vertical Stability in/on Soil
x Vertical Stability in water

7.3.1 Vertical Stability in/on Soil
The settlement calculations are based on the ultimate bearing capacity.
The ultimate bearing capacity of the soil can be estimated using Terzaghi’s solution for a
continuous footing.
qu C.NC J S .d.N q 0.5.J S .B.NJ
Where,
C = Soil cohesion (undrained shear strength)
Rev.1

d = Cable settlement
B = Bearing width
Js = Submerged unit weight of soil
Nc, Nq , NJ = Brinch Hansen Bearing capacity factors as mentioned in DNV RP F105
(Ref.7).
Nq = e S tanI . tan2 (45 + I / 2)
Nc = (Nq – 1) cot I
NJ = 1.5 (Nq –1) tan I
I = Internal angle of friction
Su = The undrained shear strength.
For cohesive soils (I = 0), Nc = 5.14 and C = Su, the undrained shear strength of the soil.
The Cable will settle into the soil until the bearing stress becomes equal to or less than the
bearing capacity of the soil. The maximum bearing stress may be estimated from
Q= = Ws / B
Where,
Ws = Submerged weight of Cable

B = Width of bearing area
= 2 (d (D-d)) 0.5
D = Outside Cable
The settlement shall be calculated for operation.
7.3.2 Vertical Stability in water
Exposed cable on the seabed shall be vertically stable, shall neither float in seawater nor
sink in the seabed soil.
In accordance with section 3.2 of DNV-RP-F109 (Ref.5), in order to avoid floatation in

water, the submerged weight of the Cable shall meet the following criterion:
b Jw
J w. d 1.00
ws b Sg
Where:
Jw = Safety factor 1.1
b = Cable buoyancy per unit length
Rev.1

ws = Cable submerged weight per unit length
Sg = Cable specific density = ( ws b) / b
8.0 STABILITY CHECKS FOR MATTRESS AND CABLE

The concrete mattresses shall be designed to prevent the following three failure scenarios:
x Mattress Dislodging: Mattress shall be designed to resist hydrodynamic lift forces
trying to dislodge the mattress from the cable.
x Cable Pullout Resistance: The mattress shall be designed to prevent cable
pullout beneath the mattress.
x Total Stability: The mattress shall be designed to prevent lateral movement of the
combined mattress cable system.
8.1 Safety Factors
Factors of safety to be considered for different modes of stability in the analyses are
displayed in Table 8.1 below [Ref. 8].
Table 8.1: Factors of Safety
Analysis Condition Factor of Safety

Mattress Self-stability 1.5
Cable Pullout 1.1
Total Stability 1.5
8.2 Mattress Quantities and Spacing

The purpose of articulated concrete mattresses is to provide additional on-bottom stability
of subsea cables. Their design is based on several variables;
Mattress’ length, width, density of materials, and spacing of the mattresses.
The spacing of the concrete mattresses is solved in the equations below.
'Ws
J min
w3
Jreal J min s Lm
Lm
Where “s” is the value to solve for
Where,
Rev.1

Lm Length of mattress along Cable
s Distance Between Mattresses
w3 Width of mattress Across Cable
J min Minimum average submerged weight of mattress (per square meter)
J real Average actual submerged weight of mattress (per square meter)
ǻWs Difference between selected and required submerged weight of cable
8.3 Mattress Dislodging from Cable

A concrete mattress over a cable is exposed to both horizontal and vertical (lift) forces. The
hydrodynamic forces are depicted in Fig 8.1. The mattress has propensity to dislodge itself
in two likely ways:
x The mattress is dislodged sideways off the cable under the combined drag and
lift force
x The mattress is lifted at its edge and rolled off the Cable
FL
FH
UC UW
h1
FLE h2 hREF
W2 W1 W2
Fig 8.1: Depiction of the hydrodynamic forces on a mattress covered cable.
The following equations were used to check the dislodging of the mattress from the cable.
Horizontal Force:
FH , tot 0.5.U w .CDeff . Am.U U U w .Volm.CM .a
Lift Force:
F L , tot 0.5.U w .C Leff . A m .U 2
A two-dimensional approach can be used on a mattress covered cable. This approach is

implemented for checking the forces at the end of the mattress on the seabed. If the lift
force at the edge of the mattress exceeds the submerged weight of the first line of blocks in
a flexible mattress, there is concern for the mattress being lifted and rolled off the cable.
The following equations check for this scenario.
Rev.1

FH 0.5.U w .D.CD.U U U w .D.w1..CM .a
F L 0.5.U w .C L . D .U 2
Overall Mattress Stability Requirements:

Pms
FH .tot d .(Wsubm FL.tot )
fs
Check for Lift Force on Mattress Edge:

1
FLEB d .WSubEB
fs
F LE 0.5.U w .C LE .h 2.U 2
Where,
a Acceleration
Am Mattress Area (Am=h1*Lm)
CLE Lift coefficient on edge of mattress
FH Horizontal Force
FLE Lift Force on edge of mattress
h1 Height of mattress and cable above seabed
h2 Thickness of mattress
Lm Length of mattress along cable
U Total Velocity (U=Uw+Uc)
Volm Volume of mattress (Volm=h1* w1*Lm)
W1 Horizontal distance of touchdown points for the mattress over cable
WSE Submerged weight of edge block of mattress
Wsm Submerged weight of mattress
μms Mattress to soil friction coefficient
ȡw Sea water density
8.4 Cable Pullout Resistance

The concrete mattress should prevent the cable from being pulled out from beneath. This
can occur when the mattresses are spaced evenly apart in an isolated formation and the
loads on the exposed cable portions exceed the restraining forces imposed by the
mattresses. Fig 8.2 illustrates the conditions for isolated mattresses along a cable.
Rev.1

Wm
Rm FH
UC UW
Fexcess h1
h2
Rpipe
W2 W1 W2
Lm S Lm S Lm
Mattress
CL
fexcess fexcess
Fig 8.2: View of cable with isolated mattresses along route.
The following equations were used to check the pullout resistance of the mattress on the
cable.
fexcess FHpipe P cs (Wsub FLpipe )
FHpipe 0.5.U.D.CD.U U
FLpipe 0.5.U .D.CL. U 2
1
Fexcess d .( Rcable Rm )
fs
Horizontal Hydrodynamic Force Check:
s
Fexcess . fexcess
Lm
Rev.1

Wsub, eff Wsubml 1.D
wm
R cable ((W sub FLpipe ) W sub , eff ) P cs
Rm Wsub, eff .P ms
Reaction Force from Mattress Check:

Wsum
Rm d w2. .Pms
wm
Where,
fexcess Horizontal hydrodynamic force exceeding the friction force per unit length of
cable
Fexcess Friction force per unit length of cable
FHpipe In-line force on cable
FLpipe Lift force on cable
D Height of cable above seabed (diameter of cable)
Rm Reaction force from mattress
W2 Length of mattress in contact with seabed (perpendicular to cable)
Wm Total width of mattress (perpendicular to cable)
Wsub Submerged weight of mattress
Wsubeffl Submerged weight of mattress per unit length
μms Mattress to cable friction coefficient
8.5 Total Stability of Cable/Mattress System

The complete system of free cable sections, cables covered with concrete mattresses, and
the mattresses themselves, needs to be stable. The following equation checks the stability
of the entire system.
1
Fexcess FHtot d .[ Pms.(Wsub1 FLpm) P.(Wsub FLpipe)]
fs
9.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

9.1 Lateral Stability
Cable On-bottom stability analysis has been performed using DNV software
“STABLELINES”, which is based on DNV-RP-F109. The on-bottom stability analysis
consists of both lateral and vertical stability. The Cable submerged weight/Cross Section
has been examined to ensure both short term (installation) and long term (operation) on-
bottom stability of the Subsea Cables. The cable lateral stability analysis was performed
utilizing the environmental data representing each cable route as discussed in Section 6.
Rev.1

Long term (operation) on-bottom stability analysis was performed using 10 year current
and 100 year wave combinations or vice versa whichever is more conservative.
Conservatively, only operation design condition was performed as there will be no
change in cable weight for installation conditions but environmental loading are more
severe for long term operation condition. The directionality of wave and current is utilized
to determine the submerged weight needed to stabilize the subsea Cable under the
applied environmental loadings.
The on-bottom lateral stability analysis was performed for lateral movement of 10 times
outer diameter (10D) for subsea cable for the bearing angles as per the proposed cable
routing. Detailed calculations are presented in Appendix-C Summary of the minimum
submerged weight required for the lateral stability of subsea cables are listed in Table
9.1.
The actual submerged weight of cable shall be obtained from selected vendor. Where
actual submerged weight is less than required submerged weight for stability, cable shall
be made stable by suitable additional stabilization method.
Additional stabilization methods are verified and performed with varies options .Finally
selected flexible concrete mattress option is based techno economic feasibility &
construction suitability. Detailed design of flexible concrete mattress and stability
requirement provided in section 8.0.
Flexible Concrete Mattresses: Mattresses to be placed on top of the subsea

cable without damaging it with required spacing interval along the cable route.
Table 9.1. : Minimum submerged weight required for the lateral stability
Required Additional Submerged Weight for LOOP-1
KP (km) Selected Actual Additional

Required
S Cable Submerged Required
From TO Weight
NO Bearing Weight Weight
From To (N/m)
Angle (N/m) (N/m)
0.000 0.551 37.51° 256 114 142
0.551 0.657 61.7° 296 114 182
0.657 0.861 61.7° 296 114 182
ZK-
1 ZCSC 0.861 0.91 61.7° 296 114 182
158/76
0.91 3.68 50.4° 288 114 174
3.68 3.708 50.4° 288 114 174
3.708 3.752 45° 278 114 164

ZK-
2 ZK-23 0.000 0.082 133.9° 110 114 N/A
158/76
Rev.1


Required
From TO Weight
From To (N/m)
Angle (N/m) (N/m)
0.082 0.195 70.2° 297 114 183
0.195 1.265 70.2° 297 114 183
1.265 1.448 70.2° 297 114 183
1.448 1.485 154° 160 114 46
0.000 0.150 334° 98 114 N/A
0.150 0.166 342.8° 109 114 N/A
3 ZK-23 ZK-24 0.166 1.617 342.8° 109 114 N/A
1.617 1.684 342.8° 109 114 N/A
1.684 1.746 305° 88 114 N/A
0.000 0.894 125° 102 114 N/A
0.894 1.124 105° 136 114 22
4 ZK-24 ZK-26A 1.124 1.506 105° 136 114 22
1.506 1.590 105° 136 114 22
1.590 1.626 129° 93 114 N/A
0.000 0.135 129° 93 114 N/A
0.135 0.186 99.9° 144 114 30
0.186 2.583 99.9° 144 114 30
5 ZK-26A ZK-280 2.583 3.068 99.9° 144 114 30
3.068 3.256 127.7° 96 114 N/A
3.256 3.489 240° 229 114 115
3.489 3.523 360° 141 114 27
0.000 0.084 316° 92 114 N/A
0.084 0.192 254.1° 247 114 133

6 ZK-280 ZK-29
0.192 2.702 254.1° 247 114 133
2.702 2.721 254.1° 247 114 133
Rev.1


Required
From TO Weight
From To (N/m)
Angle (N/m) (N/m)
2.721 2.824 265° 219 114 105
0.000 0.033 160° 177 114 63
0.033 0.131 210° 268 114 154
0.131 0.560 216.1° 266 114 152

7 ZK-29 ZCSC 0.560 1.337 240° 311 114 197
1.337 5.631 260.7° 276 114 162
5.631 5.820 240° 311 114 197
5.82 6.361 217.5° 270 114 156
KP (km) Cable Required

Selected Required
Actual Additional
Cable Submerged
S NO From TO Submerged Submerged
Bearing Weight
From To Weight Weight
Angle (N/m)
(N/m) (N/m)
0.000 1.598 44.1° 180 114 66
1 ZWSC ZK-2 1.598 1.745 44.1° 180 114 66
1.745 1.807 2° 133 114 19
0.000 0.098 2° 108 114 N/A
ZK-
2 ZK-2
114.5/74.5 0.098 0.395 240° 173 114 59
0.395 0.828 328° 74 114 N/A
0.000 0.034 248.5° 170 114 56
ZK-
3 ZK-47 0.034 0.066 248.5° 170 114 56
114.5/74.5
0.066 2.495 263.3° 149 114 35

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ZAKUMOILLINESREPLACEMENTPROJECT–PHASE1

On-Bottom Stability Analysis - As per DNV RP F109

6.0 SOIL DATA

Table 6.1: Soil Properties

Submerged Angle of Friction

Loose 8.5-11.0 28-30

7.0 CABLE ON-BOTTOM STABILITY Stability of Cables at Crossing locations

7.2 Lateral Stability design Criteria & Analysis Methodology

The following maximum lateral displacement limits is considered for analysis in

Table 7.1: Allowable Displacement

D = Cable outer diameter, including all coatings

YAllowable is the non-dimensional lateral cable displacement

L is the significant weight parameter

K is the significant Keulegan-Carpenter number

N is the spectral acceleration Factor

W s is shear stress applied from water flow to seabed

GC is the soil clay strength parameter

GS is the soil density parameter

Table 7.2: Allowable Displacement

Activities Wave Current

7.3 Cable Vertical Stability

x Vertical Stability in/on Soil

x Vertical Stability in water

The settlement calculations are based on the ultimate bearing capacity.

qu C.NC  J S .d.N q  0.5.J S .B.NJ

Ws = Submerged weight of Cable

7.3.2 Vertical Stability in water

In accordance with section 3.2 of DNV-RP-F109 (Ref.5), in order to avoid floatation in

8.0 STABILITY CHECKS FOR MATTRESS AND CABLE

Table 8.1: Factors of Safety

Analysis Condition Factor of Safety

8.2 Mattress Quantities and Spacing

Mattress’ length, width, density of materials, and spacing of the mattresses.

The spacing of the concrete mattresses is solved in the equations below.

Where “s” is the value to solve for

8.3 Mattress Dislodging from Cable

Fig 8.1: Depiction of the hydrodynamic forces on a mattress covered cable.

A two-dimensional approach can be used on a mattress covered cable. This approach is

Overall Mattress Stability Requirements:

Check for Lift Force on Mattress Edge:

F LE 0.5.U w .C LE .h 2.U 2

8.4 Cable Pullout Resistance

Fig 8.2: View of cable with isolated mattresses along route.

fexcess FHpipe  P cs (Wsub  FLpipe )

FLpipe 0.5.U .D.CL. U 2

Horizontal Hydrodynamic Force Check:

R cable ((W sub  FLpipe )  W sub , eff ) P cs

Reaction Force from Mattress Check:

8.5 Total Stability of Cable/Mattress System

9.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

 Flexible Concrete Mattresses: Mattresses to be placed on top of the subsea

Required Additional Submerged Weight for LOOP-1

KP (km) Selected Actual Additional

0.000 0.551 37.51° 256 114 142

0.551 0.657 61.7° 296 114 182

0.657 0.861 61.7° 296 114 182

3.68 3.708 50.4° 288 114 174

qu C.NC J S .d.N q 0.5.J S .B.NJ

fexcess FHpipe P cs (Wsub FLpipe )

R cable ((W sub FLpipe ) W sub , eff ) P cs

Flexible Concrete Mattresses: Mattresses to be placed on top of the subsea